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アテローム性動脈硬化プラーク活動と血管の炎症の定量化を用いて[18 F]フルオロ陽電子放射断層撮影/コンピュータ断層撮影(FDG-PET/CT)

Published: May 2, 2012 doi: 10.3791/3777

Summary

非侵襲的に動脈硬化を識別し、ここではFDG-PET/CTは、アテローム性動脈硬化プラーク活動と血管の炎症を検出し、定量化するために使用する方法を実証する大きな必要性がある。

Abstract

このような冠動脈カルシウム(CAC)1と頸動脈内膜中膜厚(C-IMT)2などのアテローム性動脈硬化症の従来の非侵襲的画像診断法は、疾患の負担に関する情報を提供します。しかし、CAC 3-5、およびC-IMT 2,6の複数の検証研究にもかかわらず、これらのモダリティは、正確にプラーク特性の7,8を評価ていないと、プラークの組成および炎症状態は、その安定性、したがって、リスクを判断するの臨床的イベントは9月13日

[18 F]-2-フルオロ-2 -デオキシ-D-グルコース陽電子放射断層撮影(PET)/コンピュータ断層撮影(CT)を使用して(FDG)イメージングが広範囲に疡代謝14,15で検討されている。ヒトでの動物モデルおよび免疫組織化学を用いた研究はFDG-PET/CTはマクロファージ活性16、血管壁の細胞の炎症の重要なソースを検出するための絶妙に敏感であることを示します。モー最近再び、我々は17,18などはFDG-PET/CTは、大規模および中規模の動脈9,16,19,20におけるアテローム斑の活動の炎症活性の高精度、新たな測定を可能にすることが示されている。 FDG-PET/CTの研究では、他のイメージングモダリティに比べて多くの利点があります。マルチモーダルアテローム性動脈硬化プラークの定量化を可能にする2)プラーク容積の定量化と代謝活性、3)動的な、リアルタイムin vivoイメージング 1)高コントラスト分解能を。 4)最小限のオペレータ依存。最後に、FDG-PET/CTで検出された血管の炎症は、伝統的なリスク要因21,22の独立した心血管(CV)イベントを予測することが示されており、また非常にアテローム性動脈硬化症23の全体的な負担に関連付けられています。 FDG-PET/CTによるプラークの活動は、短期(12週)スタチン療法24と同様に長期的な治療ライフスタイルの変化などの既知の有益なCVの介入(16ヶ月)25によって変調される。 アテローム性動脈硬化プラークにおけるFDG集積の定量化のための現在の方法論は、割って計算され、バックグラウンド比(TBR)にターゲットを計算するために興味のあると静脈血プールの動脈の標準化取り込み値(SUV)の測定を含む静脈血プールSUVによって動脈のSUV。このメソッドは、時間の経過とともに安定した、再現可能な表現型を表すことが示さ血管の炎症の検出のための高感度を有しており、また、高間、イントラリーダーの信頼性26を有しています。ここでは、患者検体の調製、画像取得、およびアテローム性動脈硬化プラーク活動の定量化とSUV、TBR、代謝体積製品(MVP)と呼ばれるグローバルパラメータを使用して、血管の炎症のために私たちの方法論を提示します。我々はいくつかの先行出版物に示されているように、これらのアプローチは、一貫性のあるファッションに関心の様々な研究サンプルで血管の炎症を評価するために適用されるかもしれません。9,20,27,28は、</ SUP>

Protocol

1。患者の準備と取得画像

  1. 画質向上のための飛行時間型機能を備え、好ましくは、1、PET / CTスキャナ上の少なくとも1つの時間イメージングタイムスロットを固定します。当院では、フィリップスメディカルシステムズから最新のPET / CTシステムで、16スライスCTブリリアンスシステムとリゾ検出器に基づくPETスキャナを組み合わせたジェミニTFスキャナを使用しています。
  2. FDG-PET/CTスキャンの前に8時間のために、被験者が速くています。血清グルコースを保証するためにfingerstickを使用して、空腹時血糖値(FSG)のレベルをチェック<200 mg / dL以上前のFDG投与。これはボディ内のそのグルコースFDGと競合しないようにします。
  3. 場合FSG <200 mg / dLで、放射性トレーサー(FDG)IVを管理するための20ゲージの静脈内(IV)ラインよりも小さくを挿入しない。約5.2 MBqのFDGの/ kg体重を管理します。
  4. FDGの静脈内投与後〜60分、全身の低線量CT撮影を行います。その後PETエミッションを取得つま先に頂点頭蓋骨からの画像。 1.1に記載されている特定のPET / CT)に、画像再構成は、通常、システムモデルが含まれている場合は、33順序付けられたサブセットと3回反復してlist-モード、最大尤度の期待値最大化(ML-EM)アルゴリズムを使用して実行され時間型フライトだけでなく、正規化、減衰、randoms、散布修正。再スケーリングされた低線量CT画像は減少し、検査時間とPETのみのマシンで使用される外部放射線源の減衰補正相対画質の向上につながる自動化された方法でPET画像の吸収補正のために利用されています。

