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Medicine

测量和制止在弱视治疗

Published: December 14, 2012 doi: 10.3791/3927

Summary

弱视是一种发育障碍,往往是伴随着强烈的抑制一只眼的视觉皮层。我们提出了一种新的技术测量两眼抑制和治疗,在弱视患者可以利用虚拟现实护目镜或便携式iPod Touch设备部署的。

Abstract

弱视是一种发育障碍的视觉皮层,处于工作年龄人口的视觉功能障碍的主要原因之一。目前估计弱视的患病率约为1-3%,1-3,大多数情况下是单眼2。最经常引起弱视眼偏差(斜视),模糊引起的不平等的屈光不正(屈光参差),并在某些情况下,形觉剥夺性。

,虽然弱视最初所造成的异常视觉输入处于起步阶段,一旦建立,的视觉赤字时,往往仍然采用手术和/或屈光矫正已经恢复了正常的视觉输入。这是因为弱视是视觉皮层的异常发展,而不是一个问题弱视眼4,5的结果。弱视的特点是单眼和双眼两种赤字6,7,其中包括视力受损和差或无小号tereopsis。弱视的视觉功能障碍往往是相关的投入弱视眼的双筒望远镜观看条件下8上具有较强的抑制。最近的研究工作表明,抑制发挥了核心作用,无论是单眼和双眼赤字与弱视9,10。

目前临床试验的抑制倾向,来验证是否存在或不存在的抑制,而不是给抑制的程度的定量测量。在这里,我们描述了一种技术具有结构紧凑,便携式设备11,12为测量弱视抑制的。该装置由一台笔记本电脑连接到一对虚拟现实护目镜。该技术的新颖之处在于我们带来了视觉刺激来衡量抑制的方式。的刺激被显示在高对比度的弱视眼是多种多样的,而所示的非弱视眼的刺激的对比度。患者进行SIMPLE信号/噪声任务,允许精确测量兴奋的双眼相互作用的强度。既不眼具有性能上的优势的对比度偏移是“平衡点”的措施,是抑制的直接量度。对照13,14和病人6,9,11人口,这项技术已被验证之心。

除了 ​​测量抑制这种技术还形成了一种新的治疗方式的基础上,随着时间的推移,以减少抑制和改善功能的成年患者双眼和单眼弱视12,15,16。这种新的治疗方法,可部署的护目镜系统,上述或一个专门修改后的iPod touch设备15。

