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Medicine

Aterosklerotik Plak Aktivite ve Damar İltihabı Kantitasyonu kullanarak [18-F] Florodeoksiglukoz Pozitron Emisyon Tomografisi / Bilgisayarlı Tomografi (FDG-PET/CT)

Published: May 2, 2012 doi: 10.3791/3777

Summary

Non-invaziv ateroskleroz tespit ve işte FDG-PET/CT aterosklerotik plak aktivitesi ve vasküler inflamasyon tespit etmek ve ölçmek için nasıl kullanılabileceğini göstermek için büyük ihtiyaç vardır.

Abstract

, Koroner arter kalsiyum (KAK) 1 ve karotis intimal medial kalınlığı (C-IMT) 2 gibi ateroskleroz Konvansiyonel non-invaziv görüntüleme yöntemlerinin hastalık yükü hakkında bilgi verir. Ancak, CAC 3-5, ve C-IMT 2,6 birden fazla validasyon çalışmalarına rağmen, bu nedenle, risk bu yöntemlerin doğru plak özelliklerini 7,8 değerlendirmek değildir ve plak oluşumu ve enflamatuar devletinin istikrarı belirlemek ve klinik olayların 9-13.

[18 F]-2-floro-2-deoksi-D-glukoz pozitron emisyon tomografisi (PET) / bilgisayarlı tomografi (CT) kullanılarak (FDG) görüntüleme yoğun onkolojik metabolizma 14,15 olarak ele alınmıştır. İnsanlarda hayvan modelleri ve immünhistokimya kullanılarak yapılan çalışmalar FDG-PET/CT makrofaj aktivitesi 16, damar duvarları hücresel inflamasyon önemli bir kaynağını tespit etmek için zarif hassas olduğunu göstermektedir. MoSon zamanlarda yeniden, biz 17,18 ve diğerleri FDG-PET/CT büyük ve orta boy arterleri 9,16,19,20 aterosklerotik plakların faaliyet inflamatuar aktivitenin son derece hassas, roman ölçümler sağlar göstermiştir. FDG-PET/CT çalışmalar, diğer görüntüleme yöntemleri üzerinden pek çok avantajı vardır:; multi-modal aterosklerotik plak miktar izin vererek 2) plak hacmi ölçümü ve metabolik aktivite; 3), dinamik, gerçek zamanlı, in vivo görüntüleme 1) kontrast çözünürlüğünün yüksek; 4) en az operatör bağımlılığı. Son olarak, FDG-PET/CT tarafından tespit vasküler inflamasyon geleneksel risk faktörleri 21,22 bağımsız kardiyovasküler (KV) olayları tahmin gösterilmiştir ve aynı zamanda yüksek ateroskleroz 23 toplam yükü ile ilişkilidir. FDG-PET/CT tarafından Plak aktivite gibi kısa dönem (12 hafta) statin tedavisi 24 yanı sıra uzun süreli terapötik yaşam tarzı değişiklikleri (16 ay) 25 olarak bilinen yararlı CV müdahaleler ile düzenlenmektedir. Aterosklerotik plak FDG tutulumu miktarının tayini için mevcut metodoloji bölünmesiyle hesaplanır zemin oranı (KAZ), bir hedef hesaplamak için bir ilgi arterin standart alım değeri (SUV) ve venöz kan havuzu ölçümü içerir venöz kan havuzu SUV tarafından arteriyel SUV. Bu yöntem, zaman içinde kararlı ve tekrarlanabilir fenotipi temsil etmek için gösterilen vasküler inflamasyon tespiti için yüksek bir duyarlılığa sahiptir ve aynı zamanda yüksek inter-ve intra-okuyucu güvenilirlik 26 babasıdır. Burada metabolik hacimsel ürün (MVP) olarak adlandırılan SUV, TBR ve küresel bir parametre kullanılarak aterosklerotik plak aktivitesi ve vasküler inflamasyon hastanın hazırlanması, görüntü toplama ve ölçümü için metodoloji sunuyoruz. Bir çok Yayınlanmış gösterildiği gibi, bu yaklaşım, tutarlı bir şekilde ilgi çeşitli çalışma örneklerinde vasküler enflamasyon değerlendirmek için uygulanabilir. 9,20,27,28 </ Sup>

