Waiting
Login processing...

Trial ends in Request Full Access Tell Your Colleague About Jove
Click here for the English version

Medicine

技术收集人舌菌状(味道)乳头

Published: September 18, 2010 doi: 10.3791/2201
* These authors contributed equally

Summary

基本味觉转导的分子机制方面的知识最近享受到了重大进展,主要是由于使用动物模型。然而,在味觉的灵敏度和特异性哺乳动物认股权证在人体组织的研究广泛​​的多样性。我们描述了一个活检技术,收集从对人舌乳头的生活品位细胞。

Abstract

味觉是人类生活的关键。通知将潜在摄入的食物质量的身体和刺激,准备消化道的消化代谢过程。对了解早期生物化学和分子事件的基本味道传导(检讨,布雷斯林和斯佩克特,2008年1)正在取得稳步进展。然而,迄今取得的进展在很大程度上导致动物模型。然而,由于在受体特异性和受体密度显着差异有所不同物种之间,人类的味道传导只会被理解,使用人类的味道组织。在这里,我们描述了一个活检技术,人类菌状乳头,可见圆形粉红色的前结构,收集包含味蕾直径约0.5毫米。这些切片乳头被用于多种用途,包括可行的味蕾细胞的分离 ,原位杂交,免疫组织化学,并通过分子生物学技术的,识别特定味道的新型蛋白质。

Protocol

1。介绍和一般注意事项

一般程序包括一个小的(1厘米2)面积的前舌背表面,去除一个(6-8)(味)的菌状乳头的数量,麻醉面积使用一个弯曲的弹簧微局部麻醉 - 剪刀(麦弗逊式Vannas类型#简5603,Roboz,罗克维尔,医学博士)。删除的菌状乳头约0.25 毫米的 3个。有很少的非乳头(味道)去除上皮组织的每个乳头。新乳头的形式,在这一领域经过3至5个星期,恢复运作的味蕾(斯皮尔曼和品牌,未发表意见)。这少量的味道材料取出后的食物的味道或味道上有没有明显的效果。从个别成人人类的舌头的味蕾已经算的研究,可以预计,人类的舌头包含约5000个味蕾。我们的程序中删除这些味蕾大部分在20 25(平均3.5%至4菌状乳头味蕾在人力)2,或总数的约0.4%。此外,还有与这个组织的手术损失没有相关的疼痛。一个感觉,当然,仅在注射部位轻微疼痛,针进入舌头。麻醉消失后,不到一天的时间,偶尔轻度不适,但这种不适是比什么之一的经验后,意外地“咬”的舌头少得多。

在过去的几年中,我们已经开发了一个替代的过程,不包括麻醉。是两个相同的组织切除技术。在程序中的唯一的区别是,外科医生已不再局限于一个1厘米直径2地方的麻醉处理。而他/她可以选择突出的乳头出现舌背表面上的任何站点。删除乳头总数6-8,在这两种技术是有限的,如果正确执行或不麻醉,,取消6-8的菌状味道乳头的不适被认为是一个问题与管理相关的疼痛比较少一般调查的个人经历了两个程序,即局部麻醉,无需麻醉,结果显示,绝大多数科目将免除没有局部麻醉在今后所有的活组织切片检查。外科医生开发的这种技术(AIS)的,由作者进行活检无需麻醉授课的几位同事,都试图在自己和作证的不适是暂时的,被认为是小于的咬自己的舌头。最后,几十个人同意将活检,问他们是否愿意尝试去除没有麻醉的一个乳头,如果他们判断它是太痛苦了,他们将接受麻醉,都同意的情况下继续与去除乳头麻醉。

整个活检不应该需要更长的时间超过5-10分钟。如果采用麻醉另外2-3分钟。活检通常是在清晨进行。活检前,志愿者们指示预定开始时间前两小时吃一个便餐。活检,获得书面知情同意。活检时的排除标准包括那些患有严重的慢性疾病,是否用药或不控制(例如,任何胃肠道疾病,神经退行性疾病,肿瘤,血液恶液质,麻药过敏等),心率大于100或小于60,收缩压大于145或小于100,舒张压大于90或小于60,和外科医生的意见,可以参与这项研究的主题。

最后,重要的是要考虑在相同的设施,组织将检查处理,自组织的完整性正在迅速失去正如我们经常指出的mRNA质量下降,应进行活检。为了最大限度地减少这些问题的舌组织应尽快处理。

