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Medicine

Kvantifiering av aterosklerotisk plack aktivitet och vaskulär inflammation använda [18-F] fluordeoxiglukos Positron Emission Tomography / datortomografi (FDG-PET/CT)

Published: May 2, 2012 doi: 10.3791/3777

Summary

Det finns ett stort behov av att identifiera ateroskleros icke-invasivt, och här visar vi hur FDG-PET/CT kan användas för att detektera och kvantifiera aterosklerotisk plack aktivitet och vaskulär inflammation.

Abstract

Konventionella icke-invasiva avbildningsmetoder av ateroskleros, såsom kranskärlssjukdom kalcium (CAC) 1 och halspulsådern intiman mediala tjocklek (C-IMT) 2 ger information om bördan av sjukdomen. Trots flera valideringsstudier av CAC 3-5, och C-IMT 2,6, inte dessa omständigheter inte exakt bedöma plack egenskaper 7,8, och sammansättningen och inflammatoriska tillstånd plack bestämma dess stabilitet och därför är risken av kliniska händelser 9-13.

[18 F]-2-fluor-2-deoxi-D-glukos (FDG) avbildning med användning av positronemissionstomografi (PET) / datortomografi (CT) har studerats i stor omfattning vid onkologisk metabolismen 14,15. Studier med användning av djurmodeller och immunohistokemi hos människor visar att FDG-PET/CT är utomordentligt känsliga för detektering av makrofagaktivitet 16, en viktig källa för cellulär inflammation hos kärlväggarna. Moär nyligen har vi 17,18 och andra visat att FDG-PET/CT möjliggör mycket exakta, nya mätningar av inflammatoriska aktiviteten av aktivitet av aterosklerotiska plack i stora och medelstora artärer 9,16,19,20. FDG-PET/CT studier har många fördelar jämfört med andra avbildningsmetoder: 1) hög kontrast upplösning, 2) kvantifiering av plack volym och metabolisk aktivitet möjliggör multimodala aterosklerotisk plack kvantifiering, 3) dynamisk, real-time, in vivo imaging; 4) minimal operatören beroende. Slutligen har vaskulär inflammation upptäckts av FDG-PET/CT visat att förutsäga hjärt-(CV) händelser oberoende av traditionella riskfaktorer 21,22 och är också starkt associerad med det övergripande bördan av ateroskleros 23. Plack aktivitet genom att FDG-PET/CT moduleras av kända positiva CV insatser som på kort sikt (12 veckor) statinbehandling 24 samt längre sikt terapeutiska livsstilsförändringar (16 månader) 25. Den nuvarande metoden för kvantifiering av FDG upptag i aterosklerotisk plack innebär mätning av standardiserade upptaget värdet (SUV) av en artär i intresse och det venösa blodet poolen för att beräkna ett mål till bakgrundsinformation förhållande (TBR), som beräknas genom att dividera den arteriella SUV genom den venösa blodpoolen SUV. Denna metod har visat sig vara ett stabilt, reproducerbar fenotyp tiden, har en hög känslighet för detektion av vaskulär inflammation, och har även hög inter-och intra-läsaren tillförlitlighet 26. Här presenterar vi vår metodik för patientförberedelse, bild förvärv, och kvantifiering av aterosklerotisk plack aktivitet och vaskulär inflammation med SUV, TBR, och en global parameter som kallas metabola volymetriska produkten (MVP). Dessa metoder kan användas för att bedöma vaskulär inflammation i olika studiecirklar prover av intresse på ett enhetligt sätt som vi har visat i flera tidigare publikationer. <9,20,27,28/ Sup>