2。 PET画像の定性的評価

  1. 矢状、軸方向の解釈、および関心の血管構造の空間的な描写のためだけでなく、増加放射性トレーサーの取り込み自体の領域の正確な解剖学的局在のための低線量非造影CT画像を用いた減弱補正の有無にかかわらず冠状PET再構成PET画像のEN。

3。 PET画像の定量的評価

  1. 画像の定性的な審査の後、次のセクションに大動脈を分割する境界を識別します。上行大動脈、大動脈弓、下行胸部大動脈、副腎腹部大動脈と大動脈腹部大動脈です。簡単にするために、大動脈弓は、胸部大動脈の昇順と降順の部分が接続されているように見えません。頭尾方向に移動する横方向の画像上の連続した​​セグメントとして表示される胸部大動脈のそれらの部分で定義することができます。腹腔動脈の起源は、胸部下行大動脈と腹部大動脈と腎動脈は腹部大動脈の副腎と大動脈セグメント間の解剖学的ランドマークとして機能する間に解剖学的ランドマークとして使用することができます。
  2. 足と首の動脈の18 F-FDG集積(動脈炎症の指標として)intereの領域を配置することによって測定される動脈を通過coregistered横PET / CT画像のスライスの関心の各動脈の周りST(ROI)。増加したトレーサーの取り込み( 図1)と他の周囲の組織を避けながら、大動脈の場合には、最も優れた大動脈スライスで始まる、慎重にそのスライス上にFDGの取り込みの領域全体を含むように各ROIを描画します。このイメージは私たちの高齢化やアテローム性動脈硬化症の研究20の患者から採取されました。
  3. 次に、SUVごとにスライスを計算するための専用のPET / CT画像解析ソフトウェアを使用して最大[当院では、拡張ブリリアンス·ワークステーション、フィリップスヘルスケア、ボセル、WAを使用]と各ROIの標準化取り込み値(SUV)が測定される平均値( 図2)。このイメージは私たちの高齢化やアテローム性動脈硬化症の研究20の患者から採取されました。
  4. ( - 20ミリメートル、例えば、5)定期的に興味のある動脈を通過するPETスキャンのスライスに対して、この手順を繰り返します。合計スライスの番号は、被写体からの体型と解剖学的変化に応じて件名に異なります。
  5. 少なくとも6〜8の連続した​​スライスを視覚化することができる腹部の下大静脈(IVC)を探します。後述するように組織対バックグラウンド比(TBR)の計算に使用されるSUVの測定値を意味し、少なくとも8静脈を取得するために各横断スライス上にIVCの周りにROIを置きます。