2。除准备

  1. 主体是在牙科椅或头枕座位就座。
  2. 检查活检时心率和血压。受血压,心率或口头的能力范围之外的下降,医生建议他/她看医生立即任命的主体。
  3. 一般组织的健康检查口腔,注意口干舌,地域或任何舌病变的指标。口腔疾病的迹象显示,包括舌的病变或口干任何问题都排除在研究之外。指示须用清水冲洗口,免除所有的口头cavit碎片Y.如果有必要的舌头清洁一次性舌刮板清除牙菌斑或碎片,这可能是舌头在注射麻醉。在戴手套的手外科医生使用无菌纱布举行的舌头的前荐,因为它从口腔延伸。
  4. 如果使用麻醉,与28计1CC结核菌素注射器x半“针肾上腺素(1:100000)含有0.25毫升利多卡因(2%)是慢慢注入到一个站点略低于舌头的前部分的背水面。远端收集站,以避免干扰与随后的研究利多卡因麻醉网站。相比之下,利多卡因注射量(0.25毫升)约一季度通常用于牙科手术的神经块(0.8毫升至1 mL)的金额。愿望后插入针,但注射麻醉剂前,确保没有血管袭击。这是采取预防措施,即使它在解剖学上不可能的大型船只将被击中的背水面。唯一的背水面上动脉,舌背动脉小血管主要位于后到前的三分之一,组织收割时的船只。较大的舌动脉和舌静脉,舌腹面上运行,远离背接受麻醉 3的面积。 1厘米麻醉的面积,似乎与周围组织相比略显苍白。这是由于组织,因为它压缩的小血管肿胀。这也是由于肾上腺素的缩血管作用。大约一分钟后,一个探头用于测试的麻木区。如果面积不麻木,第二次注射(0.1〜0.2毫升),可给予。

3。舌乳头去除技术

  1. 前季舌的主体是用无菌纱布包裹成(图1)和外科医生的左手(如果进行活检,用右手)举行。纱布的一角是开放的,允许外科医生擦拭唾液的舌头。舌头必须牢牢的,但是,当然,并非如此,造成不必要的不​​适。左手食指的尖端定位下的直接领导下进行活检网站舌。食指向上推,舌头变得拉长以上的手指使乳头坚持便于活检提示。
  2. 选择乳头活检的标准:味道乳头filliform乳头周围很容易分辨,它们的形状和大小。菌状乳头是圆的,从周围有点孤立。在他们眼前的附近有一个圆形的空间,没有filliform乳头(图2A,蓝色箭头)。这个空间是直径约1毫米。菌状乳头的另一个显着特点是扩展的毛细血管分枝上最年轻的学科菌状乳头顶部可见。虽然树枝状定位菌状乳头更容易,他们不一定的,乳头中的味蕾存在的良好的预测。作为一项规则,开始走向前端的收获,并进一步远离舌尖,从模糊的未来组织收集的网站,以避免任何毛细血管出血。
  3. 一旦一个很好的乳头已经确定,春季微型剪刀(麦弗逊式Vannas,5毫米,梳子,先端宽0.2毫米的总长度3“(RS - 5603,Roboz)是用来把它夹弯曲,锋利的尖端。为了有效地利用微型手术剪,不应使用切割刀片的一角;,而是尽量在刀片(图1,放大的图像,图3)尽可能接近的交点,与对面的刀片。去除乳头是实现用剪刀切割移动(图1)。应采取剪刀的整体状况,必须平行进一步针对性的乳头出现开放的刀片内,更有效的切割。舌背表面。
  4. 有时候舌头会变得干燥,当医生是试图找出一个去除乳头。干燥后,运营​​商能够清楚地看到这是一个菌状乳头变得更具挑战性,在非常困难的乳头刀片滑动。过于干燥的舌头通常使金属刀片粘舌细腻的手术动作少可控。让主题接近他/她的嘴,并与舌表面接触唾液,有助于这一进程。过于潮湿的舌头也不好。在此过程中使用的纱布,用来存储舌角落帮助。
  5. 确实发生任何毛细血管出血治疗用无菌纱布印迹。出血通常几个分钟内停止犹特和不干预其他组织收割。由于乳头延长以上的舌头的上皮表面,只有一个菌状乳头上3 / 4被删除(图2B),这部分的味蕾菌状,出血少的预期。
  6. 用一个小镊子杜蒙(模式类型),删除乳头被放置在冷冻基本林格氏缓冲液(氯化钠130毫米,1毫米氯化钙 ,氯化钾,5毫米1毫米氯化镁2,1毫米钠丙酮酸,20毫米的HEPES - NA ,pH值7.2〜305毫osmols渗透压为后续的操作)。切勿捏一个镊子刀片之间的乳头,这是势在必行。该组织是很脆弱的,并应特别小心处理。
  7. 搬迁后的乳头,主体保持在10到15分钟的椅子上。每个主题被告知不咬其麻醉的舌头,但为了保持他们的舌头在休息。科目应视觉监控由主治外科医生。麻醉预计穿在大约30-60分钟。由于乳头拆除现场活检后可能会略有酸痛,指示他们要知道辛辣或热(温度)的食品,碳酸饮料或饮料,是极冷或极热。进一步表明,受试者的唾液,任何轻微的偏红的色彩是正常的,将血块溶解后停止。
  8. 主题被视为评价的乳头被拆除现场的乳头上除名后的30-40天。这个时候的味道乳头已经完全再生。