Protocol

1. Patient Förberedelser och att skapa bilder

  1. Säkra minst en timmes slot avbildning tid på en PET / CT-scanner, helst en med time-of-flight funktioner för förbättrad bildkvalitet. På vår institution använder vi en Gemini TF scanner, som är den nyaste PET / CT-system från Philips Medical Systems och kombinerar en PET-scanner baserad på Lyso detektorer med ett 16-slice Brilliance CT system.
  2. Har ämnen snabbt för 8 timmar före FDG-PET/CT sökningen. Kontrollera fasteserumglukos (FSG) nivåer med hjälp av en fingret för att försäkra serumglukos <200 mg / dL före FDG administration. Detta säkerställer att glukos i kroppen inte konkurrerar med FDG.
  3. Om FSG <200 mg / dL sätter inte mindre än en 20-gauge intravenös (IV) linje att administrera radiotracer (FDG) IV. Administrera cirka 5,2 MBq / kg av FDG.
  4. ~ 60 minuter efter intravenös administrering av FDG, utför låg dos CT av hela kroppen. Därefter förvärva PET utsläppbilder från skallen vertex till tårna. På den särskilda PET / CT anges i 1,1), är bildrekonstruktion normalt utföras med en list-mode maximal sannolikhet förväntan-maximering (ML-EM) algoritm med 33 beställda delmängder och 3 iterationer där systemet modellen inkluderar tid-of- flygning samt normalisering, dämpning, randoms och spridning korrigeringar. Återskalade lågdos-CT bilder används för dämpning korrigering av PET bilder i ett automatiserat sätt, vilket leder till minskad kontroll och förbättrad bildkvalitet i förhållande till extern strålkälla dämpning korrigering används på PET bara maskiner.

2. PET-bilden Kvalitativ utvärdering

  1. Tolka axiella, sagittal och koronala PET rekonstruktioner med och utan dämpning korrigering med hjälp låg dos icke-kontrastförstärkt CT-bilder för rumslig avgränsning av vaskulära strukturer av intresse, liksom för exakt anatomisk lokalisering av områden med ökad radiotracer upptag seen på PET bilder.

3. PET-bilden Kvantitativ utvärdering

  1. Efter kvalitativ granskning av bilderna, identifiera gränser för att dela aortan i följande avsnitt: Stigande aorta, aortabågen, fallande aorta, suprarenal bukaorta och infrarenala bukaorta. För enkelhets skull kan aortabågen definieras av de partier av bröstaortan som visas som ett intilliggande segment på tvärgående bilder vid rörelse i en riktning craniocaudal, där de stigande och fallande delarna av bröstaortan inte visas skall anslutas. Ursprunget för celiaki artären kan användas som den anatomiska landmärke mellan den nedåtgående bröstaortan och bukaorta och njurartärerna tjäna som den anatomiska landmärke mellan suprarenal och infrarenala segment av den abdominala aortan.
  2. Arteriell FDG upptag (som ett mått på arteriell inflammation) i benen och nacke mäts genom att placera en region av interest (ROI) runt varje artär ränta på skivor av coregistered tvärgående PET / CT bilder som passerar genom artären. I fallet av aorta, som börjar med den mest överlägsna aorta skiva, noggrant rita upp varje ROI till att omfatta hela området för FDG upptag på den skiva och samtidigt undvika andra omgivande vävnader med ökad radiotracer upptag (Figur 1). Denna bild togs från en patient i vårt åldrande och åderförkalkning studie 20.
  3. Därefter med hjälp av speciell PET / CT-programvara bildanalys för att beräkna SUV per skiva [at vår institution använder vi Extended Brilliance Workstation, Philips Healthcare, Bothell, WA] högsta och innebär standardiserad upptag värde (SUV) av varje ROI mäts ( figur 2). Denna bild togs från en patient i vårt åldrande och åderförkalkning studie 20.
  4. Upprepa proceduren för PET-undersökning skivor som passerar genom artärerna av intresse med jämna mellanrum (t.ex. varje 5 - 20 mm). Den totalaantal skivor kommer att skilja sig från patient till patient beroende på kroppen habitus och anatomiska variation.
  5. Lokalisera den nedre hålvenen (IVC) i buken där minst 6-8 intilliggande skivor kan visualiseras. Placera en ROI kring IVC på varje tvärgående skiva för att få minst 8 venös menar SUV mätningar som kommer att användas för mjukpapper till bakgrunden förhållande (TBR) beräkning som beskrivs senare.