Protocol

1. Hasta hazırlanması ve alınması Görüntüler

  1. Gelişmiş görüntü kalitesi için zaman-uçuş yetenekleri ile tercihen bir, bir PET / CT tarayıcı en az bir saatlik görüntüleme zamanı yuvası sabitleyin. Bizim kurum olarak, Philips Medikal Sistemler en yeni PET / BT sistemi ve 16 kesitli Brilliance CT sistemi ile LYSO dedektörleri dayalı bir PET tarayıcı birleştiren bir İkizler TF tarayıcı kullanın.
  2. FDG-PET/CT tarama öncesinde 8 saat konularda hızlı var. <200 mg / dL öncesinde FDG uygulamadan serum glikoz sağlamak için bir parmak kullanarak serum glukoz (ASG) düzeyleri açlık kontrol edin. Bu vücut içinde olduğunu glikoz FDG ile rekabet değil sağlar.
  3. Eğer FSG <200 mg / dL, radyotracer (FDG) IV yönetmek için 20-gauge intravenöz (IV) hat daha küçük yerleştirin. FDG yaklaşık 5.2 MBq / kg yönetin.
  4. FDG intravenöz sonra ~ 60 dakika, tüm vücut düşük doz BT gerçekleştirin. Sonra PET emisyon eldeayak parmaklarına kadar köşe kafatası görüntüleri. 1.1 listelenen PET özellikle / BT üzerine), görüntü oluşturma genellikle sistem modeli içeren burada bir liste modunda maksimum olabilirlik beklenti-maksimizasyonu (ML-EM) 33 sipariş alt ve 3 yineleme ile algoritma kullanılarak yapılır time-of- Uçuş yanı sıra normalleştirme, zayıflama, Randoms ve dağılım düzeltmeler. Tahmin etmişlerdir düşük doz BT görüntüleri azaldı inceleme süresi ve PET sadece makinelerde kullanılan dış radyoaktif kaynak atenüasyon düzeltmesi göre geliştirilmiş görüntü kalitesine neden bir moda otomatik PET görüntülerinin atenüasyon düzeltmesi için kullanılır.

2. PET Görüntü Nitel Değerlendirme

  1. Ilgi vasküler yapıların mekansal tarif yanı sıra artan radyotracer alımı se alanlarının kesin anatomik lokalizasyon için düşük doz kontrastsız BT görüntüleri kullanarak ve zayıflama düzeltme olmadan, aksiyel sagital ve koronal PET rekonstrüksiyonlar yorumlayınPET görüntüleri tr.

3. PET Görüntü Kantitatif Değerlendirilmesi

  1. Görüntülerin niteliksel incelendikten sonra, aşağıdaki bölümlere aorta bölmek için sınırları belirlemek: aorta, arkus, inen aorta, böbrek üstü abdominal aorta ve infrarenal abdominal aorta. Kolaylık için, arkus aortada artan ve azalan bölümleri bağlı olması görünmez bir kraniokaudal yönde hareket transvers görüntülerde bitişik bir parçası olarak görünür torasik aorta bu kısımları tarafından tanımlanabilir. Çölyak arter inen torasik aorta ve abdominal aorta ve renal arterlerin abdominal aorta böbreküstü ve infrarenal segmentleri arasındaki anatomik dönüm noktası olarak hizmet arasındaki anatomik dönüm noktası olarak kullanılabilir.
  2. Bacakları ve boyun arteryel FDG alımı (arteryel enflamasyon bir ölçüsü olarak) intere bir bölgeye yerleştirilmesi ile ölçülmüştürarter geçmesine coregistered enine PET / BT görüntülerinin dilim üzerindeki faiz her arter etrafında st (ROI). Aort durumunda, en üstün aort dilim ile başlayan, dikkatle bu dilim FDG tutulumu olan tüm alanı kapsayacak şekilde her ROI çekmek artan radyotracer alımı (Şekil 1) ile diğer çevre dokulara kaçınarak. Bu görüntü bizim yaşlanması ve ateroskleroz çalışmada 20 hasta alınmıştır.
  3. Ardından, dilim başına SUV hesaplamak için adanmış PET / BT görüntü analiz yazılımı kullanılarak maksimum [kurumumuz, biz Genişletilmiş Brilliance İstasyonu, Philips Healthcare, Bothell, WA kullanmak] ve her ROI standart alım değeri (SUV) (ölçülür ortalama Şekil 2). Bu görüntü bizim yaşlanması ve ateroskleroz çalışmada 20 hasta alınmıştır.
  4. (- 20 mm, örneğin her 5) düzenli aralıklarla faiz arterler geçmesine PET dilimleri için bu yordamı yineleyin. Toplamdilim numaraları konusu vücudundan habitus ve anatomik varyasyon bağlı olarak konuya farklı olacaktır.
  5. En az 6-8 bitişik dilim görüntülenebilmekte karın inferior vena kava (IVC) bulun. Daha sonra açıklandığı gibi doku-to-zemin oranı (KAZ) hesaplaması için kullanılacaktır SUV ölçümlerinin ortalaması en az 8 venöz elde etmek için her enine dilim IVC etrafında bir ROI yerleştirin.