4。イメージングの成果計算

  1. 動脈を通過するすべてのスライスの平均動脈スライスのSUV(平均値と最大値を使用して)(例えば、頸動脈)や、興味のある動脈のセグメント(例えば、上行大動脈、大動脈弓、下行胸部大動脈、副腎腹部大動脈、大動脈腹部大動脈)各動脈または興味のある動脈セグメントのSUVと最大SUVの測定を意味生成することができます。これらのパラメータは、興味のある動脈や動脈セグメント内のアテローム性動脈硬化症の平均的な負担のいずれかのアウトカム指標として。統計分析用のスライスの測定から得られたSUVの標準偏差を記録します。
  2. 次に、静脈によってSUV平均動脈や動脈セグメントを分割すると、SUVの正規化の目的のために手順3.4で得られたを意味します。結果は、アテローム性動脈硬化プラーク活動のための別の結果として動脈や動脈セグメントTBR対策です。
  3. 最後に、動脈や、興味のある動脈のセグメント内のアテローム性動脈硬化症の世界的な負担を理解する努力で、SUVスライスのROIボリューム(スライス厚によるROIの面積を乗じて算出)でスライスのROIごとに得られた各動脈の平均値を掛けると興味のある動脈や動脈セグメントを通過するすべてのスライスの和。動脈や動脈セグメントは、この収率は、プラークの活動と負担の測定のための第三の結果としての代謝·体積製品(MVP)を意味します。注目すべきは、全く代謝活性を持たない興味のある容器内の領域は、MVPにはほとんど貢献します。したがって、このパラメータには、まだアクティブなプラークの指標として有効です。
  4. 一大動脈を通過するすべてのスライスの上の4.3に記載されている大動脈の平均のMVPの総和を実行する場合、結果は大動脈内のアテローム性動脈硬化プラーク活動およびアテローム性動脈硬化の測定のための第四の結果となるグローバルな炎症負担(GIB)、となります。

乾癬で進行中の研究18の一環として、一人の患者から得られたこれらの4つのアウトカムの値の例を表1に示されています。

5。代表的な結果

以下の表は、アテローム性動脈硬化プラーク活動や乾癬を持つ単一の患者のFDG-PET/CTで検出された血管の炎症の転帰を決定するさまざまな方法を示しています。

動脈のセグメント(スライス数) SUVmean(SD) TBR(SD) MVP(SD) GIB(SD)
上行大動脈(n = 8)に 1.43(0.24) 1.31(0.18) 5.68(3.08) 53.99(19.50)
大動脈弓(n = 5)に 1.38(0.25) 1.30(0.22) 8.88(4.94) 59.85(18.66)
胸部大動脈(N = 20)降順 1.42(0.20) 1.29(0.19) 3.11(0.98) 125.66(53.11)
副腎腹部大動脈(N = 29) 1.40(0.19) 1.26(0.17) 2.37(0.66) 50.75(17.64)
大動脈腹部大動脈(N = 26) 1.38(0.21) 1.20(0.16) 1.72(0.54) 45.80(10.86)

図1
図1 PET画像。でFDG集積を示して高齢化やアテローム性動脈硬化症の20我々の研究では患者からの初期のPET再構成画像の代表的な結果のシリーズA)腸骨と大腿動脈、B)膝窩動脈、C)腹部大動脈、D)大動脈弓。

図2
図2。関心領域(ROI)の配置。横融合FDG-PET/CT画像は、高齢化やアテローム性動脈硬化症の20我々の研究では患者からの近位下行大動脈のレベルで表示されます。 ROIは、胸部下行大動脈の周囲に配置されており、ソフトウェアは、SUV、最大SUV、およびmm 2のROIの面積を意味する計算されます。これは、興味のあるこの動脈セグメントを介してデータの1つのスライスのためであり、技術は、その後大動脈の各セグメントを通過するすべてのスライスに対して繰り返されます。

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Discussion

ここで紹介する方法は、実行するのは簡単ですし、臨床的に重要な動脈床におけるアテローム性動脈硬化プラーク活動と血管の炎症に関する有用な情報を得ることができます。重点を保証するものではこの分析的なアプローチのいくつかの重要な機能があります:1)私達は、16検出器の行を持つ高品質のPET / CTスキャナを使用し、飛行能力の時間で、2)我々は、臨床情報を知らさ2経験豊かな観測者を活用する定量的データの整合性を確保するために測定を行う、3)我々は、同時に各有益です。定量化の4つのアウトカムを説明します。我々は、少なくとも動脈の平均SUVと静脈血の測定をお勧めしますと、SUVのでTBRを推定できることを意味します。我々は、strを組み込むことにより、疾病負担のグローバルな定量化を提供するようにMVP、小説定量的なパラメータは、また、アテローム性動脈硬化プラーク活動および取得するための血管炎症の重要な決定要因になると信じているucturalおよび分子の測定。 MVPがないのに対し、SUVとTBRは、アテローム性動脈硬化血管疾患で観察された構造変化を考慮していません。また、MVPは、グロ​​ーバルアセスメントの目的とした容器から得られた複数の測定値の総和を可能にします。