Protocol

1。测量抑制

  1. 在抑制测量开始之前,给病人详细的说明(见1.8)以下步骤1.2-1.8笔记本电脑的屏幕上显示的视觉刺激。所有的患者应戴眼镜/隐形眼镜屈光矫正()在整个过程中,适当调整工作距离。
  2. 的护目镜(eMagin公司8700),应安装的病人(上方的眼镜/隐形眼镜)和适当的调整。确保屏幕坐眼球表面平行。该屏幕可以调整,考虑到每个病人的瞳距。连接和校准护目镜可以在这里找到: http://www.3dvisor.com/wpcontent/uploads/2010/08/UserGuide10.7.pdf
  3. 刺激包括两类人群移动的小圆点,人口居无定所g的一个共同的方向(在'signal'点),在随机的方向(“噪音”点)和其他移动。观察员的任务是报告的信号方向。操作任务难度不同的刺激信号对噪声点的相对比例。
  4. 自定义控制这些测量的Matlab程序,利用3下降1的楼梯程序。有两个独立的测量阶段。第一提供了双眼的阈值,即,信号点的阈值数时,需要两个信号和噪声的点呈现在高对比度双眼。第二程序时实现相同的阈值的点的种群分开的眼睛所需测量的对比度不平衡。
  5. 的护目镜通过使用一个Matrox DualHead2Go的,(蒙特利尔,加拿大)的移动设备的屏幕上显示不同的图像
  6. 要开始的压制评估,测量一个双眼门槛。在这里,相同的视觉刺激AR两个眼睛和需要准确地判断点移动的方向上的信号点的最小数目的E测定。
  7. 要对齐的眼睛,每只眼睛对一个白色的屏幕,屏幕将显示一个黑色的半剖。使用键盘时,病人被要求弱视眼看到的交叉移动的一半,直到它的另一只眼睛看到的一半。重要的是,建议患者弱视眼看到的图像会变得模糊,但是,重要的是,它是取向。如果运动图像从视图中消失询问病人更频繁地闪烁,因为这可能会提高知名度的图像。可以提取精确眼部对齐(像素值),每次测量后,以确定此任务的可重复性。
  8. 一旦半十字架对准病人的报告,就可以开始测量程序。每次测量大约需要三分钟就可以完成。五短梯测量是completed的两个部分的每一个测量。测量开始之前,应给予以下说明:
  9. 为观察员的说明:
    “在这个测试中,你会被要求作出判断的方向移动图像。”
    “你会看到一组白色/灰色灰色背景点。,每个演示后,我会问你决定点多移动到左边或右边使用键盘上的左,右箭头键在你的面前“。
    “有两组的点,一些移动顺利的左侧或右侧(信号点),另一组出现在随机的方向移动。”
    “请尝试决定哪个方向(向左或向右)移动的信号点的随机点之间的混乱。” “当你继续做出决定,随机点的数量将会增加,使得它更难以看到的信号点,当它变得如此困难时,你可以不告诉的方向,请你只需要您的最佳猜测“。
  10. 现在就可以开始第一次测量。一个很好的'最后一分钟'的指令是要提醒参与者定期闪烁(闪烁的好时机是当你按下按钮“)。
  11. 现在做五次测量的双眼楼梯范例。眼对准反复进行,在每次测量之前浏览网页。
  12. 从每一次测量得到的结果是阈值的信号点(总共100点)时,两个眼睛看到的相同的刺激,正确判断方向。该计划还报告了一系列的反应,作为一个标准的测量误差。
  13. 进行下一个测量,对比度楼梯,从双目楼梯五个结果进行平均,所得到的阈值定义的信号点的数目提交弱视眼。余下的噪声的点的非弱视眼在不同的对比来评估抑制。
  14. 对于这种测量弱视眼总是能看到高对比度的点而使用的楼梯过程变化的噪声的对比度的点示出的非弱视眼。楼梯开始在一个固定数量的信号点(从步骤1.11)得到被显示在100%时的对比度和噪声点的剩余数的弱视眼对侧眼显示在0%的对比度( 无噪音点是可见的在最小的抑制所导致)。正确识别的信号点方向的查询结果在增加的对比度噪声点示出根据3 1-楼梯算法对侧眼。在整个测量显示对侧眼的噪声点,对比不同的楼梯,直到任务的性能收敛于79%的正确。这表明,信号和噪声的点的两只眼睛之间的组合,以产生相同的任务的性能水平,双眼观看条件(步骤1.11)下观察。的对比度的比值弱视眼(100%)的对比显示对侧眼在阈值的噪声点的信号点是衡量的平衡点。提高对比度显示对侧眼上面这点的噪声点,会造成抑制的信号点执行任务的弱视眼及减值。
  15. 五个测量的对比度不平衡,并计算平均的结果。结果通知水平的对比失衡,是要克服抑制,使弱视眼和对侧眼看到点同时考官。

2。使用这种方法的培训

  1. 可以使用以上步骤1.14中发现的对比度不平衡,作为起点的培训制度。培训涉及到视频游戏格式(“俄罗斯方块”)结合使用dichoptic图像的对比失衡。的视频游戏可以实现对无论是虚拟现实护目镜或iPod Touch设备上。
  2. 的视频游戏俄罗斯方块涉及一系列的下降块装配在一起,以形成完整的行。的弱视眼看到完整的对比度块,对侧眼看到了低对比度图像。信息提交给每只眼睛必须同时被视为成功的发挥。
  3. 随着时间的推移,作为训练政权继续降低的对比度不平衡通过增加对比度对侧眼,使之更难以视觉系统来克服更多类似的dichoptic的图像所造成的抑制。
  4. 培训时间应为1-2小时,一天,应该继续下去,直到没有进一步观察对比失衡的改善(增加对侧眼的对比介绍)。在培训制度,应定期进行检查单眼和双眼功能的病人年龄及相关条件决定。单眼视力,立体视功能的测试抑制和标准的测试尤为重要报告进展情况。