4. Görüntüleme Sonuç Hesaplamalar

  1. Bir arter geçen tüm dilimleri içinde ortalama arteriyel dilim SUV'lar (ortalama ve maksimum değerler kullanılarak) (örneğin, karotis arter) veya ilgi arter segmenti (örneğin, aorta, arkus aorta, inen aorta, böbrek üstü abdominal aorta, infrarenal abdominal aorta) Her arter veya ilgi arteriyel segment SUV ve maksimum SUV ölçümleri ifade oluşturmak için. Bu parametreler bir arter veya ilgi arter segmenti içindeki ateroskleroz yükü ortalama bir sonuç ölçütü olarak hizmet. Istatistiksel analizler için dilim ölçümler elde SUVs standart sapma kaydedin.
  2. Sonra, arteriyel veya venöz segment venöz tarafından SUV demek bölmek SUV normalleştirme amaçlı adım 3.4 'de elde edilen ortalama. Sonuç aterosklerotik plak faaliyet için başka bir sonuç olarak gören bir arteriyel veya venöz segmentte TBR önlemdir.
  3. Son olarak, arter veya ilgi arter segmenti içindeki aterosklerotik hastalık yükü global anlamak için bir çaba, SUV dilim ROI hacmi (kesit kalınlığı ile ROI alanı çarpılarak hesaplanır) tarafından dilim YG başına elde edilen her arteriyel ortalama çarpın ve bir arter veya ilgi arteriyel segment üzerinden geçen bütün dilimleri üzerinde toplamı. Arteriyel veya arteriyel segmentinde Bu verimleri plak aktivitesi ve yük ölçümü için üçüncü bir sonucu olarak metabolik-hacimsel ürün (MVP) demek. Not olarak, hiçbir metabolik aktiviteye sahip bir ilgi damar bölgeleri MVP çok az katkıda olacak veBu nedenle, bu parametre hala aktif plak bir ölçüsü olarak geçerlidir.
  4. Bir aort geçen tüm dilimleri üzerinden 4.3 listelenen aort ortalama MVP toplamı gerçekleştirir, sonuç aort içinde aterosklerotik plak aktivitesi ve ateroskleroz ölçümü için dördüncü bir sonucu olarak hizmet verecek, küresel inflamatuvar yükünün (GIB), olacak .

Sedef içinde devam eden bir çalışma 18 bir parçası olarak, tek bir hastaya elde edilmiş, bu dört sonuçlar elde etmek için değerlerin bir örneği, Tablo 1 'de gösterilmiştir.

5.. Temsilcisi Sonuçlar

Aşağıdaki tablo aterosklerotik plak ile psoriasis ile tek bir hastada FDG-PET/CT tarafından tespit vasküler inflamasyon için sonuçların belirlenmesinde çeşitli yöntemler gösterir.

Arteriyel Segment (dilim sayısı) SUVmean (SD) TBR (SD) MVP (SD) GIB (SD)
Artan Aort (n = 8) 1.43 (0.24) 1.31 (0.18) 5.68 (3.08) 53,99 (19,50)
Aort Arch (n = 5) 1.38 (0.25) 1.30 (0.22) 8.88 (4.94) 59,85 (18,66)
Torasik Aort (n = 20) Azalan 1.42 (0.20) 1.29 (0.19) 3.11 (0.98) 125,66 (53,11)
Böbreküstü Abdominal Aort (n = 29) 1.40 (0.19) 1.26 (0.17) 2.37 (0.66) 50,75 (17,64)
İnfrarenal Abdominal Aort (n = 26) 1.38 (0.21) 1.20 (0.16) 1.72 (0.54) 45,80 (10,86)

Şekil 1
Şekil 1. PET görüntüleri. ; B) popliteal arterler; C) abdominal aort; D) aort arkı A) iliak ve femoral arter: FDG tutulumu gösteren yaşlanması ve ateroskleroz 20 çalışmada bir hastanın ilk PET rekonstrüksiyon görüntüleri temsilcisi sonuçları bir dizi.

