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Medicine

Måling og behandling af Suppression i Amblyopi

Published: December 14, 2012 doi: 10.3791/3927

Summary

Amblyopi er en udviklingsforstyrrelse af den visuelle cortex, der ofte ledsages af en kraftig undertrykkelse af det ene øje. Vi præsenterer en ny teknik til at måle og behandle interocular undertrykkelse hos patienter med amblyopi, som kan implementeres ved hjælp af virtual reality briller eller en bærbar iPod Touch enhed.

Abstract

Amblyopi, en udviklingsforstyrrelse af den visuelle cortex, er en af ​​de førende årsager til visuel dysfunktion i den arbejdsdygtige alder. Aktuelle skøn sætter forekomsten af amblyopi på cirka 1-3% 1-3, de fleste tilfælde er monokulært 2. Amblyopi er oftest forårsaget af okulær forskydning (skelen), sløre induceret af ulige brydningsfejl (anisometropia), og i nogle tilfælde ved formular afsavn.

Selvom amblyopi oprindeligt er forårsaget af unormal visuelle input i barndom først er etableret, den visuelle underskud forbliver ofte når normal visuel indgang er blevet restaureret med kirurgi og / eller refraktive korrektion. Dette skyldes, at amblyopi er et resultat af unormal visuelle cortex udvikling frem for et problem med amblyopic øjet selv 4,5. Amblyopi er kendetegnet ved både monokulare og kikkert underskud 6,7 som omfatter nedsat visuel skarphed og dårlig eller manglende stereopsis hhv. Den visuelle dysfunktion i amblyopi er ofte forbundet med en stærk undertrykkelse af input fra amblyopic øje under binokulære visningsforhold 8. Nyligt arbejde har vist, at suppression kan spille en central rolle i både monokulære og binokulære deficit i forbindelse med amblyopi 9,10.

Aktuelle kliniske tests for suppression tendens til at verificere tilstedeværelse eller fravær af suppression stedet for at give en kvantitativ måling af graden af ​​undertrykkelse. Her beskriver vi en teknik til måling amblyopic undertrykkelse med en kompakt, bærbar enhed 11,12. Anordningen består af en bærbar computer forbundet til et par virtual reality beskyttelsesbriller. Det nye i teknikken ligger i den måde, vi præsenterer visuelle stimuli til at måle undertrykkelse. Stimuli vist til amblyopic øjet ved høj kontrast mens kontrasten af ​​stimuli vist med den ikke-amblyopic øjet varieres. Patienter udføre en simple signal / støj-opgave, der giver mulighed for en præcis måling af styrken af ​​excitatoriske binokulære interaktioner. Forskydningen kontrast, som hverken øjet har en ydelse fordel er et mål for "balance point", og er et direkte mål for suppression. Denne teknik er blevet valideret psychophysically både i kontrol 13,14 og patient 6,9,11 populationer.

Ud over at måle suppression denne teknik også danner basis for en hidtil ukendt form for behandling for at reducere suppression over tid og forbedrer kikkert og ofte monokulære funktion hos voksne patienter med amblyopi 12,15,16. Denne nye behandlingsmetode kan installeres enten på goggle system beskrevet ovenfor eller på en specielt modificeret iPod touch-enhed 15.