4. Imaging Utfall Beräkningar

  1. Genomsnittlig arteriella skiva stadsjeepar (med hjälp av medelvärden och maxvärden) över alla skivor som passerar genom en artär (t.ex. halspulsådern) eller arteriell segment av intresse (t.ex. stigande aorta, aortabågen, fallande aorta, suprarenal bukaorta, infrarenala bukaorta) att skapa menar SUV och maximala SUV mätningar för varje artär eller arteriell segment av intresse. Dessa parametrar användas som en utgång mått på genomsnittet av ateroskleros i en artär eller arteriell segmentet av intresse. Registrera standardavvikelse av SUV erhållen genom utloppsmunstycket mätningar för statistisk analys.
  2. Därefter, dela den arteriella eller arteriell segment menar SUV med venösa innebära SUV som erhållits i steg 3,4 för normalisering ändamål. Resultatet är en arteriell eller arteriell segment TBR åtgärd, som fungerar som en annan lösning för aterosklerotisk plack aktivitet.
  3. Slutligen, i ett försök att förstå den globala bördan av aterosklerotisk sjukdom inom en artär eller arteriell segment av intresse, multiplicera varje arteriell genomsnittliga SUV erhållas per skiva ROI med slice ROI volymen (beräknas genom att multiplicera det område av ROI av skivtjocklek) och summan över alla skivor som passerar genom en artär eller arteriell segmentet av intresse. Detta ger arteriella eller arteriell segment innebär metabolisk-volymetriska produkt (MVP) som en tredje utfall för mätning av plack aktivitet och belastning. Att notera kommer regioner i ett kärl av intresse som inte har någon metabolisk aktivitet bidrar lite till MVP ochDärför är denna parameter fortfarande giltig som ett mått på aktiv plack.
  4. Om man utför summeringen av MVP aorta genomsnittliga anges i 4,3 över alla skivor som passerar genom aorta, kommer resultatet att bli den globala inflammatoriska börda (GIB), som kommer att fungera som en fjärde utfall för mätning av aterosklerotisk plack aktivitet och åderförkalkning i stora kroppspulsådern .

Ett exempel på värden för dessa fyra resultat som har erhållits från en enda patient som en del av en pågående studie 18 i psoriasis visas i tabell 1.

5. Representativa resultat

Tabellen nedan visar olika metoder för att bestämma utfallet för aterosklerotisk plack aktivitet och vaskulär inflammation detekteras av FDG-PET/CT i en enda patient med psoriasis.

Artärsegmentet (antal skivor) SUVmean (SD) TBR (SD) MVP (SD) GIB (SD)
Aortaascendens (n ​​= 8) 1.43 (0.24) 1.31 (0.18) 5.68 (3.08) 53.99 (19.50)
Aortabågen (n = 5) 1.38 (0.25) 1.30 (0.22) 8.88 (4.94) 59,85 (18,66)
Omvänd bröstaorta (n = 20) 1.42 (0.20) 1.29 (0.19) 3.11 (0.98) 125,66 (53,11)
Suprarenal bukaortan (n = 29) 1.40 (0.19) 1.26 (0.17) 2.37 (0.66) 50.75 (17.64)
Infrarenala bukaortan (n = 26) 1.38 (0.21) 1.20 (0.16) 1.72 (0.54) 45.80 (10.86)

Figur 1
Figur 1. PET bilder. En serie representativa resultaten av de inledande PET återuppbyggnad bilder från en patient i vår studie av åldrande och ateroskleros 20 som visar FDG upptag i: A) iliaca och femorala artärer, b) popliteala artärer, c) bukaorta, D) aortabågen.

Figur 2
Figur 2. Region av intresse (ROI) placering. En tvärgående smält FDG-PET/CT bild visas på samma nivå som den proximala nedåtgående bröstaorta från en patient i vår studie av åldrande och ateroskleros 20. ROI placeras runt den nedåtgående bröstaorta, och programmet kommer att beräknade medelvärdet för SUV, maximal SUV och området ROI i mm 2. Detta är för en skiva av data genom denna arteriella segmentet av intresse, och tekniken upprepas sedan för alla segment som passerar genom varje segment av aorta.