PET / CTは、理想的には、その高感度、高コントラスト分解能、定量的な性質、および組み合わせて代謝と解剖学的情報を提供する能力を与えられたこれらの成果の治療変調の短期的および長期的影響の評価に適しています。今後の研究ではPET / CTによって測定される血管の炎症時にスタチン療法を越えて、同様に他の疾患に標準と新規治療法の効果を調べる必要がありますように、このようなメタボリックシンドローム、関節リウマチ、糖尿病などの過剰なアテローム性動脈硬化症に関連付けられた状態非侵襲的な検出、特性評価、およびアテローム性動脈硬化症プラークの治療の進歩フィールド。

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Disclosures

利害の衝突が宣言されません。

Acknowledgments

NNMは、国立乾癬財団、NHLBI 5K23HL97151-3とHL111293からの助成金によってサポートされています。 JMGは、NHLBI R01 HL089744とR01 HL111293でサポートされています。

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Tags

医学、問題63、FDG-PET/CT、アテローム性動脈硬化症、血管の炎症、定量的な放射線学、イメージング
アテローム性動脈硬化プラーク活動と血管の炎症の定量化を用いて[18 F]フルオロ陽電子放射断層撮影/コンピュータ断層撮影(FDG-PET/CT)
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Mehta, N. N., Torigian, D. A.,More

Mehta, N. N., Torigian, D. A., Gelfand, J. M., Saboury, B., Alavi, A. Quantification of Atherosclerotic Plaque Activity and Vascular Inflammation using [18-F] Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (FDG-PET/CT). J. Vis. Exp. (63), e3777, doi:10.3791/3777 (2012).