Protocol

1. Målingen af ​​Suppression

  1. Inden du begynder målingen af ​​undertrykkelse, give patienten detaljerede instruktioner (se 1,8) og vise de visuelle stimuli i forbindelse med trin 1,2-1,8 nedenfor på den bærbare computer skærmen. Alle patienter skal bære fuld brydningskorrektion (briller / kontaktlinser) under hele proceduren, passende korrigeret for arbejdstiden afstand.
  2. De beskyttelsesbriller (eMagin 8700) skal monteres på patienten (over toppen af ​​briller / kontaktlinser) og korrekt justeret. Sikre, at skærmene sidder parallelt med øjenoverfladen. Skærmene kan justeres for at tegne sig for hver enkelt patients pupilafstand. Instruktioner for tilslutning og kalibrering af beskyttelsesbriller kan findes her: http://www.3dvisor.com/wpcontent/uploads/2010/08/UserGuide10.7.pdf .
  3. De stimuli består af to populationer af bevægelse prikker, en population moving i en fælles retning (de "signal" prikker), og den anden bevæger sig i tilfældige retninger (de 'støj' prikker). Observatøren har til opgave at rapportere signal retning. Opgaven vanskelighed manipuleres ved at variere det relative forhold af signal til støj prikker i stimulus.
  4. Den brugerdefinerede Matlab-programmer, der styrer disse målinger anvender en 3-down 1-op trappe procedure. Der er to separate målingsresidualer faser. Den første indeholder et binokulært tærskelværdi, dvs tærskelantal af signal prikker påkrævet, når både signal og støj prikker præsenteres i begge øjne med høj kontrast. Det andet program måler kontrasten ubalance nødvendig for at opnå den samme tærskelværdi, når dot befolkninger præsenteres for forskellige øjne.
  5. Forskellige billeder vises på beskyttelsesbriller skærme ved brug af en Matrox DualHead2Go, (Montreal, Canada) enhed.
  6. Til at begynde undertrykkelsen vurdering dels måle et binokulært tærskel. Her den samme visuelle stimuli are vist i begge øjne, og det mindste antal af signal prikker er nødvendige for at præcist bedømme retningen af ​​dot bevægelsen måles.
  7. Sådan justeres øjnene, vil skærmene vise en sort halv kryds i hvert øje mod en hvid skærm. Ved hjælp af tastaturet, er patienten bedt om at flytte halvdelen af ​​korset ses af det amblyopic øjet indtil det flugter med den halve set af stipendiaten øje. Det er vigtigt, at patienten tilrådes at billedet ses af amblyopic øjet kan blive sløret, men det er den justering, der er vigtig. Hvis det bevægende billede forsvinder ud af syne bede patienten om at blinke oftere, da dette kan forbedre synligheden af ​​billedet. Præcis okulær tilpasning (pixelværdier) kan udvindes efter hver måling for at fastslå repeterbarhed af denne opgave.
  8. Når patienten rapporterer, at de halve krydser ligger på linie, kan målingen påbegyndes. Hver måling tager omkring tre minutter at gennemføre. Fem korte trappe målinger completed for hver af de to dele af målingen. Følgende vejledning bør gives før målingen begynder:
  9. Instruktioner til observatøren:
    "Under denne test vil du blive bedt om at foretage en dom om retningen af ​​levende billeder."
    "Du vil se en gruppe af hvide / grå prikker mod en grå baggrund. Efter hver præsentation vil jeg bede dig at beslutte, om prikkerne meste er på vej til venstre eller højre ved hjælp af venstre og højre piletaster på tastaturet foran dig . "
    "Der er to grupper af prikker, hvoraf nogle bevæger sig jævnt til venstre eller højre (signal prikker), den anden gruppe synes at bevæge sig i tilfældige retninger."
    "Prøv at afgøre, hvilken retning signalet prikker bevæger sig i (højre eller venstre) blandt forvirring af de tilfældige prikker." "Som du fortsætter med at træffe beslutninger antallet af tilfældige prikker vil stige, hvilket gør det sværere at se signalet prikker, når det bliver så svært du ikke kan fortælle retningen, skal du bare tageDeres bedste gæt ".
  10. Den første måling kan nu begynde. En god "sidste minut" instruktion er at minde deltageren at blinke regelmæssigt ("et godt tidspunkt at blinke er, når du trykker på knappen").
  11. Fem målinger med kikkerten trappe paradigme er nu gjort. Okulær tilpasning gentages før hver måling startes.
  12. Det opnåede resultat fra hver måling er den tærskel antal signal punkter (ud af 100 punkter i alt) er nødvendige for korrekt bedømme retningen, når begge øjne se de samme stimuli. Programmet rapporterer også række reaktioner som en standard error for målingen.
  13. For den næste måling, kontrasten trappe, er de fem resultaterne fra de binokulære trapper gennemsnit og den resulterende tærskelværdien definerer antallet af signalet prikker præsenteres for amblyopic øjet. De resterende støj prikker præsenteres for ikke-amblyopic øje med varierende kontraster til at vurdere undertrykkelse.
  14. Til denne måling amblyopic øjealtid ser høj kontrast prikker mens kontrasten af ​​støj prikker vist sig at den ikke-amblyopic øje varieres ved hjælp af en trappe procedure. Ved starten af trappen et fast antal signal prikker (opnået fra trin 1,11) er vist til amblyopic øjet på 100% kontrast og det resterende antal støj prikker vises til stipendiaten øjet ved 0% kontrast (dvs. ingen støj dots er synlige resulterer i minimal undertrykkelse). Korrekte identifikation af signal-dot retning resulterer i en forøgelse i kontrasten af ​​støj prikker vises til stipendiaten øjet ifølge den 3-down 1-up trappe algoritme. Gennem målingen er kontrasten af ​​støj prikker vist sig at stipendiaten øje varieres ved trappen indtil opgaveløsningen konvergerer på 79% korrekt. Dette indikerer, at signalet og støj prikker bliver kombineret mellem de to øjne til at producere det samme niveau af opgaveløsningen, der blev observeret under binokulære visningsforholdene (trin 1.11). Forholdet mellem kontrastsignalet prikker forelagt for amblyopic øje (altid 100%) i forhold til kontrasten af ​​støj prikker vist sig at stipendiaten øje på tærsklen er et mål for balance punkt. Forøges kontrasten på de støj prikker vist sig at stipendiaten øje over dette punkt ville resultere i undertrykkelse af signal prikker vises til amblyopic øje og nedskrivninger i opgaveløsningen.
  15. Fem målinger af kontrasten ubalance og en gennemsnitlig resultat beregnes. Resultatet informerer undersøgeren om kontrastniveauet ubalance, der er nødvendigt for at overvinde suppression og tillade amblyopic øjet og kolleger øje at se prikkerne samtidigt.

2. Træning hjælp af denne metode

  1. Kontrasten ubalance fundet i trin 1,14 ovenfor kan anvendes som udgangspunkt for et træningsprogram. Uddannelsen indebærer at integrere brugen af ​​dichoptic billeder med kontrasten ubalance i et videospil format ("tetris"). Den video game kan implementeres påenten den virtuelle virkelighed beskyttelsesbriller eller på en iPod touch enhed.
  2. Videospil Tetris involverer en række faldende blokke, der er monteret sammen til dannelse af komplette anlæg. Den amblyopic øje ser fuld kontrast blokke, og stipendiaten øje ser reducerede kontrastrige billeder. Oplysninger, der forelægges til hvert øje skal opfattes samtidig for en vellykket spil.
  3. Tidens løb, når træningsprogram, fortsætter kontrasten ubalance reduceres ved at forøge kontrasten til stipendiaten øje, hvilket gør det vanskeligere for det visuelle system til at overvinde suppression forårsaget af flere lignende dichoptic billeder.
  4. Træning varighed bør være 1-2 timer om dagen og bør fortsættes indtil der ikke yderligere forbedring i kontrast ubalance (stigning i kontrast præsenteret for stipendiaten øje) overholdes. Under uddannelsen ordning bør kontrol af monokulær og binokulære funktion gøres regelmæssigt (bestemt efter alder af patienten og underliggende tilstand). Test af monokulær synsstyrke, stereopsisog standardtilfældighedstest undertrykkelse er særligt vigtige for indberetning af resultater.