5。代表性的成果

组织收集可用于免疫组织化学,RT - PCR技术, 原位杂交,钙成像,膜片钳和组织文化。当正确执行乳头的外观是健康的,白色,直径约0.5-1毫米(图2B)。

乳头进行免疫组化收集处理的基础上现有的和发布的协议4。一个典型的味蕾,从paraformaldehide固定的味道乳头如图4A所示。

活检乳头也被酶治疗5实现味蕾细胞分解。酶解后,细胞可维持在加湿的培养皿至4小时,在4C。在这种状态下,他们可用于单细胞PCR(图4B),钙成像等

细胞显示出各种形状,许多细长和双极性(图5A和5B)正如人们所预料的味蕾细胞。当收集细胞进行钙成像,经过约20分钟,在显微镜下后,细胞开始凋亡滤过泡(图6A和6B,箭头),其中许多人成为一轮。在我们的实验室开发出一种技术,细胞拿起单独使用一个补丁移液器,图5A和5B所示。

如上所述,乳头开始5至8周后再生。图7A演示一个使用无需麻醉,从左侧删除志愿者的舌头8菌状乳头的舌头的外观。注意8轻微的淡红色斑点,乳头被剪断。无出血,手术后观察。本图像10分钟后活检。图7B是舌活检后40天看到同一主题的形象。请注意所有的乳头已经重新长出。要确定是否再生乳头功能,我们要求我们的志愿者同意第二次活检涉及完全相同乳头。要正确地确定适当的乳头,我们计划再收获,我们生成一个网格(图7C),适合8乳头被拆除摆在首位,后40天,最初活检后叠加在同一志愿者的舌头。借助舌头的轮廓和从边缘到电网的距离,一旦确定,我们已删除了几个完全相同的乳头和免疫组化处理他们。图4A是其中一个乳头。请注意一个味蕾(黄色)和磷脂Cβ2(PLCβ2),2型味觉细胞转导相关的酶免疫阳性染色的轮廓。这些数据表明,使用本文所述的活检,菌状乳头再生40天,充分也有可能功能的味蕾。

图1
图1。前季度舌的主体是进入无菌纱布包裹,并在外科医生的左手举行。舌头必须坚守。在右边的放大的图像显示的剪刀和刀片乳头的位置适当的位置。

201/2201fig2.jpg“ALT =”图2“/>
图2。 (一)菌状乳头带有蓝色箭头所示。这是有点孤立的圆形结构及其周围,并在其紧邻的是一个圆形的空间缺乏filliform乳头。 (二)菌状乳头微型剪刀秒后,它已被删除领略春天的一角。

图3
图3。自活检使用一面镜子,没有麻醉的一个菌状乳头。插图说明剪刀的整体状况,必须与舌背表面平行。如果做得正确和atraumatically,麻醉放弃几乎所有的志愿者。

图4a
图4 A免疫组织化学的一个味蕾。一个菌状乳头可视化磷脂β2Nomarski使用抗体的光学和红色荧光蛋白标签。味蕾和几个标记的味觉细胞的轮廓显示为黄色。
图4b
- PCR候选人酸味受体,酸敏感离子通道(ASIC1)B. RT。 M =标记。 1到4车道,单细胞RT - PCR方法从四个不同的志愿者的ASIC1。集合后,菌状乳头酶分离,细胞单独拿起ASIC1表达。泳道2和4 ASIC1的正常表达。

图5
图5。 A.单味细胞图像拿起使用补丁吸管。一个大的上皮细胞是在左下角(5A)可见。两个红血细胞,也可见上述补丁吸管和后面的玻璃桶。味觉细胞是约30-50微米长,宽6微米左右。仅供参考,红血球直径约7-8微米。 B.显示了另一种味觉受体细胞,周围四个上皮细胞。味觉细胞看起来明快。

图6
图6。答:图像的细胞开始研制凋亡滤过泡(鬼一样的味觉细胞,箭头的圆形滤泡)。 B.细胞不再收获时,其外观上的变化如下所示。

图7
图7。 A.十几分钟后,8味道乳头不使用麻醉的去除。手术部位可见的略微泛红的斑点。注意到没有出血。
B.活检后40天的舌头。请注意所有的乳头再生。为了帮助确定删除重新长出乳头,与网站创建一个网格右侧的图片,并在左侧图像再生乳头转移。
C.再生乳头出现在完全相同的位置。收获乳头再次表明,再生的乳头载功能的味觉细胞(图4A)的免疫组织化学组。

Subscription Required. Please recommend JoVE to your librarian.