Şekil 2
Şekil 2. Faiz getirisi (ROI) yerleşim bölgesi. Bir enine erimiş FDG-PET/CT görüntü yaşlanması ve ateroskleroz 20 çalışmada bir hastanın proksimal inen torasik aorta düzeyinde gösterilmiştir. ROI inen torasik aorta etrafında yerleştirilir ve yazılım SUV, maksimum SUV, ve mm 2 ROI alanı anlamına hesaplanır olacaktır. Bu ilgi Bu arteryel segmenti boyunca verilerin bir dilim içindir ve tekniğin daha sonra aortun Her parçanın geçen tüm dilimler için tekrar edilir.

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Discussion

Burada sunulan metodolojisi gerçekleştirmek için basittir, ve klinik olarak anlamlı arteryel yatak aterosklerotik plak aktivitesi ve damar iltihabı ile ilgili faydalı bilgiler verebilir. Vurgu garanti Bu analiz yaklaşımı bazı önemli özellikleri vardır: 1) Biz 16 dedektör satır olan bir yüksek kaliteli PET / BT tarayıcı kullanmak ve uçuş yeteneğinin süresi; 2) Biz klinik bilgi bilmeyen iki deneyimli gözlemci kullanmak Nicel verilerin tutarlılığını sağlamak için ölçümler yapmak, 3) Biz, aynı anda her bilgilendirici miktarının dört sonuçlarını açıklar. Biz en azından ortalama SUV arteriyel ve venöz kan ölçümü tavsiye SUV yüzden TBR tahmin edilebilir anlamına gelir. Bu str birleşmeyle hastalık yükünün küresel ölçümü sağlar Biz, MVP, bir roman nicel parametre, ayrıca aterosklerotik plak aktivitesi ve elde etmek için vasküler inflamasyonun önemli bir belirleyici olacağına inanıyorumuctural ve moleküler ölçümleri. MVP yapmaz SUV ve TBR, aterosklerotik vasküler hastalıklarda görülen yapısal değişiklikler için hesap yoktur. Ayrıca, MVP global değerlendirmesi amacıyla ilgi bir gemi elde birden ölçümlerin toplamı sağlar.

PET / BT ideal, yüksek hassasiyet, yüksek kontrast çözünürlüğü, nicel doğa ve kombine metabolik ve anatomik bilgi vermek yeteneği verilen bu sonuçların terapötik modülasyon kısa ve uzun vadeli etkilerinin değerlendirilmesi için uygundur. Gelecek çalışmalar bu nedenle olarak, metabolik sendromu, romatoid artrit ve diyabet gibi aşırı ateroskleroz ile ilişkili devletlerin diğer hastalık üzerine PET / BT, hem de ölçülen vasküler inflamasyon üzerine statin tedavisi ötesinde standart ve yeni tedavilerin etkilerini incelemek gerekir non-invaziv tespit, karakterizasyonu ve ateroskleroz plak tedavisi öncesinde alanında.

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Disclosures

Çıkar çatışması ilan etti.

Acknowledgments

NNM Ulusal Sedef Vakfı, NHLBI 5K23HL97151-3 ve HL111293 bir hibe ile desteklenmektedir. JMG NHLBI HL089744 R01 ve R01 HL111293 tarafından desteklenmektedir.

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Tıp Sayı 63 FDG-PET/CT ateroskleroz damar iltihabı kantitatif radyoloji görüntüleme
Aterosklerotik Plak Aktivite ve Damar İltihabı Kantitasyonu kullanarak [18-F] Florodeoksiglukoz Pozitron Emisyon Tomografisi / Bilgisayarlı Tomografi (FDG-PET/CT)
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Mehta, N. N., Torigian, D. A.,More

Mehta, N. N., Torigian, D. A., Gelfand, J. M., Saboury, B., Alavi, A. Quantification of Atherosclerotic Plaque Activity and Vascular Inflammation using [18-F] Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (FDG-PET/CT). J. Vis. Exp. (63), e3777, doi:10.3791/3777 (2012).