Representative Results

Niveauet af suppression findes i den beskrevne metode er afhængig af den underliggende årsag til amblyopi, tidligere behandling, anvendelse af brydningskorrektion og synsskarphed. Fordi hver patient har en meget unik historie, er det vanskeligt at definere »normale« værdier for undertrykkelse eller foretage sammenligninger mellem mennesker. Generelt forventer vi, at dem med dårligere synsstyrke at have et dybere niveau af undertrykkelse 9. Under træningen, da vi reducerer kontrasten ubalance mellem øjnene dybden af ​​undertrykkelse typisk reducerer, og dette forbedrer en række af binokulære og monokulært funktioner. Denne ændring i suppression er blevet påvist i flere patientpopulationer (se figur 3 og 4 i reference 12, tabel 3 og figur 9 i reference 15 og figur 2 i reference 16). Det er vigtigt at bemærke, at detaljerede målinger af suppression ved hjælp ther teknik har potentiale til at øge vores forståelse af amblyopi syndrom.

Figur 1
Figur 1. Udstyret der anvendes til måling af undertrykkelse, som omfatter 1) laptop 2) beskyttelsesbriller 3) signal splitter.

Figur 2
Figur 2. Brillerne monteret korrekt på en undersøgelse deltager.

Figur 3
Figur 3. En oversigt over de tilfældige dot kinetogram stimuli (trin 1.2/1.3). Toppanelet viser parallelopstillingen fase, hvor en halv kryds vises til hvert øje monocularly som et kriterium til Bino cular justering. Det midterste panel viser signal-støj-paradigme, hvor signal prikker præsenteres for amblyopic øje alene og støj prikker præsenteres til stipendiaten øjet under binokulære betingelser signal og støj kombineres til opnåelse af en bevægelse sammenhæng tærskel, som derefter anvendes i kontrasten varierende fase af målingen. Det nederste panel viser kontrasttærskel, denne procedure anvender motion sammenhæng tærskel på et fast niveau af signal til støj, og viser varierende kontrastniveauet mellem de to øjne. Det punkt, hvor de to øjne ser en afbalanceret binokulært input er kontrasten grænseværdi eller "balance point".

Figur 4
Figur 4. (Trin 1,7) Alignment skærme som set gennem de briller, horisontal og vertikal piletasterne bruges til at justere mål indtil en hel kors ses.

e_content "fo: keep-together.within-page =" altid "> Figur 5
Figur 5. En oversigt over uddannelse protokollen.

Figur 6
Figur 6. Eksempel på kliniske og psykofysiske data fra en voksen deltager med strabismic amblyopi, der afsluttede uddannelsen (trin 2,1 til 2,4). 6A viser ændringen i synsstyrke (målt med en logaritmisk stil diagram i logMAR enheder løbet af fire uger af uddannelse for både amblyopic øje (AME) og kollega øjet (FFE)). Mindre LogMAR værdier indikerer bedre synsskarphed. Den kumulative antal timers spil er vist i parentes på x-aksen. Figur 6B viser ændringen i modsætning IMBAlanse over fire ugers træning. Y-aksen viser den kontrast, der kan tolereres i stipendiaten øjet derfor større værdier indikerer mindre suppression. Ved starten af ​​uddannelsen kun 30% kontrast kan tolereres i stipendiaten øjet, før den amblyopic øje blev undertrykt. Men som træning skred frem, kan mere kontrast tolereres indikerer en reduktion af suppression. Figur 6C viser forbedringen i stereoacuity over træningsperioden (målt med Randot stereo test). Zero på y-aksen angiver ingen stereo vision og stigende værdier indikerer forbedring stereo følsomhed (enheder er den reciprokke værdi af stereo tærskel i buesekunder).

Figur 7
Figur 7. Standard kliniske test, der anvendes til at vurdere binokulære syn status før og efter træning, herunder Worth 4 dot test (øverst til venstre), Bagollini lenses (øverst til højre), Randot Stereopsis test (nederst til venstre) og TNO stereopsis test (nederst til højre).

Discussion

Undertrykkelsen måling og behandling teknikker beskrevet i dette dokument yderst afhængig af manipulation af kontrasten i billederne, som hvert øje. Specifikt den relative interocular kontrast ubalance, hvor kikkerten kombination forekommer, nemlig "i balance punkt kontrast", giver et mål for undertrykkelse 6,11,17. Desuden, ved gentagne gange at eksponere patienter med amblyopi og undertrykkelse til "balanceret" visuelle stimuli er det muligt at reducere suppression og potentielt forbedre både monokulære og binokulære visuel funktion 12,15,16. Disse teknikker udgør et fremskridt i undertrykkelse måling og en ny tilgang til amblyopi behandling hhv. I øjeblikket tilgængelige kliniske test til vurdering undertrykkelse, såsom den Worth 4 lys test og Bagolini riller linser vurdere, om suppression er til stede eller fraværende, og andre tests, såsom sbisa bar kvantificere niveauet af suppression ved anvendelse af neutraledensitetsfiltre. Vores teknik giver yderligere kliniske oplysninger ved at tillade styrken af ​​undertrykkelse, der skal præcist. Amblyopi, som ofte er forbundet med suppression, er generelt behandlet ved at okkludere den ikke-amblyopic øje eller forringe billedet i den ikke-amblyopic øje for at fremme brugen af amblyopic øjet 18. Mens denne teknik er effektiv til at forbedre amblyopic øjet funktion 18, betyder det ikke direkte binokulære deficit i forbindelse med amblyopi. Vor teknik direkte målrettet binokulær visuel funktion, og vi har fundet, at denne fremgangsmåde kan forbedre både monokulære og binokulære funktion hos voksne patienter med amblyopi 12,15,16. De målte og behandling beskrevne metoder er egnede til brug hos voksne og børn, selv om de spil skal muligvis tilpasses til brug for yngre pædiatriske populationer. Vi er ved at udvikle flere spil til dette formål.