Representative Results

的抑制水平,发现在所描述的方法是依赖于弱视,以前的治疗中,使用的屈光校正视力的根本原因。因为每个病人有一个非常独特的历史,它是很难界定“正常”值,抑制或使人与人之间的比较。通常情况下,我们期望那些视力较差,有一个更深层次的抑制9。在训练过程中,我们降低对比度眼睛之间的失衡,抑制的深度通常会降低,这提高了一系列的双眼和单眼功能。已被证明在抑制这种变化在几个患者人群(见参考12, 表3图9中的参考文献15图2图34中,在参考文献16)。重要的是要注意,详细的测量抑制日的技术有可能提高认识弱视综合征。

图1
图1。设备用于测量抑制,其中包括1)笔记本电脑2)护目镜3)信号分配器。

图2
图2。研究参与者的护目镜上正确安装。

图3
图3概述的的随机点kinetogram刺激(步骤1.2/1.3)。顶部面板显示的对齐方式相半跨显示各眼单眼双目提示 cular对齐。中间面板中演示的信号噪声范式信号点呈现给弱视眼只和噪声点被提交至对侧眼,在双目条件下的信号和噪声相结合,得到的运动相干阈值,然后,利用在对比度不同阶段测量。底部面板中显示的对比度阈值,该过程使用的议案连贯性阈值的信号对噪声在一个固定水平,并显示不同的两只眼睛之间的对比度水平。这一点在两只眼睛看到一个平衡的双眼输入的对比度阈值或“平衡点”。

图4
图4(1.7)对准屏幕上看到通过护目镜,水平和垂直方向键是用来校准目标,直到被视为整个横。

e_content的“Fo:保持together.within”页面=“总是”> 图5
图5。训练协议的概述。

图6
图6例临床及心理获得的数据从一个斜视性弱视,成年参与者完成了训练程序(步骤2.1至2.4)。 图6A表明视力的变化(测量四个星期的LogMAR单位的对数款式图训练弱视眼(AME)和对侧眼(FFE))。较小的的的logMAR视力值表示更好的视力。的累积数量小时的游戏的是, 中所示的x轴的支架上。6B演示imba的对比度的变化枪超过四个星期的培训。 Y轴显示的对比度是可以容忍的,因此,较大的值表示抑制少对侧眼。在只有30%的对比度是可以容忍的,在训练开始前,对侧眼弱视眼的抑制。但是作为训练的进展,更多的对比可以指示抑制降低的耐受性, 图6C显示了在训练期间(测量与Randot音响测试)在立体视改善。在y-轴的零表示没有立体视觉和增加值表明改善立体声灵敏度(单位是立体声弧秒的阈值的倒数)。

图7
图7。标准的临床试验来评估培训,包括Worth四点测试(左上)前后双眼视觉状态,Bagollini乐网络搜索引擎(右上),Randot立体视觉测试(左下)和TNO立体视觉检查(右下)。

Discussion

抑制测量和治疗本文中描述的技术关键取决于操纵每只眼睛看到的图像的对比度。特别是,在出现双眼组合的相对两眼对比失衡, “平衡点对比”,提供了6,11,17抑制措施。此外,通过反复使患者弱视和抑制,以“平衡”的视觉刺激,它是可以减少抑制潜在的提高单眼和双眼视觉功能12,15,16。这些技术代表了提前抑制测量和弱视治疗的新方法。目前可用的临床试验用于评估抑制如Worth四灯测试和横纹肌镜片Bagolini评估抑制是是否存在或不存在,和其他测试,如斯比萨酒吧量化的水平抑制由使用中性密度过滤器。我们的技术提供了更多的临床信息,允许进行精确量化的力量抑制。弱视,往往与抑制,一般被阻断非弱视眼或有辱人格的非弱视眼的图像,以鼓励使用弱视眼的18。尽管此方法有效地提高弱视眼的功能18,它不直接处理伴有弱视双眼赤字。我们的技术直接针对双眼视觉功能,我们已经发现,这种方法既可以提高单眼弱视12,15,16和双眼视功能的成年患者。测量和治疗方法的描述是适合成人和儿童的使用,虽然游戏在年轻的儿童人群中的使用可能需要适应。目前,我们正在为此目的开发更多的游戏。