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    Learning Modern Laryngeal Surgery in a Dissection Laboratory
  • Research • Medicine
    DIPLOMA Approach for Standardized Pathology Assessment of Distal Pancreatectomy Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    A Computerized Functional Skills Assessment and Training Program Targeting Technology Based Everyday Functional Skills
  • Research • Medicine
    Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Integrating Augmented Reality Tools in Breast Cancer Related Lymphedema Prognostication and Diagnosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasonographic Assessment During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of the Hepatic Venous Pressure Gradient and Transjugular Liver Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Patient Directed Recording of a Bipolar Three-Lead Electrocardiogram using a Smartwatch with ECG Function
  • Research • Medicine
    Traditional Trail Making Test Modified into Brand-new Assessment Tools: Digital and Walking Trail Making Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Biopsy Data to Guide Sampling Procedures for Prostate Cancer Biobanking
  • Research • Medicine
    A Fluorescence-based Assay for Characterization and Quantification of Lipid Droplet Formation in Human Intestinal Organoids
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Non-invasive Method for the Detection of Elevated Intra-compartmental Pressures of the Leg
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Mapping of Specific Ventilation in the Human Lung using Proton Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Oxygen as a Contrast Agent
  • Research • Neuroscience
    Portable Thermographic Screening for Detection of Acute Wallenberg's Syndrome
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of MRI-ultrasound Fusion to Achieve Targeted Prostate Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Testing of all Six Semicircular Canals with Video Head Impulse Test Systems
  • Research • Medicine
    Protocol and Guidelines for Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Diagnosing Neonatal Pulmonary Diseases Based on International Expert Consensus
  • Research • Neuroscience
    Bilateral Assessment of the Corticospinal Pathways of the Ankle Muscles Using Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
  • Research • Medicine
    Targeting Gray Rami Communicantes in Selective Chemical Lumbar Sympathectomy
  • Research • Medicine
    Multi-Modal Home Sleep Monitoring in Older Adults
  • Research • Medicine
    Cardiac Magnetic Resonance for the Evaluation of Suspected Cardiac Thrombus: Conventional and Emerging Techniques
  • Research • Medicine
    Observational Study Protocol for Repeated Clinical Examination and Critical Care Ultrasonography Within the Simple Intensive Care Studies
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurements of Motor Function and Other Clinical Outcome Parameters in Ambulant Children with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of the Efficacy of An Osteopathic Treatment in Infants with Biomechanical Impairments to Suckling
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantification of Levator Ani Hiatus Enlargement by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Males and Females with Pelvic Organ Prolapse
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative [18F]-Naf-PET-MRI Analysis for the Evaluation of Dynamic Bone Turnover in a Patient with Facetogenic Low Back Pain
  • Research • Medicine
    Generation of Human 3D Lung Tissue Cultures (3D-LTCs) for Disease Modeling
  • Research • Medicine
    Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
  • Research • Medicine
    Combining Volumetric Capnography And Barometric Plethysmography To Measure The Lung Structure-function Relationship
  • Research • Medicine
    Two-Dimensional X-Ray Angiography to Examine Fine Vascular Structure Using a Silicone Rubber Injection Compound
  • Research • Medicine
    Preparation, Procedures and Evaluation of Platelet-Rich Plasma Injection in the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis
  • Research • Medicine
    Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging at 7 Tesla
  • Research • Medicine
    Semi-quantitative Assessment Using [18F]FDG Tracer in Patients with Severe Brain Injury
  • Research • Medicine
    Handheld Metal Detector Screening for Metallic Foreign Body Ingestion in Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Conducting Maximal and Submaximal Endurance Exercise Testing to Measure Physiological and Biological Responses to Acute Exercise in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    A Metadata Extraction Approach for Clinical Case Reports to Enable Advanced Understanding of Biomedical Concepts
  • Research • Medicine
    Autonomic Function Following Concussion in Youth Athletes: An Exploration of Heart Rate Variability Using 24-hour Recording Methodology
  • Research • Medicine
    Hydra, a Computer-Based Platform for Aiding Clinicians in Cardiovascular Analysis and Diagnosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Objective Nociceptive Assessment in Ventilated ICU Patients: A Feasibility Study Using Pupillometry and the Nociceptive Flexion Reflex
  • Research • Medicine
    'Boden Food Plate': Novel Interactive Web-based Method for the Assessment of Dietary Intake
  • Research • Medicine
    Anogenital Distance and Perineal Measurements of the Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) Quantification System