Voresteknikker har begrænsninger. Nogle patienter med en skelen og stærk undertrykkelse finder det udfordrende at tilpasse de billeder, der vises på hvert øje i begyndelsen af ​​undertrykkelsen måleprotokollen. Mens det er muligt for sådanne patienter at bringe billederne 17, kan det være tidskrævende. Med hensyn til behandling er det vigtigt at arbejde sammen med en kvalificeret kliniker hele uddannelsen regime, og til at overveje risikoen for diplopi (dobbeltsyn), hvis undertrykkelse er reduceret. Vores tidligere arbejde på denne behandling tilgang har fokuseret på patienter med anisometropia eller små-vinkel skelen og ingen patienter har udviklet dobbeltsyn, men risikoen for diplopi bør nøje overvejes af en kvalificeret læge på en patient ved patient grundlag, inden behandling administreres .

Ved opsætning af de teknikker for første gang, er det vigtigt at sikre, at alle hardware-forbindelser er sikre, og at alle relevante drivere er igået i stå og opdateret på værtscomputeren. Det er også vigtigt at bruge en computer udstyret med et grafikkort, der er kompatibelt med et Matrox grafikkort beskrevet i protokollen, og som understøtter en skærmopløsning på 1600x600 (når Matrox drivere er installeret) for at sikre, at hver goggle skærm har en klar billede. Vi har fundet, at de fleste problemer opstår, når indførelsen af ​​systemet forekomme på grund af forkerte skærmopløsning og fraværet af ajourført drivere til den nødvendige hardware. Det er også vigtigt at sikre, at begge goggle skærme lige luminans før måling suppression at sikre nøjagtige og stabile målinger.

De beskrevne teknikker giver et fundament for yderligere udvikling af undertrykkelse måling og behandling tilgange. Især skulle udviklingen af ​​mere engagerende videospil baseret på det centrale princip i varierende kontrast mellem øjnene gøre denne tilgang mere effektiv og mere enppealing med yngre patienter. Bortset fra deres kliniske anvendelse, kan disse teknikker også anvendes i et forskningsmiljø til at undersøge de neurale mekanismer, der ligger suppression og den rolle, inhibitoriske vekselvirkninger mellem øjnene spiller i den normale visuelle system 13.

Disclosures

Teknikkerne beskrevet i dette manuskript danner grundlag af to patenter tilhørende BT og RFH, hvoraf den ene vedrører tillige JC og LT.

Materials

Name Company Catalog Number Comments
Equipment for the measurement of suppression
Computer equipped with a graphics card compatible with a Matrox Duel Head to Go device (see below) and Psychtoolbox19,20 Any Suitable Manufacturer
Matlab software of a version compatible with Psychtoolbox Mathworks
Psychtoolbox and custom software for stimulus generation Psychtoolbox Psychtoolbox is available for download from psychtoolbox.org and the additional custom software is available from the corresponding author upon request.
Matrox Duel Head to Go Matrox
Z800 3D dual pro-HMD video goggles eMagin Corporation
Equipment for the treatment of suppression
iPod Touch Apple
Screen overlay to allow for dichopic viewing of the iPod Spatial View
Custom software for the tetris treatment game The software was built using Spatial View's proprietary SDK, full details have been published previously15