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    Isolation of Viable Adipocytes and Stromal Vascular Fraction from Human Visceral Adipose Tissue Suitable for RNA Analysis and Macrophage Phenotyping
  • Research • Medicine
    Obtaining Quality Extended Field-of-View Ultrasound Images of Skeletal Muscle to Measure Muscle Fascicle Length
  • Research • Medicine
    Lung CT Segmentation to Identify Consolidations and Ground Glass Areas for Quantitative Assesment of SARS-CoV Pneumonia
  • Research • Medicine
    Electroretinogram Recording for Infants and Children under Anesthesia to Achieve Optimal Dark Adaptation and International Standards
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of Tissue Oxygenation Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Capnography Sampling Line Compatibility and Accuracy when Used with a Portable Capnography Monitor
  • Research • Medicine
    Simultaneous Laryngopharyngeal and Conventional Esophageal pH Monitoring
  • Research • Medicine
    Real-Time Monitoring of Neurocritical Patients with Diffuse Optical Spectroscopies
  • Research • Neuroscience
    Evaluating Postural Control and Lower-extremity Muscle Activation in Individuals with Chronic Ankle Instability
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Dependence in Activities of Daily Living Among Older Patients in an Acute Care Unit
  • Research • Medicine
    Validated LC-MS/MS Panel for Quantifying 11 Drug-Resistant TB Medications in Small Hair Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    International Expert Consensus and Recommendations for Neonatal Pneumothorax Ultrasound Diagnosis and Ultrasound-guided Thoracentesis Procedure
  • Research • Biology
    A Finite Element Approach for Locating the Center of Resistance of Maxillary Teeth
  • Research • Medicine
    Lower Limb Biomechanical Analysis of Healthy Participants
  • Research • Neuroscience
    Assessing Early Stage Open-Angle Glaucoma in Patients by Isolated-Check Visual Evoked Potential
  • Research • Medicine
    Oral Health Assessment by Lay Personnel for Older Adults
  • Research • Medicine
    Determining and Controlling External Power Output During Regular Handrim Wheelchair Propulsion
  • Research • Medicine
    A Whole Body Dosimetry Protocol for Peptide-Receptor Radionuclide Therapy (PRRT): 2D Planar Image and Hybrid 2D+3D SPECT/CT Image Methods
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of Carotenoids in Perifovea using the Macular Pigment Reflectometer
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Static Graviceptive Perception in the Roll-Plane using the Subjective Visual Vertical Paradigm
  • Research • Medicine
    Learning Modern Laryngeal Surgery in a Dissection Laboratory
  • Research • Medicine
    DIPLOMA Approach for Standardized Pathology Assessment of Distal Pancreatectomy Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    A Computerized Functional Skills Assessment and Training Program Targeting Technology Based Everyday Functional Skills
  • Research • Medicine
    Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Integrating Augmented Reality Tools in Breast Cancer Related Lymphedema Prognostication and Diagnosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasonographic Assessment During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of the Hepatic Venous Pressure Gradient and Transjugular Liver Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Patient Directed Recording of a Bipolar Three-Lead Electrocardiogram using a Smartwatch with ECG Function
  • Research • Medicine
    Traditional Trail Making Test Modified into Brand-new Assessment Tools: Digital and Walking Trail Making Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Biopsy Data to Guide Sampling Procedures for Prostate Cancer Biobanking
  • Research • Medicine
    A Fluorescence-based Assay for Characterization and Quantification of Lipid Droplet Formation in Human Intestinal Organoids
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Non-invasive Method for the Detection of Elevated Intra-compartmental Pressures of the Leg
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Mapping of Specific Ventilation in the Human Lung using Proton Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Oxygen as a Contrast Agent
  • Research • Neuroscience
    Portable Thermographic Screening for Detection of Acute Wallenberg's Syndrome
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of MRI-ultrasound Fusion to Achieve Targeted Prostate Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Testing of all Six Semicircular Canals with Video Head Impulse Test Systems
  • Research • Medicine
    Protocol and Guidelines for Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Diagnosing Neonatal Pulmonary Diseases Based on International Expert Consensus
  • Research • Neuroscience
    Bilateral Assessment of the Corticospinal Pathways of the Ankle Muscles Using Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
  • Research • Medicine
    Targeting Gray Rami Communicantes in Selective Chemical Lumbar Sympathectomy
  • Research • Medicine
    Multi-Modal Home Sleep Monitoring in Older Adults
  • Research • Medicine
    Cardiac Magnetic Resonance for the Evaluation of Suspected Cardiac Thrombus: Conventional and Emerging Techniques
  • Research • Medicine
    Observational Study Protocol for Repeated Clinical Examination and Critical Care Ultrasonography Within the Simple Intensive Care Studies
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurements of Motor Function and Other Clinical Outcome Parameters in Ambulant Children with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of the Efficacy of An Osteopathic Treatment in Infants with Biomechanical Impairments to Suckling
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantification of Levator Ani Hiatus Enlargement by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Males and Females with Pelvic Organ Prolapse
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative [18F]-Naf-PET-MRI Analysis for the Evaluation of Dynamic Bone Turnover in a Patient with Facetogenic Low Back Pain
  • Research • Medicine