Discussion

使用人体细胞的一个显着的优势是其特殊性。在这里详细介绍的过程提供了来自人类的味觉受体细胞的分离舌组织。这些味觉细胞,可用于分子生物学研究,试图发现味觉信息传导的重要分子,监测活动,以刺激味觉细胞的钙成像研究。此外,此过程中提供的舌组织可与各种技术, 如原位杂交免疫组织化学分析,并允许捕捉如聚合酶链反应(PCR)技术,包括实时定量单细胞PCR的分子程序的单个细胞。由于此过程可在人的味觉可以psychophysically评估活检前进行的,它是可以得到一个明确的负责味觉异常(例如,看到Huque等人,2009年)的分子细节的图片。这活检程序允许一个可行的和代谢完整的单细胞味蕾细胞丰富的准备,从而有能力执行这些细胞的膜片钳记录的生产。使用这种技术,未来的研究,不仅增加我们了解的味觉传导过程的独特的人,但也破译潜在的疾病或药物诱导的状态和发展方案来处理这些异常的味觉异常的分子机制。

最后,我们的观察结果表明,存在“漏洞”,常常注​​意到菌状乳头接近到arborizations,通常被认为是味蕾毛孔,事实上,不存在味蕾良好的预测。这些漏洞的性质究竟是什么,或者他们可能会执行什么功能,我们不知道。

在8年以来,我们开始此过程,我们已多次收集到4000多味乳头的数十名志愿者。两个不良的发病率,与局部麻醉相关领导的临时肿胀的舌头,但在未来48小时内内解决,没有任何不良影响。如果做得好,无菌和无创伤条件下,这种方法是安全有效的。

Subscription Required. Please recommend JoVE to your librarian.

Disclosures

没有利益冲突的声明。

Acknowledgments

这项工作是支持由美国国立卫生研究院R21 DC03969 - 01(日本国)。我们感谢弗里茨Lischka博士捕获RT - PCR检测显示在图4B和先生,贝利和S.女士阿拉尔孔技术援助执行单一的味蕾细胞,博士Tauf Huque。 M.亚尼纳Pepino是一个NIDAT32 DA07313华盛顿大学医学院,圣路易斯,MO(Cottler,LB PI)支持的一个老乡。

Materials

Name Company Catalog Number Comments
McPherson-Vannas. Curved, sharp cutting edge 5mm. Comb, tip width 0.2 mm overall length 3" Roboz Surgical Instruments Co. RS-5603, Roboz
Small Dumont forceps Roboz Surgical Instruments Co. RS-4915, Roboz

DOWNLOAD MATERIALS LIST

References

  1. Breslin, P. A., Spector, A. C. Mammalian taste perception. Curr Biol. 26 (4), R148-R155 (2008).
  2. Miller, I. Anatomy of the peripheral taste system. Handbook of Olfaction and Gustation. Doty, R. I., Dekker, M. , Marcel Dekker. New York. 521-547 (1995).
  3. Figure 12.67. Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Medicine and Surgery. , 38th Edition, Churchill Livingstone. New York. (1995).
  4. Huque, T., Cowart, B. J., Dankulich-Nagrudny, L., Pribitkin, E. A., Bayley, D. L., Spielman, A., Feldman, I., S, R., Mackler, Sour ageusia in two individuals implicates ion channels of the ASIC and PKD families in human sour taste perception at the anterior tongue. PLoS One. 4 (10), e7347-e7347 (2009).
  5. MacDonald, J. F., Mody, I., Salter, M. W., Spielman, A. I. Patch-clamping of taste cells in mouse. Experimental Cell Biology of Taste and Olfaction. Spielman, A. I., Brand, J. G. , CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. 329-332 (1995).

Tags

朱庇特医药,第42期,菌状乳头,舌,人类的味觉细胞,活检
技术收集人舌菌状(味道)乳头
Play Video
PDF DOI DOWNLOAD MATERIALS LIST

Cite this Article

Spielman, A. I., Pepino, M. Y.,More

Spielman, A. I., Pepino, M. Y., Feldman, R., Brand, J. G. Technique to Collect Fungiform (Taste) Papillae from Human Tongue. J. Vis. Exp. (42), e2201, doi:10.3791/2201 (2010).