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References

  1. Webber, A. L., Wood, J. Amblyopia: prevalence, natural history, functional effects and treatment. Clin. Exp. Optom. 88, 365-375 (2005).
  2. Dirani, M., et al. Prevalence of refractive error in Singaporean Chinese children: the strabismus, amblyopia, and refractive error in young Singaporean Children (STARS) study. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 51, 1348-1355 (2010).
  3. Group, M.-e. P.E.D.S. Prevalence of amblyopia and strabismus in African American and Hispanic children ages 6 to 72 months the multi-ethnic pediatric eye disease study. Ophthalmology. 115, 1229-1236 (2008).
  4. Hess, R. F., Li, X., Lu, G., Thompson, B., Hansen, B. C. The contrast dependence of the cortical fMRI deficit in amblyopia; a selective loss at higher contrasts. Hum. Brain Mapp. 31, 1233-1248 (2010).
  5. Li, X., Dumoulin, S. O., Mansouri, B., Hess, R. F. Cortical deficits in human amblyopia: their regional distribution and their relationship to the contrast detection deficit. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 48, 1575-1591 (2007).
  6. Mansouri, B., Thompson, B., Hess, R. F. Measurement of suprathreshold binocular interactions in amblyopia. Vision Res. 48, 2775-2784 (2008).
  7. Agrawal, R., Conner, I. P., Odom, J. V., Schwartz, T. L., Mendola, J. D. Relating binocular and monocular vision in strabismic and anisometropic amblyopia. Arch. Ophthalmol. 124, 844-850 (2006).
  8. Baker, D. H., Meese, T. S., Hess, R. F. Contrast masking in strabismic amblyopia: attenuation, noise, interocular suppression and binocular summation. Vision research. 48, 1625-1640 (2008).
  9. Li, J., et al. The role of suppression in amblyopia. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 52, 4169-4176 (2011).
  10. Rahi, J., Logan, S., Timms, C., Russell-Eggitt, I., Taylor, D. Risk, causes, and outcomes of visual impairment after loss of vision in the non-amblyopic eye: a population-based study. Lancet. 360, 597-602 (2002).
  11. Black, J. M., Thompson, B., Maehara, G., Hess, R. F. A compact clinical instrument for quantifying suppression. Optom. Vis. Sci. 88, 334-343 (2011).
  12. Hess, R. F., Mansouri, B., Thompson, B. A binocular approach to treating amblyopia: antisuppression therapy. Optom. Vis. Sci. 87, 697-704 (2010).
  13. Li, J., et al. Quantifying sensory eye dominance in the normal visual system: a new technique and insights into variation across traditional tests. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 51, 6875-6881 (2010).
  14. Zhang, P., Bobier, W., Thompson, B., Hess, R. F. Binocular Balance in Normal Vision and Its Modulation by Mean Luminance. Optom. Vis. Sci. , (2011).
  15. To, L., et al. A game platform for treatment of amblyopia. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 19, 280-289 (2011).
  16. Hess, R. F., Mansouri, B., Thompson, B. A new binocular approach to the treatment of amblyopia in adults well beyond the critical period of visual development. Restor. Neurol. Neurosci. 28, 793-802 (2010).
  17. Goodman, L. K., Black, J. M., Phillips, G., Hess, R. F., Thompson, B. Excitatory binocular interactions in two cases of alternating strabismus. J. Aapos. 15, 345-349 (2011).
  18. Holmes, J. M., Clarke, M. P. Amblyopia. Lancet. 367, 1343-1351 (2006).
  19. Brainard, D. H. The Psychophysics Toolbox. Spat. Vis. 10, 433-436 (1997).
  20. Pelli, D. G. The VideoToolbox software for visual psychophysics: transforming numbers into movies. Spat. Vis. 10, 437-442 (1997).

Tags

Medicin oftalmologi Neuroscience anatomi fysiologi Amblyopi undertrykkelse visuel cortex binokulære syn plasticitet skelen anisometropia
Måling og behandling af Suppression i Amblyopi
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Cite this Article

Black, J. M., Hess, R. F.,More

Black, J. M., Hess, R. F., Cooperstock, J. R., To, L., Thompson, B. The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia. J. Vis. Exp. (70), e3927, doi:10.3791/3927 (2012).