    Generation of Human 3D Lung Tissue Cultures (3D-LTCs) for Disease Modeling
  • Research • Medicine
    Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
  • Research • Medicine
    Combining Volumetric Capnography And Barometric Plethysmography To Measure The Lung Structure-function Relationship
  • Research • Medicine
    Two-Dimensional X-Ray Angiography to Examine Fine Vascular Structure Using a Silicone Rubber Injection Compound
  • Research • Medicine
    Preparation, Procedures and Evaluation of Platelet-Rich Plasma Injection in the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis
  • Research • Medicine
    Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging at 7 Tesla
  • Research • Medicine
    Semi-quantitative Assessment Using [18F]FDG Tracer in Patients with Severe Brain Injury
  • Research • Medicine
    Handheld Metal Detector Screening for Metallic Foreign Body Ingestion in Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Conducting Maximal and Submaximal Endurance Exercise Testing to Measure Physiological and Biological Responses to Acute Exercise in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    A Metadata Extraction Approach for Clinical Case Reports to Enable Advanced Understanding of Biomedical Concepts
  • Research • Medicine
    Autonomic Function Following Concussion in Youth Athletes: An Exploration of Heart Rate Variability Using 24-hour Recording Methodology
  • Research • Medicine
    Hydra, a Computer-Based Platform for Aiding Clinicians in Cardiovascular Analysis and Diagnosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Objective Nociceptive Assessment in Ventilated ICU Patients: A Feasibility Study Using Pupillometry and the Nociceptive Flexion Reflex
  • Research • Medicine
    'Boden Food Plate': Novel Interactive Web-based Method for the Assessment of Dietary Intake
  • Research • Medicine
    Anogenital Distance and Perineal Measurements of the Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) Quantification System
  • Research • Medicine
    Bedside Ultrasound for Guiding Fluid Removal in Patients with Pulmonary Edema: The Reverse-FALLS Protocol
  • Research • Medicine
    Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation of Primary Human Decidual Cells from the Fetal Membranes of Term Placentae
  • Research • Medicine
    Skeletal Muscle Neurovascular Coupling, Oxidative Capacity, and Microvascular Function with 'One Stop Shop' Near-infrared Spectroscopy
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting Hair Samples for Hair Cortisol Analysis in African Americans
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vivo Morphometric Analysis of Human Cranial Nerves Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Menière's Disease Ears and Normal Hearing Ears
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (Cf-PWV) to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness
  • Research • Medicine
    Standardized Measurement of Nasal Membrane Transepithelial Potential Difference (NPD)
  • Research • Medicine
    Taste Exam: A Brief and Validated Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Absorption of Nasal and Bronchial Fluids: Precision Sampling of the Human Respiratory Mucosa and Laboratory Processing of Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Methodology for Sputum Induction and Laboratory Processing
  • Research • Medicine
    Electrophysiological Measurement of Noxious-evoked Brain Activity in Neonates Using a Flat-tip Probe Coupled to Electroencephalography
  • Research • Medicine
    A Detailed Protocol for Physiological Parameters Acquisition and Analysis in Neurosurgical Critical Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Oral Biofilm Sampling for Microbiome Analysis in Healthy Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia
  • Research • Medicine
    Application of an Amplitude-integrated EEG Monitor (Cerebral Function Monitor) to Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    3D Ultrasound Imaging: Fast and Cost-effective Morphometry of Musculoskeletal Tissue
  • Research • Medicine
    The 4-vessel Sampling Approach to Integrative Studies of Human Placental Physiology In Vivo
  • Research • Medicine
    A Component-resolved Diagnostic Approach for a Study on Grass Pollen Allergens in Chinese Southerners with Allergic Rhinitis and/or Asthma
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
  • Research • Medicine
    A Method for Quantifying Upper Limb Performance in Daily Life Using Accelerometers
  • Research • Medicine
    Non-invasive Assessments of Subjective and Objective Recovery Characteristics Following an Exhaustive Jump Protocol
  • Research • Medicine
    Experimental Protocol of a Three-minute, All-out Arm Crank Exercise Test in Spinal-cord Injured and Able-bodied Individuals
  • Research • Medicine
    Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Pulmonary Capillary Blood Volume, Membrane Diffusing Capacity, and Intrapulmonary Arteriovenous Anastomoses During Exercise
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Child Anthropometry in a Large Epidemiologic Study
  • Research • Medicine
    Video Movement Analysis Using Smartphones (ViMAS): A Pilot Study
  • Research • Medicine
    Network Analysis of Foramen Ovale Electrode Recordings in Drug-resistant Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Induction and Assessment of Exertional Skeletal Muscle Damage in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    A Detailed Protocol for Perspiration Monitoring Using a Novel, Small, Wireless Device
  • Research • Medicine
    Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
  • Research • Medicine
    Integrated Compensatory Responses in a Human Model of Hemorrhage
  • Research • Medicine
    Transthoracic Speckle Tracking Echocardiography for the Quantitative Assessment of Left Ventricular Myocardial Deformation
  • Research • Medicine
    Impression Cytology of the Lid Wiper Area
  • Research • Behavior