Less
Copy Citation Download Citation Reprints and Permissions
View Video

PLAYLIST

  • Research • Medicine
    Estimation of Urinary Nanocrystals in Humans using Calcium Fluorophore Labeling and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis
  • Research • Medicine
    Development and Evaluation of 3D-Printed Cardiovascular Phantoms for Interventional Planning and Training
  • Research • Medicine
    Human Fetal Blood Flow Quantification with Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Motion Compensation
  • Research • Medicine
    Digital Handwriting Analysis of Characters in Chinese Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment
  • Research • Medicine
    Segmentation and Linear Measurement for Body Composition Analysis using Slice-O-Matic and Horos
  • Research • Medicine
    Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Multiple Sclerosis at 7.0 Tesla
  • Research • Medicine
    Real-Time Magnetic Resonance Guided Focused Ultrasound for Painful Bone Metastases
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation of Viable Adipocytes and Stromal Vascular Fraction from Human Visceral Adipose Tissue Suitable for RNA Analysis and Macrophage Phenotyping
  • Research • Medicine
    Obtaining Quality Extended Field-of-View Ultrasound Images of Skeletal Muscle to Measure Muscle Fascicle Length
  • Research • Medicine
    Lung CT Segmentation to Identify Consolidations and Ground Glass Areas for Quantitative Assesment of SARS-CoV Pneumonia
  • Research • Medicine
    Electroretinogram Recording for Infants and Children under Anesthesia to Achieve Optimal Dark Adaptation and International Standards
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of Tissue Oxygenation Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Capnography Sampling Line Compatibility and Accuracy when Used with a Portable Capnography Monitor
  • Research • Medicine
    Simultaneous Laryngopharyngeal and Conventional Esophageal pH Monitoring
  • Research • Medicine
    Real-Time Monitoring of Neurocritical Patients with Diffuse Optical Spectroscopies
  • Research • Neuroscience
    Evaluating Postural Control and Lower-extremity Muscle Activation in Individuals with Chronic Ankle Instability
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Dependence in Activities of Daily Living Among Older Patients in an Acute Care Unit
  • Research • Medicine
    Validated LC-MS/MS Panel for Quantifying 11 Drug-Resistant TB Medications in Small Hair Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    International Expert Consensus and Recommendations for Neonatal Pneumothorax Ultrasound Diagnosis and Ultrasound-guided Thoracentesis Procedure
  • Research • Biology
    A Finite Element Approach for Locating the Center of Resistance of Maxillary Teeth
  • Research • Medicine
    Lower Limb Biomechanical Analysis of Healthy Participants
  • Research • Neuroscience
    Assessing Early Stage Open-Angle Glaucoma in Patients by Isolated-Check Visual Evoked Potential
  • Research • Medicine
    Oral Health Assessment by Lay Personnel for Older Adults
  • Research • Medicine
    Determining and Controlling External Power Output During Regular Handrim Wheelchair Propulsion
  • Research • Medicine
    A Whole Body Dosimetry Protocol for Peptide-Receptor Radionuclide Therapy (PRRT): 2D Planar Image and Hybrid 2D+3D SPECT/CT Image Methods
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of Carotenoids in Perifovea using the Macular Pigment Reflectometer
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Static Graviceptive Perception in the Roll-Plane using the Subjective Visual Vertical Paradigm
  • Research • Medicine
    Learning Modern Laryngeal Surgery in a Dissection Laboratory
  • Research • Medicine
    DIPLOMA Approach for Standardized Pathology Assessment of Distal Pancreatectomy Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    A Computerized Functional Skills Assessment and Training Program Targeting Technology Based Everyday Functional Skills
  • Research • Medicine
    Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Integrating Augmented Reality Tools in Breast Cancer Related Lymphedema Prognostication and Diagnosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasonographic Assessment During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of the Hepatic Venous Pressure Gradient and Transjugular Liver Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Patient Directed Recording of a Bipolar Three-Lead Electrocardiogram using a Smartwatch with ECG Function
  • Research • Medicine
    Traditional Trail Making Test Modified into Brand-new Assessment Tools: Digital and Walking Trail Making Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Biopsy Data to Guide Sampling Procedures for Prostate Cancer Biobanking
  • Research • Medicine
    A Fluorescence-based Assay for Characterization and Quantification of Lipid Droplet Formation in Human Intestinal Organoids
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Non-invasive Method for the Detection of Elevated Intra-compartmental Pressures of the Leg
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Mapping of Specific Ventilation in the Human Lung using Proton Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Oxygen as a Contrast Agent
  • Research • Neuroscience
    Portable Thermographic Screening for Detection of Acute Wallenberg's Syndrome
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of MRI-ultrasound Fusion to Achieve Targeted Prostate Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Testing of all Six Semicircular Canals with Video Head Impulse Test Systems
  • Research • Medicine
    Protocol and Guidelines for Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Diagnosing Neonatal Pulmonary Diseases Based on International Expert Consensus
  • Research • Neuroscience
    Bilateral Assessment of the Corticospinal Pathways of the Ankle Muscles Using Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
  • Research • Medicine
    Targeting Gray Rami Communicantes in Selective Chemical Lumbar Sympathectomy
  • Research • Medicine
    Multi-Modal Home Sleep Monitoring in Older Adults
  • Research • Medicine
    Cardiac Magnetic Resonance for the Evaluation of Suspected Cardiac Thrombus: Conventional and Emerging Techniques
  • Research • Medicine
    Observational Study Protocol for Repeated Clinical Examination and Critical Care Ultrasonography Within the Simple Intensive Care Studies