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    Lung CT Segmentation to Identify Consolidations and Ground Glass Areas for Quantitative Assesment of SARS-CoV Pneumonia
  • Research • Medicine
    Electroretinogram Recording for Infants and Children under Anesthesia to Achieve Optimal Dark Adaptation and International Standards
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of Tissue Oxygenation Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Capnography Sampling Line Compatibility and Accuracy when Used with a Portable Capnography Monitor
  • Research • Medicine
    Simultaneous Laryngopharyngeal and Conventional Esophageal pH Monitoring
  • Research • Medicine
    Real-Time Monitoring of Neurocritical Patients with Diffuse Optical Spectroscopies
  • Research • Neuroscience
    Evaluating Postural Control and Lower-extremity Muscle Activation in Individuals with Chronic Ankle Instability
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Dependence in Activities of Daily Living Among Older Patients in an Acute Care Unit
  • Research • Medicine
    Validated LC-MS/MS Panel for Quantifying 11 Drug-Resistant TB Medications in Small Hair Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    International Expert Consensus and Recommendations for Neonatal Pneumothorax Ultrasound Diagnosis and Ultrasound-guided Thoracentesis Procedure
  • Research • Biology
    A Finite Element Approach for Locating the Center of Resistance of Maxillary Teeth
  • Research • Medicine
    Lower Limb Biomechanical Analysis of Healthy Participants
  • Research • Neuroscience
    Assessing Early Stage Open-Angle Glaucoma in Patients by Isolated-Check Visual Evoked Potential
  • Research • Medicine
    Oral Health Assessment by Lay Personnel for Older Adults
  • Research • Medicine
    Determining and Controlling External Power Output During Regular Handrim Wheelchair Propulsion
  • Research • Medicine
    A Whole Body Dosimetry Protocol for Peptide-Receptor Radionuclide Therapy (PRRT): 2D Planar Image and Hybrid 2D+3D SPECT/CT Image Methods
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of Carotenoids in Perifovea using the Macular Pigment Reflectometer
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Static Graviceptive Perception in the Roll-Plane using the Subjective Visual Vertical Paradigm
  • Research • Medicine
    Learning Modern Laryngeal Surgery in a Dissection Laboratory
  • Research • Medicine
    DIPLOMA Approach for Standardized Pathology Assessment of Distal Pancreatectomy Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    A Computerized Functional Skills Assessment and Training Program Targeting Technology Based Everyday Functional Skills
  • Research • Medicine
    Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Integrating Augmented Reality Tools in Breast Cancer Related Lymphedema Prognostication and Diagnosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasonographic Assessment During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of the Hepatic Venous Pressure Gradient and Transjugular Liver Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Patient Directed Recording of a Bipolar Three-Lead Electrocardiogram using a Smartwatch with ECG Function
  • Research • Medicine
    Traditional Trail Making Test Modified into Brand-new Assessment Tools: Digital and Walking Trail Making Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Biopsy Data to Guide Sampling Procedures for Prostate Cancer Biobanking
  • Research • Medicine
    A Fluorescence-based Assay for Characterization and Quantification of Lipid Droplet Formation in Human Intestinal Organoids
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Non-invasive Method for the Detection of Elevated Intra-compartmental Pressures of the Leg
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Mapping of Specific Ventilation in the Human Lung using Proton Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Oxygen as a Contrast Agent
  • Research • Neuroscience
    Portable Thermographic Screening for Detection of Acute Wallenberg's Syndrome
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of MRI-ultrasound Fusion to Achieve Targeted Prostate Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Testing of all Six Semicircular Canals with Video Head Impulse Test Systems
  • Research • Medicine
    Protocol and Guidelines for Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Diagnosing Neonatal Pulmonary Diseases Based on International Expert Consensus
  • Research • Neuroscience
    Bilateral Assessment of the Corticospinal Pathways of the Ankle Muscles Using Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
  • Research • Medicine
    Targeting Gray Rami Communicantes in Selective Chemical Lumbar Sympathectomy
  • Research • Medicine
    Multi-Modal Home Sleep Monitoring in Older Adults
  • Research • Medicine
    Cardiac Magnetic Resonance for the Evaluation of Suspected Cardiac Thrombus: Conventional and Emerging Techniques
  • Research • Medicine
    Observational Study Protocol for Repeated Clinical Examination and Critical Care Ultrasonography Within the Simple Intensive Care Studies
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurements of Motor Function and Other Clinical Outcome Parameters in Ambulant Children with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of the Efficacy of An Osteopathic Treatment in Infants with Biomechanical Impairments to Suckling
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantification of Levator Ani Hiatus Enlargement by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Males and Females with Pelvic Organ Prolapse
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative [18F]-Naf-PET-MRI Analysis for the Evaluation of Dynamic Bone Turnover in a Patient with Facetogenic Low Back Pain
  • Research • Medicine
    Generation of Human 3D Lung Tissue Cultures (3D-LTCs) for Disease Modeling
  • Research • Medicine
    Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
  • Research • Medicine
    Combining Volumetric Capnography And Barometric Plethysmography To Measure The Lung Structure-function Relationship
  • Research • Medicine
    Two-Dimensional X-Ray Angiography to Examine Fine Vascular Structure Using a Silicone Rubber Injection Compound
  • Research • Medicine
    Preparation, Procedures and Evaluation of Platelet-Rich Plasma Injection in the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis
  • Research • Medicine
    Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging at 7 Tesla
  • Research • Medicine
    Semi-quantitative Assessment Using [18F]FDG Tracer in Patients with Severe Brain Injury
  • Research • Medicine
    Handheld Metal Detector Screening for Metallic Foreign Body Ingestion in Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Conducting Maximal and Submaximal Endurance Exercise Testing to Measure Physiological and Biological Responses to Acute Exercise in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    A Metadata Extraction Approach for Clinical Case Reports to Enable Advanced Understanding of Biomedical Concepts
  • Research • Medicine
    Autonomic Function Following Concussion in Youth Athletes: An Exploration of Heart Rate Variability Using 24-hour Recording Methodology
  • Research • Medicine
    Hydra, a Computer-Based Platform for Aiding Clinicians in Cardiovascular Analysis and Diagnosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Objective Nociceptive Assessment in Ventilated ICU Patients: A Feasibility Study Using Pupillometry and the Nociceptive Flexion Reflex
  • Research • Medicine
    'Boden Food Plate': Novel Interactive Web-based Method for the Assessment of Dietary Intake
  • Research • Medicine
    Anogenital Distance and Perineal Measurements of the Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) Quantification System
  • Research • Medicine
    Bedside Ultrasound for Guiding Fluid Removal in Patients with Pulmonary Edema: The Reverse-FALLS Protocol
  • Research • Medicine
    Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation of Primary Human Decidual Cells from the Fetal Membranes of Term Placentae