  • Research • Medicine
    Bedside Ultrasound for Guiding Fluid Removal in Patients with Pulmonary Edema: The Reverse-FALLS Protocol
  • Research • Medicine
    Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation of Primary Human Decidual Cells from the Fetal Membranes of Term Placentae
  • Research • Medicine
    Skeletal Muscle Neurovascular Coupling, Oxidative Capacity, and Microvascular Function with 'One Stop Shop' Near-infrared Spectroscopy
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting Hair Samples for Hair Cortisol Analysis in African Americans
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vivo Morphometric Analysis of Human Cranial Nerves Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Menière's Disease Ears and Normal Hearing Ears
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (Cf-PWV) to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness
  • Research • Medicine
    Standardized Measurement of Nasal Membrane Transepithelial Potential Difference (NPD)
  • Research • Medicine
    Taste Exam: A Brief and Validated Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Absorption of Nasal and Bronchial Fluids: Precision Sampling of the Human Respiratory Mucosa and Laboratory Processing of Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Methodology for Sputum Induction and Laboratory Processing
  • Research • Medicine
    Electrophysiological Measurement of Noxious-evoked Brain Activity in Neonates Using a Flat-tip Probe Coupled to Electroencephalography
  • Research • Medicine
    A Detailed Protocol for Physiological Parameters Acquisition and Analysis in Neurosurgical Critical Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Oral Biofilm Sampling for Microbiome Analysis in Healthy Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia
  • Research • Medicine
    Application of an Amplitude-integrated EEG Monitor (Cerebral Function Monitor) to Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    3D Ultrasound Imaging: Fast and Cost-effective Morphometry of Musculoskeletal Tissue
  • Research • Medicine
    The 4-vessel Sampling Approach to Integrative Studies of Human Placental Physiology In Vivo
  • Research • Medicine
    A Component-resolved Diagnostic Approach for a Study on Grass Pollen Allergens in Chinese Southerners with Allergic Rhinitis and/or Asthma
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
  • Research • Medicine
    A Method for Quantifying Upper Limb Performance in Daily Life Using Accelerometers
  • Research • Medicine
    Non-invasive Assessments of Subjective and Objective Recovery Characteristics Following an Exhaustive Jump Protocol
  • Research • Medicine
    Experimental Protocol of a Three-minute, All-out Arm Crank Exercise Test in Spinal-cord Injured and Able-bodied Individuals
  • Research • Medicine
    Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Pulmonary Capillary Blood Volume, Membrane Diffusing Capacity, and Intrapulmonary Arteriovenous Anastomoses During Exercise
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Child Anthropometry in a Large Epidemiologic Study
  • Research • Medicine
    Video Movement Analysis Using Smartphones (ViMAS): A Pilot Study
  • Research • Medicine
    Network Analysis of Foramen Ovale Electrode Recordings in Drug-resistant Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Induction and Assessment of Exertional Skeletal Muscle Damage in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    A Detailed Protocol for Perspiration Monitoring Using a Novel, Small, Wireless Device
  • Research • Medicine
    Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
  • Research • Medicine
    Integrated Compensatory Responses in a Human Model of Hemorrhage
  • Research • Medicine
    Transthoracic Speckle Tracking Echocardiography for the Quantitative Assessment of Left Ventricular Myocardial Deformation
  • Research • Medicine
    Impression Cytology of the Lid Wiper Area
  • Research • Behavior
    A Protocol of Manual Tests to Measure Sensation and Pain in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    Unbiased Deep Sequencing of RNA Viruses from Clinical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    A Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cell-based Model of the Human Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier to Study Bacterial Infection from the Basolateral Side
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Profiling of MicroRNA-containing Exosomes from Human Bile
  • Research • Medicine
    Generation of Microtumors Using 3D Human Biogel Culture System and Patient-derived Glioblastoma Cells for Kinomic Profiling and Drug Response Testing
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Using a Laminating Technique to Perform Confocal Microscopy of the Human Sclera
  • Research • Medicine
    Intravenous Endotoxin Challenge in Healthy Humans: An Experimental Platform to Investigate and Modulate Systemic Inflammation
  • Research • Medicine
    Modeling and Simulations of Olfactory Drug Delivery with Passive and Active Controls of Nasally Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols
  • Research • Medicine
    Exosomal miRNA Analysis in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Patients' Plasma Through qPCR: A Feasible Liquid Biopsy Tool
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multimodal Imaging- and Stimulation-based Method of Evaluating Connectivity-related Brain Excitability in Patients with Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges