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurements of Motor Function and Other Clinical Outcome Parameters in Ambulant Children with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of the Efficacy of An Osteopathic Treatment in Infants with Biomechanical Impairments to Suckling
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantification of Levator Ani Hiatus Enlargement by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Males and Females with Pelvic Organ Prolapse
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative [18F]-Naf-PET-MRI Analysis for the Evaluation of Dynamic Bone Turnover in a Patient with Facetogenic Low Back Pain
  • Research • Medicine
    Generation of Human 3D Lung Tissue Cultures (3D-LTCs) for Disease Modeling
  • Research • Medicine
    Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
  • Research • Medicine
    Combining Volumetric Capnography And Barometric Plethysmography To Measure The Lung Structure-function Relationship
  • Research • Medicine
    Two-Dimensional X-Ray Angiography to Examine Fine Vascular Structure Using a Silicone Rubber Injection Compound
  • Research • Medicine
    Preparation, Procedures and Evaluation of Platelet-Rich Plasma Injection in the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis
  • Research • Medicine
    Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging at 7 Tesla
  • Research • Medicine
    Semi-quantitative Assessment Using [18F]FDG Tracer in Patients with Severe Brain Injury
  • Research • Medicine
    Handheld Metal Detector Screening for Metallic Foreign Body Ingestion in Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Conducting Maximal and Submaximal Endurance Exercise Testing to Measure Physiological and Biological Responses to Acute Exercise in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    A Metadata Extraction Approach for Clinical Case Reports to Enable Advanced Understanding of Biomedical Concepts
  • Research • Medicine
    Autonomic Function Following Concussion in Youth Athletes: An Exploration of Heart Rate Variability Using 24-hour Recording Methodology
  • Research • Medicine
    Hydra, a Computer-Based Platform for Aiding Clinicians in Cardiovascular Analysis and Diagnosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Objective Nociceptive Assessment in Ventilated ICU Patients: A Feasibility Study Using Pupillometry and the Nociceptive Flexion Reflex
  • Research • Medicine
    'Boden Food Plate': Novel Interactive Web-based Method for the Assessment of Dietary Intake
  • Research • Medicine
    Anogenital Distance and Perineal Measurements of the Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) Quantification System
  • Research • Medicine
    Bedside Ultrasound for Guiding Fluid Removal in Patients with Pulmonary Edema: The Reverse-FALLS Protocol
  • Research • Medicine
    Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation of Primary Human Decidual Cells from the Fetal Membranes of Term Placentae
  • Research • Medicine
    Skeletal Muscle Neurovascular Coupling, Oxidative Capacity, and Microvascular Function with 'One Stop Shop' Near-infrared Spectroscopy
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting Hair Samples for Hair Cortisol Analysis in African Americans
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vivo Morphometric Analysis of Human Cranial Nerves Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Menière's Disease Ears and Normal Hearing Ears
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (Cf-PWV) to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness
  • Research • Medicine
    Standardized Measurement of Nasal Membrane Transepithelial Potential Difference (NPD)
  • Research • Medicine
    Taste Exam: A Brief and Validated Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Absorption of Nasal and Bronchial Fluids: Precision Sampling of the Human Respiratory Mucosa and Laboratory Processing of Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Methodology for Sputum Induction and Laboratory Processing
  • Research • Medicine
    Electrophysiological Measurement of Noxious-evoked Brain Activity in Neonates Using a Flat-tip Probe Coupled to Electroencephalography
  • Research • Medicine
    A Detailed Protocol for Physiological Parameters Acquisition and Analysis in Neurosurgical Critical Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Oral Biofilm Sampling for Microbiome Analysis in Healthy Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia
  • Research • Medicine
    Application of an Amplitude-integrated EEG Monitor (Cerebral Function Monitor) to Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    3D Ultrasound Imaging: Fast and Cost-effective Morphometry of Musculoskeletal Tissue
  • Research • Medicine
    The 4-vessel Sampling Approach to Integrative Studies of Human Placental Physiology In Vivo
  • Research • Medicine
    A Component-resolved Diagnostic Approach for a Study on Grass Pollen Allergens in Chinese Southerners with Allergic Rhinitis and/or Asthma
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
  • Research • Medicine
    A Method for Quantifying Upper Limb Performance in Daily Life Using Accelerometers
  • Research • Medicine
    Non-invasive Assessments of Subjective and Objective Recovery Characteristics Following an Exhaustive Jump Protocol
  • Research • Medicine
    Experimental Protocol of a Three-minute, All-out Arm Crank Exercise Test in Spinal-cord Injured and Able-bodied Individuals
  • Research • Medicine
    Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Pulmonary Capillary Blood Volume, Membrane Diffusing Capacity, and Intrapulmonary Arteriovenous Anastomoses During Exercise
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Child Anthropometry in a Large Epidemiologic Study
  • Research • Medicine
    Video Movement Analysis Using Smartphones (ViMAS): A Pilot Study
  • Research • Medicine
    Network Analysis of Foramen Ovale Electrode Recordings in Drug-resistant Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Induction and Assessment of Exertional Skeletal Muscle Damage in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    A Detailed Protocol for Perspiration Monitoring Using a Novel, Small, Wireless Device
  • Research • Medicine
    Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
  • Research • Medicine
    Integrated Compensatory Responses in a Human Model of Hemorrhage