  • Research • Medicine
    Skeletal Muscle Neurovascular Coupling, Oxidative Capacity, and Microvascular Function with 'One Stop Shop' Near-infrared Spectroscopy
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting Hair Samples for Hair Cortisol Analysis in African Americans
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vivo Morphometric Analysis of Human Cranial Nerves Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Menière's Disease Ears and Normal Hearing Ears
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (Cf-PWV) to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness
  • Research • Medicine
    Standardized Measurement of Nasal Membrane Transepithelial Potential Difference (NPD)
  • Research • Medicine
    Taste Exam: A Brief and Validated Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Absorption of Nasal and Bronchial Fluids: Precision Sampling of the Human Respiratory Mucosa and Laboratory Processing of Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Methodology for Sputum Induction and Laboratory Processing
  • Research • Medicine
    Electrophysiological Measurement of Noxious-evoked Brain Activity in Neonates Using a Flat-tip Probe Coupled to Electroencephalography
  • Research • Medicine
    A Detailed Protocol for Physiological Parameters Acquisition and Analysis in Neurosurgical Critical Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Oral Biofilm Sampling for Microbiome Analysis in Healthy Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia
  • Research • Medicine
    Application of an Amplitude-integrated EEG Monitor (Cerebral Function Monitor) to Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    3D Ultrasound Imaging: Fast and Cost-effective Morphometry of Musculoskeletal Tissue
  • Research • Medicine
    The 4-vessel Sampling Approach to Integrative Studies of Human Placental Physiology In Vivo
  • Research • Medicine
    A Component-resolved Diagnostic Approach for a Study on Grass Pollen Allergens in Chinese Southerners with Allergic Rhinitis and/or Asthma
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
  • Research • Medicine
    A Method for Quantifying Upper Limb Performance in Daily Life Using Accelerometers
  • Research • Medicine
    Non-invasive Assessments of Subjective and Objective Recovery Characteristics Following an Exhaustive Jump Protocol
  • Research • Medicine
    Experimental Protocol of a Three-minute, All-out Arm Crank Exercise Test in Spinal-cord Injured and Able-bodied Individuals
  • Research • Medicine
    Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Pulmonary Capillary Blood Volume, Membrane Diffusing Capacity, and Intrapulmonary Arteriovenous Anastomoses During Exercise
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Child Anthropometry in a Large Epidemiologic Study
  • Research • Medicine
    Video Movement Analysis Using Smartphones (ViMAS): A Pilot Study
  • Research • Medicine
    Network Analysis of Foramen Ovale Electrode Recordings in Drug-resistant Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Induction and Assessment of Exertional Skeletal Muscle Damage in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    A Detailed Protocol for Perspiration Monitoring Using a Novel, Small, Wireless Device
  • Research • Medicine
    Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
  • Research • Medicine
    Integrated Compensatory Responses in a Human Model of Hemorrhage
  • Research • Medicine
    Transthoracic Speckle Tracking Echocardiography for the Quantitative Assessment of Left Ventricular Myocardial Deformation
  • Research • Medicine
    Impression Cytology of the Lid Wiper Area
  • Research • Behavior
    A Protocol of Manual Tests to Measure Sensation and Pain in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    Unbiased Deep Sequencing of RNA Viruses from Clinical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    A Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cell-based Model of the Human Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier to Study Bacterial Infection from the Basolateral Side
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Profiling of MicroRNA-containing Exosomes from Human Bile
  • Research • Medicine
    Generation of Microtumors Using 3D Human Biogel Culture System and Patient-derived Glioblastoma Cells for Kinomic Profiling and Drug Response Testing
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Using a Laminating Technique to Perform Confocal Microscopy of the Human Sclera
  • Research • Medicine
    Intravenous Endotoxin Challenge in Healthy Humans: An Experimental Platform to Investigate and Modulate Systemic Inflammation
  • Research • Medicine
    Modeling and Simulations of Olfactory Drug Delivery with Passive and Active Controls of Nasally Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols
  • Research • Medicine
    Exosomal miRNA Analysis in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Patients' Plasma Through qPCR: A Feasible Liquid Biopsy Tool
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multimodal Imaging- and Stimulation-based Method of Evaluating Connectivity-related Brain Excitability in Patients with Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges
  • Research • Medicine
    Using Saccadometry with Deep Brain Stimulation to Study Normal and Pathological Brain Function
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Fundus Autofluorescence for the Evaluation of Retinal Diseases
  • Research • Medicine
    Diagnosis of Musculus Gastrocnemius Tightness - Key Factors for the Clinical Examination
  • Research • Medicine
    Stereo-Electro-Encephalo-Graphy (SEEG) With Robotic Assistance in the Presurgical Evaluation of Medical Refractory Epilepsy: A Technical Note
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Transcutaneous Microcirculatory Imaging in Preterm Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    Using an Ingestible Telemetric Temperature Pill to Assess Gastrointestinal Temperature During Exercise
  • Research • Medicine
    Design, Fabrication, and Administration of the Hand Active Sensation Test (HASTe)
  • Research • Medicine
    MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder
  • Research • Medicine
    Functional Human Liver Preservation and Recovery by Means of Subnormothermic Machine Perfusion
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multicenter MRI Protocol for the Evaluation and Quantification of Deep Vein Thrombosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Determining The Electromyographic Fatigue Threshold Following a Single Visit Exercise Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of Electromagnetic Navigational Transthoracic Needle Aspiration (E-TTNA) for Sampling of Lung Nodules
  • Research • Medicine
    Trabecular Meshwork Response to Pressure Elevation in the Living Human Eye
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vivo, Percutaneous, Needle Based, Optical Coherence Tomography of Renal Masses
  • Research • Medicine
    Establishment of Human Epithelial Enteroids and Colonoids from Whole Tissue and Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Human Brown Adipose Tissue Depots Automatically Segmented by Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography and Registered Magnetic Resonance Images
  • Research • Medicine
    Preparation and Respirometric Assessment of Mitochondria Isolated from Skeletal Muscle Tissue Obtained by Percutaneous Needle Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    A Methodological Approach to Non-invasive Assessments of Vascular Function and Morphology
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Immortalization of Patient-derived Cell Lines from Muscle Biopsy for Disease Modeling
  • Research • Medicine
    State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
  • Research • Medicine
    The Supraclavicular Fossa Ultrasound View for Central Venous Catheter Placement and Catheter Change Over Guidewire
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of the Brachial Artery in Clinical Research