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Discussion

Metodiken som presenteras här är enkel att utföra och kan ge användbar information om aterosklerotisk plack aktivitet och vaskulär inflammation i kliniskt signifikanta arteriella sängar. Det finns några viktiga inslag i denna analys metod som motiverar betoning: 1) Vi använder en hög kvalitet PET / CT scanner som har 16 detektor raderna och med tiden att flyga kapacitet, 2) Vi använder två erfarna observatörer blinda för den kliniska informationen till utföra mätningar för att säkerställa överensstämmelse mellan kvantitativa data, 3) Vi beskriver samtidigt fyra resultatet av kvantifiering, som var och informativ. Vi rekommenderar mätning av minst arteriell medelvärde SUV och venöst blod innebär SUV så att handelshinder kan uppskattas. Vi tror att MVP, en roman kvantitativ parameter också kommer att vara en viktig faktor för aterosklerotisk plack aktivitet och vaskulär inflammation att få, eftersom det ger global kvantifiering av sjukdomsbördan genom att införliva structural och molekylär mätningar. SUV och TBR inte svara inte för de strukturella förändringar som observerats i aterosklerotiska kärlsjukdomar, medan MVP gör. Vidare medger MVP för summering av ett flertal mätningar erhållna från ett kärl av intresse för ändamålen enligt globala bedömning.

PET / CT är idealisk för bedömning av de korta och långsiktiga effekter av terapeutisk modulering av dessa resultat med tanke på dess höga känslighet, hög kontrast upplösning, kvantitativa naturen och förmåga att erbjuda kombinerade metabola och anatomisk information. Framtida studier bör undersöka effekterna av standard och nya behandlingar utanför statinbehandling vid vaskulär inflammation mätt med PET / CT, samt på andra sjukdomstillstånd i samband med ett överskott ateroskleros, såsom metabolt syndrom, reumatoid artrit och diabetes mellitus, så att före området för icke-invasiv detektion, karakterisering och behandling av ateroskleros plack.

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Disclosures

Inga intressekonflikter deklareras.

Acknowledgments

NNM stöds av ett bidrag från National Psoriasis Foundation, NHLBI 5K23HL97151-3 och HL111293. JMG stöds av NHLBI R01 HL089744 och R01 HL111293.

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Medicin FDG-PET/CT ateroskleros vaskulär inflammation kvantitativa radiologi bildhantering
Kvantifiering av aterosklerotisk plack aktivitet och vaskulär inflammation använda [18-F] fluordeoxiglukos Positron Emission Tomography / datortomografi (FDG-PET/CT)
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Mehta, N. N., Torigian, D. A.,More

Mehta, N. N., Torigian, D. A., Gelfand, J. M., Saboury, B., Alavi, A. Quantification of Atherosclerotic Plaque Activity and Vascular Inflammation using [18-F] Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (FDG-PET/CT). J. Vis. Exp. (63), e3777, doi:10.3791/3777 (2012).