  • Research • Medicine
    Transthoracic Speckle Tracking Echocardiography for the Quantitative Assessment of Left Ventricular Myocardial Deformation
  • Research • Medicine
    Impression Cytology of the Lid Wiper Area
  • Research • Behavior
    A Protocol of Manual Tests to Measure Sensation and Pain in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    Unbiased Deep Sequencing of RNA Viruses from Clinical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    A Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cell-based Model of the Human Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier to Study Bacterial Infection from the Basolateral Side
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Profiling of MicroRNA-containing Exosomes from Human Bile
  • Research • Medicine
    Generation of Microtumors Using 3D Human Biogel Culture System and Patient-derived Glioblastoma Cells for Kinomic Profiling and Drug Response Testing
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Using a Laminating Technique to Perform Confocal Microscopy of the Human Sclera
  • Research • Medicine
    Intravenous Endotoxin Challenge in Healthy Humans: An Experimental Platform to Investigate and Modulate Systemic Inflammation
  • Research • Medicine
    Modeling and Simulations of Olfactory Drug Delivery with Passive and Active Controls of Nasally Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols
  • Research • Medicine
    Exosomal miRNA Analysis in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Patients' Plasma Through qPCR: A Feasible Liquid Biopsy Tool
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multimodal Imaging- and Stimulation-based Method of Evaluating Connectivity-related Brain Excitability in Patients with Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges
  • Research • Medicine
    Using Saccadometry with Deep Brain Stimulation to Study Normal and Pathological Brain Function
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Fundus Autofluorescence for the Evaluation of Retinal Diseases
  • Research • Medicine
    Diagnosis of Musculus Gastrocnemius Tightness - Key Factors for the Clinical Examination
  • Research • Medicine
    Stereo-Electro-Encephalo-Graphy (SEEG) With Robotic Assistance in the Presurgical Evaluation of Medical Refractory Epilepsy: A Technical Note
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Transcutaneous Microcirculatory Imaging in Preterm Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    Using an Ingestible Telemetric Temperature Pill to Assess Gastrointestinal Temperature During Exercise
  • Research • Medicine
    Design, Fabrication, and Administration of the Hand Active Sensation Test (HASTe)
  • Research • Medicine
    MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder
  • Research • Medicine
    Functional Human Liver Preservation and Recovery by Means of Subnormothermic Machine Perfusion
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multicenter MRI Protocol for the Evaluation and Quantification of Deep Vein Thrombosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Determining The Electromyographic Fatigue Threshold Following a Single Visit Exercise Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of Electromagnetic Navigational Transthoracic Needle Aspiration (E-TTNA) for Sampling of Lung Nodules
  • Research • Medicine
    Trabecular Meshwork Response to Pressure Elevation in the Living Human Eye
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vivo, Percutaneous, Needle Based, Optical Coherence Tomography of Renal Masses
  • Research • Medicine
    Establishment of Human Epithelial Enteroids and Colonoids from Whole Tissue and Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Human Brown Adipose Tissue Depots Automatically Segmented by Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography and Registered Magnetic Resonance Images
  • Research • Medicine
    Preparation and Respirometric Assessment of Mitochondria Isolated from Skeletal Muscle Tissue Obtained by Percutaneous Needle Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    A Methodological Approach to Non-invasive Assessments of Vascular Function and Morphology
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Immortalization of Patient-derived Cell Lines from Muscle Biopsy for Disease Modeling
  • Research • Medicine
    State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
  • Research • Medicine
    The Supraclavicular Fossa Ultrasound View for Central Venous Catheter Placement and Catheter Change Over Guidewire
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of the Brachial Artery in Clinical Research
  • Research • Medicine
    Tracking the Mammary Architectural Features and Detecting Breast Cancer with Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes
  • Research • Medicine
    DTI of the Visual Pathway - White Matter Tracts and Cerebral Lesions
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection, Isolation, and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Human Endocervical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multi-Modal Approach to Assessing Recovery in Youth Athletes Following Concussion
  • Research • Medicine
    Clinical Assessment of Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Patients and Older Adults
  • Research • Medicine
    Multi-electrode Array Recordings of Human Epileptic Postoperative Cortical Tissue
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection and Extraction of Saliva DNA for Next Generation Sequencing
  • Research • Medicine
    Fast and Accurate Exhaled Breath Ammonia Measurement
  • Research • Medicine
    Developing Neuroimaging Phenotypes of the Default Mode Network in PTSD: Integrating the Resting State, Working Memory, and Structural Connectivity
  • Research • Medicine
    Two Methods for Establishing Primary Human Endometrial Stromal Cells from Hysterectomy Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Coordinate Mapping of Hyolaryngeal Mechanics in Swallowing
  • Research • Medicine
    Network Analysis of the Default Mode Network Using Functional Connectivity MRI in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    EEG Mu Rhythm in Typical and Atypical Development
  • Research • Medicine
    The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT): An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Functional Characterization of Human Ventricular Cardiomyocytes from Fresh Surgical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Primary Culture of Human Vestibular Schwannomas