我们的技术也有其局限性。用的斜视和强抑制有些患者发现它具有挑战性所示的图像的每个眼睛在抑制测量协议的开始对齐。虽然它有可能为这样的患者的图像17对齐,这可能是耗时的。治疗方面,重要的是一起工作,整个培训制度,有适当资格的临床医生,如果抑制降低,并考虑复视(复视)的风险。我们以前的工作对这种治疗方法一直专注于屈光参差或小角度斜视的患者,没有病人有复视,复视,但风险应该仔细考虑门诊的基础上,由合格的临床医生对病人治疗前的管理。

第一次设立技术是很重要的,以确保所有的硬件​​连接是安全的,所有相关的驱动程序在主机电脑上停止和更新。同样重要的是使用的电脑配备的图形卡是兼容的协议中描述的Matrox图形卡,并支持1600x600的屏幕分辨率(Matr​​ox驱动程序安装一次),以确保每个的护目镜屏幕具有鲜明的图像。我们发现,大多数遇到的问题时,设立的发生是由于不正确的屏幕分辨率设置,并没有最新的驱动程序进行必要的硬件系统。同样重要的是确保护目镜屏幕前具有相同的亮度测量抑制,以确保准确和稳定的测量。

所描述的技术测量的抑制和治疗方法的进一步发展提供了基础。特别是眼睛之间的不同对比的核心原则的基础上更吸引人的视频游戏的发展可以使这种方法更高效,更是一个到年轻患者ppealing。除了 ​​从它们的临床使用,这些技术也可以被使用在研究设置探索的神经机制抑制和抑制的眼睛之间的相互作用发挥作用,在正常的视觉系统13。

Disclosures

在这个手稿中描述的技术形成的基础上通过BT和RFH,其中一个还举行了由JC和LT持有的两项专利。

Materials

Name Company Catalog Number Comments
Equipment for the measurement of suppression
Computer equipped with a graphics card compatible with a Matrox Duel Head to Go device (see below) and Psychtoolbox19,20 Any Suitable Manufacturer
Matlab software of a version compatible with Psychtoolbox Mathworks
Psychtoolbox and custom software for stimulus generation Psychtoolbox Psychtoolbox is available for download from psychtoolbox.org and the additional custom software is available from the corresponding author upon request.
Matrox Duel Head to Go Matrox
Z800 3D dual pro-HMD video goggles eMagin Corporation
Equipment for the treatment of suppression
iPod Touch Apple
Screen overlay to allow for dichopic viewing of the iPod Spatial View
Custom software for the tetris treatment game The software was built using Spatial View's proprietary SDK, full details have been published previously15

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References

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  9. Li, J., et al. The role of suppression in amblyopia. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 52, 4169-4176 (2011).
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  15. To, L., et al. A game platform for treatment of amblyopia. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 19, 280-289 (2011).
  16. Hess, R. F., Mansouri, B., Thompson, B. A new binocular approach to the treatment of amblyopia in adults well beyond the critical period of visual development. Restor. Neurol. Neurosci. 28, 793-802 (2010).
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  20. Pelli, D. G. The VideoToolbox software for visual psychophysics: transforming numbers into movies. Spat. Vis. 10, 437-442 (1997).

Tags

杂志,第70期,眼科,神经科学,解剖学,生理学,弱视,抑制,视觉皮层,双眼单视功能,可塑性强,斜视,屈光参差
测量和制止在弱视治疗
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Cite this Article

Black, J. M., Hess, R. F.,More

Black, J. M., Hess, R. F., Cooperstock, J. R., To, L., Thompson, B. The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia. J. Vis. Exp. (70), e3927, doi:10.3791/3927 (2012).

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