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    Combining Volumetric Capnography And Barometric Plethysmography To Measure The Lung Structure-function Relationship
  • Research • Medicine
    Two-Dimensional X-Ray Angiography to Examine Fine Vascular Structure Using a Silicone Rubber Injection Compound
  • Research • Medicine
    Preparation, Procedures and Evaluation of Platelet-Rich Plasma Injection in the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis
  • Research • Medicine
    Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging at 7 Tesla
  • Research • Medicine
    Semi-quantitative Assessment Using [18F]FDG Tracer in Patients with Severe Brain Injury
  • Research • Medicine
    Handheld Metal Detector Screening for Metallic Foreign Body Ingestion in Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Conducting Maximal and Submaximal Endurance Exercise Testing to Measure Physiological and Biological Responses to Acute Exercise in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    A Metadata Extraction Approach for Clinical Case Reports to Enable Advanced Understanding of Biomedical Concepts
  • Research • Medicine
    Autonomic Function Following Concussion in Youth Athletes: An Exploration of Heart Rate Variability Using 24-hour Recording Methodology
  • Research • Medicine
    Hydra, a Computer-Based Platform for Aiding Clinicians in Cardiovascular Analysis and Diagnosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Objective Nociceptive Assessment in Ventilated ICU Patients: A Feasibility Study Using Pupillometry and the Nociceptive Flexion Reflex
  • Research • Medicine
    'Boden Food Plate': Novel Interactive Web-based Method for the Assessment of Dietary Intake
  • Research • Medicine
    Anogenital Distance and Perineal Measurements of the Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) Quantification System
  • Research • Medicine
    Bedside Ultrasound for Guiding Fluid Removal in Patients with Pulmonary Edema: The Reverse-FALLS Protocol
  • Research • Medicine
    Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation of Primary Human Decidual Cells from the Fetal Membranes of Term Placentae
  • Research • Medicine
    Skeletal Muscle Neurovascular Coupling, Oxidative Capacity, and Microvascular Function with 'One Stop Shop' Near-infrared Spectroscopy
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting Hair Samples for Hair Cortisol Analysis in African Americans
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vivo Morphometric Analysis of Human Cranial Nerves Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Menière's Disease Ears and Normal Hearing Ears
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (Cf-PWV) to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness
  • Research • Medicine
    Standardized Measurement of Nasal Membrane Transepithelial Potential Difference (NPD)
  • Research • Medicine
    Taste Exam: A Brief and Validated Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Absorption of Nasal and Bronchial Fluids: Precision Sampling of the Human Respiratory Mucosa and Laboratory Processing of Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Methodology for Sputum Induction and Laboratory Processing
  • Research • Medicine
    Electrophysiological Measurement of Noxious-evoked Brain Activity in Neonates Using a Flat-tip Probe Coupled to Electroencephalography
  • Research • Medicine
    A Detailed Protocol for Physiological Parameters Acquisition and Analysis in Neurosurgical Critical Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Oral Biofilm Sampling for Microbiome Analysis in Healthy Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia
  • Research • Medicine
    Application of an Amplitude-integrated EEG Monitor (Cerebral Function Monitor) to Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    3D Ultrasound Imaging: Fast and Cost-effective Morphometry of Musculoskeletal Tissue
  • Research • Medicine
    The 4-vessel Sampling Approach to Integrative Studies of Human Placental Physiology In Vivo
  • Research • Medicine
    A Component-resolved Diagnostic Approach for a Study on Grass Pollen Allergens in Chinese Southerners with Allergic Rhinitis and/or Asthma
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
  • Research • Medicine
    A Method for Quantifying Upper Limb Performance in Daily Life Using Accelerometers
  • Research • Medicine
    Non-invasive Assessments of Subjective and Objective Recovery Characteristics Following an Exhaustive Jump Protocol
  • Research • Medicine
    Experimental Protocol of a Three-minute, All-out Arm Crank Exercise Test in Spinal-cord Injured and Able-bodied Individuals
  • Research • Medicine
    Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Pulmonary Capillary Blood Volume, Membrane Diffusing Capacity, and Intrapulmonary Arteriovenous Anastomoses During Exercise
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Child Anthropometry in a Large Epidemiologic Study
  • Research • Medicine
    Video Movement Analysis Using Smartphones (ViMAS): A Pilot Study
  • Research • Medicine
    Network Analysis of Foramen Ovale Electrode Recordings in Drug-resistant Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Induction and Assessment of Exertional Skeletal Muscle Damage in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    A Detailed Protocol for Perspiration Monitoring Using a Novel, Small, Wireless Device
  • Research • Medicine
    Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
  • Research • Medicine
    Integrated Compensatory Responses in a Human Model of Hemorrhage
  • Research • Medicine
    Transthoracic Speckle Tracking Echocardiography for the Quantitative Assessment of Left Ventricular Myocardial Deformation
  • Research • Medicine
    Impression Cytology of the Lid Wiper Area
  • Research • Behavior
    A Protocol of Manual Tests to Measure Sensation and Pain in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    Unbiased Deep Sequencing of RNA Viruses from Clinical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    A Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cell-based Model of the Human Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier to Study Bacterial Infection from the Basolateral Side