  • Research • Medicine
    Utility of Dissociated Intrinsic Hand Muscle Atrophy in the Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Lesion Explorer: A Video-guided, Standardized Protocol for Accurate and Reliable MRI-derived Volumetrics in Alzheimer's Disease and Normal Elderly
  • Research • Medicine
    Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Culture, and Imaging of Human Fetal Pancreatic Cell Clusters
  • Research • Medicine
    3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Computerized Dynamic Posturography for Postural Control Assessment in Patients with Intermittent Claudication
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting Saliva and Measuring Salivary Cortisol and Alpha-amylase in Frail Community Residing Older Adults via Family Caregivers
  • Research • Medicine
    Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Analysis of Neurodegenerative Diseases
  • Research • Medicine
    Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Retinal Surgical Specimens Using jouRNAl
  • Research • Medicine
    Improved Protocol For Laser Microdissection Of Human Pancreatic Islets From Surgical Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Respiratory Muscle Activation Using Respiratory Motor Control Assessment (RMCA) in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury
  • Research • Medicine
    Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting And Measuring Wound Exudate Biochemical Mediators In Surgical Wounds
  • Research • Medicine
    A Research Method For Detecting Transient Myocardial Ischemia In Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome Using Continuous ST-segment Analysis
  • Research • Medicine
    Using a Chemical Biopsy for Graft Quality Assessment
  • Research • Medicine
    Characterizing Exon Skipping Efficiency in DMD Patient Samples in Clinical Trials of Antisense Oligonucleotides
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vitro Assessment of Cardiac Function Using Skinned Cardiomyocytes
  • Research • Medicine
    Normothermic Ex Situ Heart Perfusion in Working Mode: Assessment of Cardiac Function and Metabolism
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Vascular Control Mechanisms Utilizing Video Microscopy of Isolated Resistance Arteries of Rats
  • Research • Medicine
    Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) for Research; Obtaining Adequate Sample Yield
  • Research • Medicine
    Non-invasive Optical Measurement of Cerebral Metabolism and Hemodynamics in Infants
  • Research • Medicine
    Tilt Testing with Combined Lower Body Negative Pressure: a "Gold Standard" for Measuring Orthostatic Tolerance
  • Research • Medicine
    Driving Simulation in the Clinic: Testing Visual Exploratory Behavior in Daily Life Activities in Patients with Visual Field Defects
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Characterization and Comparative Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Derived from Permanent Teeth by Using Two Different Methods
  • Research • Medicine
    Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking (IPL): Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Intraoperative Detection of Subtle Endometriosis: A Novel Paradigm for Detection and Treatment of Pelvic Pain Associated with the Loss of Peritoneal Integrity
  • Research • Medicine
    The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection Protocol for Human Pancreas
  • Research • Medicine
    The α-test: Rapid Cell-free CD4 Enumeration Using Whole Saliva
  • Research • Medicine
    The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Donor Tissue Preparation for Endothelial Keratoplasty
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantification of Atherosclerotic Plaque Activity and Vascular Inflammation using [18-F] Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (FDG-PET/CT)
  • Research • Medicine
    Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography of Retinal Circulation
  • Research • Medicine
    Utilizing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Study the Human Neuromuscular System
  • Research • Medicine
    Detection and Genogrouping of Noroviruses from Children's Stools By Taqman One-step RT-PCR
  • Research • Medicine
    Method to Measure Tone of Axial and Proximal Muscle
  • Research • Medicine
    The Trier Social Stress Test Protocol for Inducing Psychological Stress
  • Research • Medicine
    Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Multifocal Electroretinograms
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation of Human Islets from Partially Pancreatectomized Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quantification of Pulmonary Perfusion using Calibrated Arterial Spin Labeling
  • Research • Medicine
    Manual Muscle Testing: A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department
  • Research • Medicine
    A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
  • Research • Medicine
    An Investigation of the Effects of Sports-related Concussion in Youth Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Head Impact Telemetry System
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Confocal Microscopy: A Novel Non-invasive Technique to Quantify Small Fibre Pathology in Peripheral Neuropathies
  • Research • Medicine
    Methods to Quantify Pharmacologically Induced Alterations in Motor Function in Human Incomplete SCI
  • Research • Medicine
    Multispectral Real-time Fluorescence Imaging for Intraoperative Detection of the Sentinel Lymph Node in Gynecologic Oncology
  • Research • Medicine
    Technique to Collect Fungiform (Taste) Papillae from Human Tongue
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessing Endothelial Vasodilator Function with the Endo-PAT 2000
  • Research • Medicine
    Making Sense of Listening: The IMAP Test Battery
  • Research • Medicine
    An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)
  • Research • Biology
    Bioelectric Analyses of an Osseointegrated Intelligent Implant Design System for Amputees
  • Research • Biology
    Demonstration of Cutaneous Allodynia in Association with Chronic Pelvic Pain
  • Get cutting-edge science videos from JoVE sent straight to your inbox every month.

    Waiting X
    Simple Hit Counter