  • Research • Medicine
    Tracking the Mammary Architectural Features and Detecting Breast Cancer with Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes
  • Research • Medicine
    DTI of the Visual Pathway - White Matter Tracts and Cerebral Lesions
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection, Isolation, and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Human Endocervical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multi-Modal Approach to Assessing Recovery in Youth Athletes Following Concussion
  • Research • Medicine
    Clinical Assessment of Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Patients and Older Adults
  • Research • Medicine
    Multi-electrode Array Recordings of Human Epileptic Postoperative Cortical Tissue
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection and Extraction of Saliva DNA for Next Generation Sequencing
  • Research • Medicine
    Fast and Accurate Exhaled Breath Ammonia Measurement
  • Research • Medicine
    Developing Neuroimaging Phenotypes of the Default Mode Network in PTSD: Integrating the Resting State, Working Memory, and Structural Connectivity
  • Research • Medicine
    Two Methods for Establishing Primary Human Endometrial Stromal Cells from Hysterectomy Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Coordinate Mapping of Hyolaryngeal Mechanics in Swallowing
  • Research • Medicine
    Network Analysis of the Default Mode Network Using Functional Connectivity MRI in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    EEG Mu Rhythm in Typical and Atypical Development
  • Research • Medicine
    The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT): An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Functional Characterization of Human Ventricular Cardiomyocytes from Fresh Surgical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Primary Culture of Human Vestibular Schwannomas
  • Research • Medicine
    Utility of Dissociated Intrinsic Hand Muscle Atrophy in the Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Lesion Explorer: A Video-guided, Standardized Protocol for Accurate and Reliable MRI-derived Volumetrics in Alzheimer's Disease and Normal Elderly
  • Research • Medicine
    Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Culture, and Imaging of Human Fetal Pancreatic Cell Clusters
  • Research • Medicine
    3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Computerized Dynamic Posturography for Postural Control Assessment in Patients with Intermittent Claudication
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting Saliva and Measuring Salivary Cortisol and Alpha-amylase in Frail Community Residing Older Adults via Family Caregivers
  • Research • Medicine
    Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Analysis of Neurodegenerative Diseases
  • Research • Medicine
    Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Retinal Surgical Specimens Using jouRNAl
  • Research • Medicine
    Improved Protocol For Laser Microdissection Of Human Pancreatic Islets From Surgical Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Respiratory Muscle Activation Using Respiratory Motor Control Assessment (RMCA) in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury
  • Research • Medicine
    Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting And Measuring Wound Exudate Biochemical Mediators In Surgical Wounds
  • Research • Medicine
    A Research Method For Detecting Transient Myocardial Ischemia In Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome Using Continuous ST-segment Analysis
  • Research • Medicine
    Using a Chemical Biopsy for Graft Quality Assessment
  • Research • Medicine
    Characterizing Exon Skipping Efficiency in DMD Patient Samples in Clinical Trials of Antisense Oligonucleotides
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vitro Assessment of Cardiac Function Using Skinned Cardiomyocytes
  • Research • Medicine
    Normothermic Ex Situ Heart Perfusion in Working Mode: Assessment of Cardiac Function and Metabolism
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Vascular Control Mechanisms Utilizing Video Microscopy of Isolated Resistance Arteries of Rats
  • Research • Medicine
    Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) for Research; Obtaining Adequate Sample Yield
  • Research • Medicine
    Non-invasive Optical Measurement of Cerebral Metabolism and Hemodynamics in Infants
  • Research • Medicine
    Tilt Testing with Combined Lower Body Negative Pressure: a "Gold Standard" for Measuring Orthostatic Tolerance
  • Research • Medicine
    Driving Simulation in the Clinic: Testing Visual Exploratory Behavior in Daily Life Activities in Patients with Visual Field Defects
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Characterization and Comparative Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Derived from Permanent Teeth by Using Two Different Methods
  • Research • Medicine
    Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking (IPL): Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Intraoperative Detection of Subtle Endometriosis: A Novel Paradigm for Detection and Treatment of Pelvic Pain Associated with the Loss of Peritoneal Integrity
  • Research • Medicine
    The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection Protocol for Human Pancreas
  • Research • Medicine
    The α-test: Rapid Cell-free CD4 Enumeration Using Whole Saliva
  • Research • Medicine
    The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Donor Tissue Preparation for Endothelial Keratoplasty
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantification of Atherosclerotic Plaque Activity and Vascular Inflammation using [18-F] Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (FDG-PET/CT)
  • Research • Medicine
    Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography of Retinal Circulation
  • Research • Medicine
    Utilizing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Study the Human Neuromuscular System
  • Research • Medicine
    Detection and Genogrouping of Noroviruses from Children's Stools By Taqman One-step RT-PCR
  • Research • Medicine
    Method to Measure Tone of Axial and Proximal Muscle
  • Research • Medicine
    The Trier Social Stress Test Protocol for Inducing Psychological Stress
  • Research • Medicine
    Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Multifocal Electroretinograms
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation of Human Islets from Partially Pancreatectomized Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quantification of Pulmonary Perfusion using Calibrated Arterial Spin Labeling
  • Research • Medicine
    Manual Muscle Testing: A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department
  • Research • Medicine
    A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
  • Research • Medicine
    An Investigation of the Effects of Sports-related Concussion in Youth Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Head Impact Telemetry System
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Confocal Microscopy: A Novel Non-invasive Technique to Quantify Small Fibre Pathology in Peripheral Neuropathies
  • Research • Medicine
    Methods to Quantify Pharmacologically Induced Alterations in Motor Function in Human Incomplete SCI
  • Research • Medicine
    Multispectral Real-time Fluorescence Imaging for Intraoperative Detection of the Sentinel Lymph Node in Gynecologic Oncology
  • Research • Medicine
    Technique to Collect Fungiform (Taste) Papillae from Human Tongue
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessing Endothelial Vasodilator Function with the Endo-PAT 2000
  • Research • Medicine
    Making Sense of Listening: The IMAP Test Battery
  • Research • Medicine
    An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)
  • Research • Biology
    Bioelectric Analyses of an Osseointegrated Intelligent Implant Design System for Amputees
  • Research • Biology
    Demonstration of Cutaneous Allodynia in Association with Chronic Pelvic Pain
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