  • Research • Medicine
    Using Saccadometry with Deep Brain Stimulation to Study Normal and Pathological Brain Function
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Fundus Autofluorescence for the Evaluation of Retinal Diseases
  • Research • Medicine
    Diagnosis of Musculus Gastrocnemius Tightness - Key Factors for the Clinical Examination
  • Research • Medicine
    Stereo-Electro-Encephalo-Graphy (SEEG) With Robotic Assistance in the Presurgical Evaluation of Medical Refractory Epilepsy: A Technical Note
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Transcutaneous Microcirculatory Imaging in Preterm Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    Using an Ingestible Telemetric Temperature Pill to Assess Gastrointestinal Temperature During Exercise
  • Research • Medicine
    Design, Fabrication, and Administration of the Hand Active Sensation Test (HASTe)
  • Research • Medicine
    MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder
  • Research • Medicine
    Functional Human Liver Preservation and Recovery by Means of Subnormothermic Machine Perfusion
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multicenter MRI Protocol for the Evaluation and Quantification of Deep Vein Thrombosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Determining The Electromyographic Fatigue Threshold Following a Single Visit Exercise Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of Electromagnetic Navigational Transthoracic Needle Aspiration (E-TTNA) for Sampling of Lung Nodules
  • Research • Medicine
    Trabecular Meshwork Response to Pressure Elevation in the Living Human Eye
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vivo, Percutaneous, Needle Based, Optical Coherence Tomography of Renal Masses
  • Research • Medicine
    Establishment of Human Epithelial Enteroids and Colonoids from Whole Tissue and Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Human Brown Adipose Tissue Depots Automatically Segmented by Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography and Registered Magnetic Resonance Images
  • Research • Medicine
    Preparation and Respirometric Assessment of Mitochondria Isolated from Skeletal Muscle Tissue Obtained by Percutaneous Needle Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    A Methodological Approach to Non-invasive Assessments of Vascular Function and Morphology
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Immortalization of Patient-derived Cell Lines from Muscle Biopsy for Disease Modeling
  • Research • Medicine
    State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
  • Research • Medicine
    The Supraclavicular Fossa Ultrasound View for Central Venous Catheter Placement and Catheter Change Over Guidewire
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of the Brachial Artery in Clinical Research
  • Research • Medicine
    Tracking the Mammary Architectural Features and Detecting Breast Cancer with Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes
  • Research • Medicine
    DTI of the Visual Pathway - White Matter Tracts and Cerebral Lesions
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection, Isolation, and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Human Endocervical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multi-Modal Approach to Assessing Recovery in Youth Athletes Following Concussion
  • Research • Medicine
    Clinical Assessment of Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Patients and Older Adults
  • Research • Medicine
    Multi-electrode Array Recordings of Human Epileptic Postoperative Cortical Tissue
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection and Extraction of Saliva DNA for Next Generation Sequencing
  • Research • Medicine
    Fast and Accurate Exhaled Breath Ammonia Measurement
  • Research • Medicine
    Developing Neuroimaging Phenotypes of the Default Mode Network in PTSD: Integrating the Resting State, Working Memory, and Structural Connectivity
  • Research • Medicine
    Two Methods for Establishing Primary Human Endometrial Stromal Cells from Hysterectomy Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Coordinate Mapping of Hyolaryngeal Mechanics in Swallowing
  • Research • Medicine
    Network Analysis of the Default Mode Network Using Functional Connectivity MRI in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    EEG Mu Rhythm in Typical and Atypical Development
  • Research • Medicine
    The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT): An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Functional Characterization of Human Ventricular Cardiomyocytes from Fresh Surgical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Primary Culture of Human Vestibular Schwannomas
  • Research • Medicine
    Utility of Dissociated Intrinsic Hand Muscle Atrophy in the Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Lesion Explorer: A Video-guided, Standardized Protocol for Accurate and Reliable MRI-derived Volumetrics in Alzheimer's Disease and Normal Elderly
  • Research • Medicine
    Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Culture, and Imaging of Human Fetal Pancreatic Cell Clusters
  • Research • Medicine
    3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Computerized Dynamic Posturography for Postural Control Assessment in Patients with Intermittent Claudication