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Profiling of MicroRNA-containing Exosomes from Human Bile
  • Research • Medicine
    Generation of Microtumors Using 3D Human Biogel Culture System and Patient-derived Glioblastoma Cells for Kinomic Profiling and Drug Response Testing
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Using a Laminating Technique to Perform Confocal Microscopy of the Human Sclera
  • Research • Medicine
    Intravenous Endotoxin Challenge in Healthy Humans: An Experimental Platform to Investigate and Modulate Systemic Inflammation
  • Research • Medicine
    Modeling and Simulations of Olfactory Drug Delivery with Passive and Active Controls of Nasally Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols
  • Research • Medicine
    Exosomal miRNA Analysis in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Patients' Plasma Through qPCR: A Feasible Liquid Biopsy Tool
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multimodal Imaging- and Stimulation-based Method of Evaluating Connectivity-related Brain Excitability in Patients with Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges
  • Research • Medicine
    Using Saccadometry with Deep Brain Stimulation to Study Normal and Pathological Brain Function
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Fundus Autofluorescence for the Evaluation of Retinal Diseases
  • Research • Medicine
    Diagnosis of Musculus Gastrocnemius Tightness - Key Factors for the Clinical Examination
  • Research • Medicine
    Stereo-Electro-Encephalo-Graphy (SEEG) With Robotic Assistance in the Presurgical Evaluation of Medical Refractory Epilepsy: A Technical Note
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Transcutaneous Microcirculatory Imaging in Preterm Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    Using an Ingestible Telemetric Temperature Pill to Assess Gastrointestinal Temperature During Exercise
  • Research • Medicine
    Design, Fabrication, and Administration of the Hand Active Sensation Test (HASTe)
  • Research • Medicine
    MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder
  • Research • Medicine
    Functional Human Liver Preservation and Recovery by Means of Subnormothermic Machine Perfusion
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multicenter MRI Protocol for the Evaluation and Quantification of Deep Vein Thrombosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Determining The Electromyographic Fatigue Threshold Following a Single Visit Exercise Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of Electromagnetic Navigational Transthoracic Needle Aspiration (E-TTNA) for Sampling of Lung Nodules
  • Research • Medicine
    Trabecular Meshwork Response to Pressure Elevation in the Living Human Eye
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vivo, Percutaneous, Needle Based, Optical Coherence Tomography of Renal Masses
  • Research • Medicine
    Establishment of Human Epithelial Enteroids and Colonoids from Whole Tissue and Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Human Brown Adipose Tissue Depots Automatically Segmented by Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography and Registered Magnetic Resonance Images
  • Research • Medicine
    Preparation and Respirometric Assessment of Mitochondria Isolated from Skeletal Muscle Tissue Obtained by Percutaneous Needle Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    A Methodological Approach to Non-invasive Assessments of Vascular Function and Morphology
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Immortalization of Patient-derived Cell Lines from Muscle Biopsy for Disease Modeling
  • Research • Medicine
    State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
  • Research • Medicine
    The Supraclavicular Fossa Ultrasound View for Central Venous Catheter Placement and Catheter Change Over Guidewire
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of the Brachial Artery in Clinical Research
  • Research • Medicine
    Tracking the Mammary Architectural Features and Detecting Breast Cancer with Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes
  • Research • Medicine
    DTI of the Visual Pathway - White Matter Tracts and Cerebral Lesions
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection, Isolation, and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Human Endocervical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multi-Modal Approach to Assessing Recovery in Youth Athletes Following Concussion
  • Research • Medicine
    Clinical Assessment of Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Patients and Older Adults
  • Research • Medicine
    Multi-electrode Array Recordings of Human Epileptic Postoperative Cortical Tissue
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection and Extraction of Saliva DNA for Next Generation Sequencing
  • Research • Medicine
    Fast and Accurate Exhaled Breath Ammonia Measurement
  • Research • Medicine
    Developing Neuroimaging Phenotypes of the Default Mode Network in PTSD: Integrating the Resting State, Working Memory, and Structural Connectivity
  • Research • Medicine
    Two Methods for Establishing Primary Human Endometrial Stromal Cells from Hysterectomy Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Coordinate Mapping of Hyolaryngeal Mechanics in Swallowing
  • Research • Medicine
    Network Analysis of the Default Mode Network Using Functional Connectivity MRI in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    EEG Mu Rhythm in Typical and Atypical Development
  • Research • Medicine
    The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT): An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Functional Characterization of Human Ventricular Cardiomyocytes from Fresh Surgical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Primary Culture of Human Vestibular Schwannomas
  • Research • Medicine