    A Protocol of Manual Tests to Measure Sensation and Pain in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    Unbiased Deep Sequencing of RNA Viruses from Clinical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    A Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cell-based Model of the Human Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier to Study Bacterial Infection from the Basolateral Side
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Profiling of MicroRNA-containing Exosomes from Human Bile
  • Research • Medicine
    Generation of Microtumors Using 3D Human Biogel Culture System and Patient-derived Glioblastoma Cells for Kinomic Profiling and Drug Response Testing
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Using a Laminating Technique to Perform Confocal Microscopy of the Human Sclera
  • Research • Medicine
    Intravenous Endotoxin Challenge in Healthy Humans: An Experimental Platform to Investigate and Modulate Systemic Inflammation
  • Research • Medicine
    Modeling and Simulations of Olfactory Drug Delivery with Passive and Active Controls of Nasally Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols
  • Research • Medicine
    Exosomal miRNA Analysis in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Patients' Plasma Through qPCR: A Feasible Liquid Biopsy Tool
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multimodal Imaging- and Stimulation-based Method of Evaluating Connectivity-related Brain Excitability in Patients with Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges
  • Research • Medicine
    Using Saccadometry with Deep Brain Stimulation to Study Normal and Pathological Brain Function
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Fundus Autofluorescence for the Evaluation of Retinal Diseases
  • Research • Medicine
    Diagnosis of Musculus Gastrocnemius Tightness - Key Factors for the Clinical Examination
  • Research • Medicine
    Stereo-Electro-Encephalo-Graphy (SEEG) With Robotic Assistance in the Presurgical Evaluation of Medical Refractory Epilepsy: A Technical Note
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Transcutaneous Microcirculatory Imaging in Preterm Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    Using an Ingestible Telemetric Temperature Pill to Assess Gastrointestinal Temperature During Exercise
  • Research • Medicine
    Design, Fabrication, and Administration of the Hand Active Sensation Test (HASTe)
  • Research • Medicine
    MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder
  • Research • Medicine
    Functional Human Liver Preservation and Recovery by Means of Subnormothermic Machine Perfusion
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multicenter MRI Protocol for the Evaluation and Quantification of Deep Vein Thrombosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Determining The Electromyographic Fatigue Threshold Following a Single Visit Exercise Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of Electromagnetic Navigational Transthoracic Needle Aspiration (E-TTNA) for Sampling of Lung Nodules
  • Research • Medicine
    Trabecular Meshwork Response to Pressure Elevation in the Living Human Eye
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vivo, Percutaneous, Needle Based, Optical Coherence Tomography of Renal Masses
  • Research • Medicine
    Establishment of Human Epithelial Enteroids and Colonoids from Whole Tissue and Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Human Brown Adipose Tissue Depots Automatically Segmented by Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography and Registered Magnetic Resonance Images
  • Research • Medicine
    Preparation and Respirometric Assessment of Mitochondria Isolated from Skeletal Muscle Tissue Obtained by Percutaneous Needle Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    A Methodological Approach to Non-invasive Assessments of Vascular Function and Morphology
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Immortalization of Patient-derived Cell Lines from Muscle Biopsy for Disease Modeling
  • Research • Medicine
    State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
  • Research • Medicine
    The Supraclavicular Fossa Ultrasound View for Central Venous Catheter Placement and Catheter Change Over Guidewire
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of the Brachial Artery in Clinical Research
  • Research • Medicine
    Tracking the Mammary Architectural Features and Detecting Breast Cancer with Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes
  • Research • Medicine
    DTI of the Visual Pathway - White Matter Tracts and Cerebral Lesions
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection, Isolation, and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Human Endocervical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multi-Modal Approach to Assessing Recovery in Youth Athletes Following Concussion
  • Research • Medicine
    Clinical Assessment of Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Patients and Older Adults
  • Research • Medicine
    Multi-electrode Array Recordings of Human Epileptic Postoperative Cortical Tissue
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection and Extraction of Saliva DNA for Next Generation Sequencing
  • Research • Medicine
    Fast and Accurate Exhaled Breath Ammonia Measurement
  • Research • Medicine
    Developing Neuroimaging Phenotypes of the Default Mode Network in PTSD: Integrating the Resting State, Working Memory, and Structural Connectivity
  • Research • Medicine
    Two Methods for Establishing Primary Human Endometrial Stromal Cells from Hysterectomy Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Coordinate Mapping of Hyolaryngeal Mechanics in Swallowing
  • Research • Medicine
    Network Analysis of the Default Mode Network Using Functional Connectivity MRI in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    EEG Mu Rhythm in Typical and Atypical Development
  • Research • Medicine
    The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT): An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Functional Characterization of Human Ventricular Cardiomyocytes from Fresh Surgical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Primary Culture of Human Vestibular Schwannomas
  • Research • Medicine