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting Saliva and Measuring Salivary Cortisol and Alpha-amylase in Frail Community Residing Older Adults via Family Caregivers
  • Research • Medicine
    Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Analysis of Neurodegenerative Diseases
  • Research • Medicine
    Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Retinal Surgical Specimens Using jouRNAl
  • Research • Medicine
    Improved Protocol For Laser Microdissection Of Human Pancreatic Islets From Surgical Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Respiratory Muscle Activation Using Respiratory Motor Control Assessment (RMCA) in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury
  • Research • Medicine
    Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting And Measuring Wound Exudate Biochemical Mediators In Surgical Wounds
  • Research • Medicine
    A Research Method For Detecting Transient Myocardial Ischemia In Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome Using Continuous ST-segment Analysis
  • Research • Medicine
    Using a Chemical Biopsy for Graft Quality Assessment
  • Research • Medicine
    Characterizing Exon Skipping Efficiency in DMD Patient Samples in Clinical Trials of Antisense Oligonucleotides
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vitro Assessment of Cardiac Function Using Skinned Cardiomyocytes
  • Research • Medicine
    Normothermic Ex Situ Heart Perfusion in Working Mode: Assessment of Cardiac Function and Metabolism
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Vascular Control Mechanisms Utilizing Video Microscopy of Isolated Resistance Arteries of Rats
  • Research • Medicine
    Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) for Research; Obtaining Adequate Sample Yield
  • Research • Medicine
    Non-invasive Optical Measurement of Cerebral Metabolism and Hemodynamics in Infants
  • Research • Medicine
    Tilt Testing with Combined Lower Body Negative Pressure: a "Gold Standard" for Measuring Orthostatic Tolerance
  • Research • Medicine
    Driving Simulation in the Clinic: Testing Visual Exploratory Behavior in Daily Life Activities in Patients with Visual Field Defects
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Characterization and Comparative Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Derived from Permanent Teeth by Using Two Different Methods
  • Research • Medicine
    Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking (IPL): Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Intraoperative Detection of Subtle Endometriosis: A Novel Paradigm for Detection and Treatment of Pelvic Pain Associated with the Loss of Peritoneal Integrity
  • Research • Medicine
    The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection Protocol for Human Pancreas
  • Research • Medicine
    The α-test: Rapid Cell-free CD4 Enumeration Using Whole Saliva
  • Research • Medicine
    The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Donor Tissue Preparation for Endothelial Keratoplasty
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantification of Atherosclerotic Plaque Activity and Vascular Inflammation using [18-F] Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (FDG-PET/CT)
  • Research • Medicine
    Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography of Retinal Circulation
  • Research • Medicine
    Utilizing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Study the Human Neuromuscular System
  • Research • Medicine
    Detection and Genogrouping of Noroviruses from Children's Stools By Taqman One-step RT-PCR
  • Research • Medicine
    Method to Measure Tone of Axial and Proximal Muscle
  • Research • Medicine
    The Trier Social Stress Test Protocol for Inducing Psychological Stress
  • Research • Medicine
    Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Multifocal Electroretinograms
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation of Human Islets from Partially Pancreatectomized Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quantification of Pulmonary Perfusion using Calibrated Arterial Spin Labeling
  • Research • Medicine
    Manual Muscle Testing: A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department
  • Research • Medicine
    A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
  • Research • Medicine
    An Investigation of the Effects of Sports-related Concussion in Youth Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Head Impact Telemetry System
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Confocal Microscopy: A Novel Non-invasive Technique to Quantify Small Fibre Pathology in Peripheral Neuropathies
  • Research • Medicine
    Methods to Quantify Pharmacologically Induced Alterations in Motor Function in Human Incomplete SCI
  • Research • Medicine
    Multispectral Real-time Fluorescence Imaging for Intraoperative Detection of the Sentinel Lymph Node in Gynecologic Oncology
  • Research • Medicine
    Technique to Collect Fungiform (Taste) Papillae from Human Tongue
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessing Endothelial Vasodilator Function with the Endo-PAT 2000
  • Research • Medicine
    Making Sense of Listening: The IMAP Test Battery
  • Research • Medicine
    An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)
  • Research • Biology
    Bioelectric Analyses of an Osseointegrated Intelligent Implant Design System for Amputees
  • Research • Biology
    Demonstration of Cutaneous Allodynia in Association with Chronic Pelvic Pain
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