    Utility of Dissociated Intrinsic Hand Muscle Atrophy in the Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Lesion Explorer: A Video-guided, Standardized Protocol for Accurate and Reliable MRI-derived Volumetrics in Alzheimer's Disease and Normal Elderly
  • Research • Medicine
    Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Culture, and Imaging of Human Fetal Pancreatic Cell Clusters
  • Research • Medicine
    3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Computerized Dynamic Posturography for Postural Control Assessment in Patients with Intermittent Claudication
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting Saliva and Measuring Salivary Cortisol and Alpha-amylase in Frail Community Residing Older Adults via Family Caregivers
  • Research • Medicine
    Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Analysis of Neurodegenerative Diseases
  • Research • Medicine
    Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Retinal Surgical Specimens Using jouRNAl
  • Research • Medicine
    Improved Protocol For Laser Microdissection Of Human Pancreatic Islets From Surgical Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Respiratory Muscle Activation Using Respiratory Motor Control Assessment (RMCA) in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury
  • Research • Medicine
    Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting And Measuring Wound Exudate Biochemical Mediators In Surgical Wounds
  • Research • Medicine
    A Research Method For Detecting Transient Myocardial Ischemia In Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome Using Continuous ST-segment Analysis
  • Research • Medicine
    Using a Chemical Biopsy for Graft Quality Assessment
  • Research • Medicine
    Characterizing Exon Skipping Efficiency in DMD Patient Samples in Clinical Trials of Antisense Oligonucleotides
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vitro Assessment of Cardiac Function Using Skinned Cardiomyocytes
  • Research • Medicine
    Normothermic Ex Situ Heart Perfusion in Working Mode: Assessment of Cardiac Function and Metabolism
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Vascular Control Mechanisms Utilizing Video Microscopy of Isolated Resistance Arteries of Rats
  • Research • Medicine
    Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) for Research; Obtaining Adequate Sample Yield
  • Research • Medicine
    Non-invasive Optical Measurement of Cerebral Metabolism and Hemodynamics in Infants
  • Research • Medicine
    Tilt Testing with Combined Lower Body Negative Pressure: a "Gold Standard" for Measuring Orthostatic Tolerance
  • Research • Medicine
    Driving Simulation in the Clinic: Testing Visual Exploratory Behavior in Daily Life Activities in Patients with Visual Field Defects
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Characterization and Comparative Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Derived from Permanent Teeth by Using Two Different Methods
  • Research • Medicine
    Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking (IPL): Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Intraoperative Detection of Subtle Endometriosis: A Novel Paradigm for Detection and Treatment of Pelvic Pain Associated with the Loss of Peritoneal Integrity
  • Research • Medicine
    The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection Protocol for Human Pancreas
  • Research • Medicine
    The α-test: Rapid Cell-free CD4 Enumeration Using Whole Saliva
  • Research • Medicine
    The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Donor Tissue Preparation for Endothelial Keratoplasty
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantification of Atherosclerotic Plaque Activity and Vascular Inflammation using [18-F] Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (FDG-PET/CT)
  • Research • Medicine
    Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography of Retinal Circulation
  • Research • Medicine
    Utilizing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Study the Human Neuromuscular System
  • Research • Medicine
    Detection and Genogrouping of Noroviruses from Children's Stools By Taqman One-step RT-PCR
  • Research • Medicine
    Method to Measure Tone of Axial and Proximal Muscle
  • Research • Medicine
    The Trier Social Stress Test Protocol for Inducing Psychological Stress
  • Research • Medicine
    Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Multifocal Electroretinograms
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation of Human Islets from Partially Pancreatectomized Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quantification of Pulmonary Perfusion using Calibrated Arterial Spin Labeling
  • Research • Medicine
    Manual Muscle Testing: A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department
  • Research • Medicine
    A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
  • Research • Medicine
    An Investigation of the Effects of Sports-related Concussion in Youth Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Head Impact Telemetry System
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Confocal Microscopy: A Novel Non-invasive Technique to Quantify Small Fibre Pathology in Peripheral Neuropathies
  • Research • Medicine
    Methods to Quantify Pharmacologically Induced Alterations in Motor Function in Human Incomplete SCI
  • Research • Medicine
    Multispectral Real-time Fluorescence Imaging for Intraoperative Detection of the Sentinel Lymph Node in Gynecologic Oncology
  • Research • Medicine
    Technique to Collect Fungiform (Taste) Papillae from Human Tongue
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessing Endothelial Vasodilator Function with the Endo-PAT 2000
  • Research • Medicine
    Making Sense of Listening: The IMAP Test Battery
  • Research • Medicine
    An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)
  • Research • Biology
    Bioelectric Analyses of an Osseointegrated Intelligent Implant Design System for Amputees
  • Research • Biology
    Demonstration of Cutaneous Allodynia in Association with Chronic Pelvic Pain
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