    Utility of Dissociated Intrinsic Hand Muscle Atrophy in the Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Lesion Explorer: A Video-guided, Standardized Protocol for Accurate and Reliable MRI-derived Volumetrics in Alzheimer's Disease and Normal Elderly
  • Research • Medicine
    Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Culture, and Imaging of Human Fetal Pancreatic Cell Clusters
  • Research • Medicine
    3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Computerized Dynamic Posturography for Postural Control Assessment in Patients with Intermittent Claudication
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting Saliva and Measuring Salivary Cortisol and Alpha-amylase in Frail Community Residing Older Adults via Family Caregivers
  • Research • Medicine
    Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Analysis of Neurodegenerative Diseases
  • Research • Medicine
    Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Retinal Surgical Specimens Using jouRNAl
  • Research • Medicine
    Improved Protocol For Laser Microdissection Of Human Pancreatic Islets From Surgical Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Respiratory Muscle Activation Using Respiratory Motor Control Assessment (RMCA) in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury
  • Research • Medicine
    Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting And Measuring Wound Exudate Biochemical Mediators In Surgical Wounds
  • Research • Medicine
    A Research Method For Detecting Transient Myocardial Ischemia In Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome Using Continuous ST-segment Analysis
  • Research • Medicine
    Using a Chemical Biopsy for Graft Quality Assessment
  • Research • Medicine
    Characterizing Exon Skipping Efficiency in DMD Patient Samples in Clinical Trials of Antisense Oligonucleotides
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vitro Assessment of Cardiac Function Using Skinned Cardiomyocytes
  • Research • Medicine
    Normothermic Ex Situ Heart Perfusion in Working Mode: Assessment of Cardiac Function and Metabolism
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Vascular Control Mechanisms Utilizing Video Microscopy of Isolated Resistance Arteries of Rats
  • Research • Medicine
    Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) for Research; Obtaining Adequate Sample Yield
  • Research • Medicine
    Non-invasive Optical Measurement of Cerebral Metabolism and Hemodynamics in Infants
  • Research • Medicine
    Tilt Testing with Combined Lower Body Negative Pressure: a "Gold Standard" for Measuring Orthostatic Tolerance
  • Research • Medicine
    Driving Simulation in the Clinic: Testing Visual Exploratory Behavior in Daily Life Activities in Patients with Visual Field Defects
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Characterization and Comparative Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Derived from Permanent Teeth by Using Two Different Methods
  • Research • Medicine
    Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking (IPL): Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Intraoperative Detection of Subtle Endometriosis: A Novel Paradigm for Detection and Treatment of Pelvic Pain Associated with the Loss of Peritoneal Integrity
  • Research • Medicine
    The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection Protocol for Human Pancreas
  • Research • Medicine
    The α-test: Rapid Cell-free CD4 Enumeration Using Whole Saliva
  • Research • Medicine
    The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Donor Tissue Preparation for Endothelial Keratoplasty
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantification of Atherosclerotic Plaque Activity and Vascular Inflammation using [18-F] Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (FDG-PET/CT)
  • Research • Medicine
    Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography of Retinal Circulation
  • Research • Medicine
    Utilizing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Study the Human Neuromuscular System
  • Research • Medicine
    Detection and Genogrouping of Noroviruses from Children's Stools By Taqman One-step RT-PCR
  • Research • Medicine
    Method to Measure Tone of Axial and Proximal Muscle
  • Research • Medicine
    The Trier Social Stress Test Protocol for Inducing Psychological Stress
  • Research • Medicine
    Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Multifocal Electroretinograms
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation of Human Islets from Partially Pancreatectomized Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quantification of Pulmonary Perfusion using Calibrated Arterial Spin Labeling
  • Research • Medicine
    Manual Muscle Testing: A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department
  • Research • Medicine
    A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
  • Research • Medicine
    An Investigation of the Effects of Sports-related Concussion in Youth Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Head Impact Telemetry System
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Confocal Microscopy: A Novel Non-invasive Technique to Quantify Small Fibre Pathology in Peripheral Neuropathies
  • Research • Medicine
    Methods to Quantify Pharmacologically Induced Alterations in Motor Function in Human Incomplete SCI
  • Research • Medicine
    Multispectral Real-time Fluorescence Imaging for Intraoperative Detection of the Sentinel Lymph Node in Gynecologic Oncology
  • Research • Medicine
    Technique to Collect Fungiform (Taste) Papillae from Human Tongue
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessing Endothelial Vasodilator Function with the Endo-PAT 2000
  • Research • Medicine
    Making Sense of Listening: The IMAP Test Battery
  • Research • Medicine
    An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)
  • Research • Biology
    Bioelectric Analyses of an Osseointegrated Intelligent Implant Design System for Amputees
  • Research • Biology
    Demonstration of Cutaneous Allodynia in Association with Chronic Pelvic Pain
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