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Medicine

Den α-test: Rapid Cellefri CD4 Optælling Anvendelse helspyt

Published: May 16, 2012 doi: 10.3791/3999

Summary

En CD4 tælling metode, α-testen er beskrevet som anvender hele spyt for at tilvejebringe hurtige og nøjagtige CD4 tællinger. De α-test koster øre og eliminerer behovet for teknisk uddannelse, dyre reagenser, såsom monoklonale antistoffer, instrumentering, køleanlæg, transport af prøver samt indsamling og håndtering af blod.

Abstract

Der er et presserende behov for en overkommelig pris CD4 tælling til at overvåge HIV-sygdom. CD4 tælling er uden for rækkevidde i ressource-begrænset områder på grund af den tid og temperatur begrænsninger, teknisk raffinement og omkostninger af reagenser, navnlig monoklonale antistoffer til at måle CD4 på blodceller, den eneste i øjeblikket acceptabel metode. En almindeligt anvendt omkostningsbesparende og tidsbesparende laboratorium strategi er at beregne, snarere end foranstaltninger visse blodværdier. For eksempel LDL-niveauer beregnes ved hjælp af målte niveauer af total cholesterol, HDL og triglycerider 1. Således identifikation af cellefrie korrelerer der direkte regulere antallet af CD4 + T-celler kan tilvejebringe en nøjagtig metode til beregning af CD4-tællinger på grund af fysiologiske relevans af korrelerer.

Antallet af stamceller, der træder blod og er bestemt til at blive cirkulerende CD4 +-T-celler bestemmes ved chemokin CXCL12 ennd dets receptor CXCR4 på grund af deres indflydelse på bevægelse 2. Processen stamcelle bevægelse i blodet er yderligere reguleres ved celleoverfladen human leukocytelastase (HLE CS) og HLE CS-reaktive aktive α 1-proteinaseinhibitoren PI, α en antitrypsin, SerpinA1) 3. I HIV-1-sygdom, er α 1 PI inaktiveret skyldes sygdomsprocesser 4. I de tidlige asymptomatiske kategorier af HIV-1 sygdom, blev aktivt α en PI fundet at være under normal i 100% af ubehandlede HIV-1-patienter (median = 12 uM, og for at opnå normale niveauer i de symptomer kategori 4, 5. Denne mønster er blevet tilskrevet immun inaktivering, ikke tilstrækkelig syntese, proteolytisk inaktivering eller iltning. Vi observerede, at HIV-1 individer med> 220 CD4 celler / ul blev CD4 tællinger korreleret med serumniveauer af aktiv α en PI (r2 = 0,93, p &lt, 0,0001, n = 26) og inaktive α en PI (R2 = 0,91, p <0,0001, n = 26) 5. Indgivelse af α 1-PI til HIV-1 inficerede og uinficerede individer resulterede i dramatiske stigninger i CD4 tællinger antyder α en PI deltager i reguleringen af antallet af CD4 + T-celler i blodet 3.

Ved stimulering indeholder helspyt tilstrækkelig serøs væske (plasma indeholdende proteinholdigt materiale, som passerer gennem blodkarvægge i spyt) for at tillade måling af aktiv α 1-PI og korrelation af denne måling er bevis på, at det er en nøjagtig metode til beregning af CD4 tællinger. Kort fortalt sialogogues såsom tyggegummi eller citronsyre stimulere udsivning af serum i hele munden spyt. Efter stimulering serum exudat, er aktiviteten af serum α 1-PI i spyt målt ved dets evne til at inhibere elastase-aktivitet. Porcin pancreatisk elastase (PPE)er et let tilgængeligt billig kilde af elastase. PPE binder til α en PI danner en én-til-en kompleks, der forhindrer PV i spalte de specifikke substrater, hvoraf den ene er den kolorimetriske peptidet, succinyl-L-Ala-L-Ala-L-Ala-p-nitroanilid (SA 3 NA). Inkubering spyt med en mættende koncentration af PV i 10 minutter ved stuetemperatur tillader binding af PV til alle aktive α en PI i spyt. Den resulterende inhibering af PV af aktiv α en PI kan måles ved at tilsætte PPE substratet SA 3 NA. (Figur 1). Selv CD4 tællinger målt i blodvolumen (CD4 celler / ul), er koncentrationen af α 1-PI i spyt relateret til koncentrationen af serum i spyt, ikke volumen spyt, idet mængden kan variere betydeligt i løbet af dagen og personen til person 6. Imidlertid næsten hele proteinet i spyt skyldes serum indhold, og proteinindholdet af spyt er MEAsurable 7. Således er aktiv α en PI spyt beregnet som et forhold til spyt proteinindhold og betegnes α en PI Index. Resultaterne præsenteret heri viser, at α en PI indeks tilvejebringer en nøjagtig og præcis fysiologisk metode til beregning af CD4 tællinger.

Protocol

1. Forbered Friske Working Solutions

  1. TBS: 0,05 M Tris-pufret saltopløsning, pH 7,8 (TBS). Fremstille 60 ml TBS / mikrotiterplade.
  2. PPE: porcin pancreatisk elastase, type 1 (PPE) er tilvejebragt som en suspension. Ryst godt og fortyndes PV i TBS til ca 0,01 U / ml. Fremstilling af 6 ml arbejdsopløsning / mikrotiterplade).
  3. SA 3 NA: succinyl-L-Ala-L-Ala-L-Ala-p-nitroanilid (SA 3 NA). Fremstille 0,1 M stamopløsning SA 3 NA opløsning i dimethylsulfoxid (DMSO) og anvendes straks eller opbevares ved -20 ° C. Fremstille 6ml arbejdsopløsning / mikrotiterplade ved fortynding bestand SA 3 NA opløsning 1/100 i TBS.
  4. Coomassie Blue: Der fremstilles en stamopløsning af 10% Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 (Coomassie Blue) i TBS og anvendes straks eller opbevares ved -20 ° C. Fremstilling af 6 ml arbejdsopløsning ved at fortynde stamopløsningen 1/1000 i TBS.

2. Forbered Spyt

Spyt Collection: i stående stilling, serum udsondring stimulere i spyt ved at placere et sialagogum såsom citronsyre eller tyggegummi i munden. A-sukker-fri citron drop er bekvemt for HIV-1 patienter, som ofte er tandløse og ude af stand til at tygge tyggegummi. Swallow som er nødvendig for de første 3 min, og samle hele munden spyt til en udjævnet kop for de næste 3 min. Dette vil give cirka 2 ml af spyt. Anvendes straks eller opbevares ved -80 ° C.
  • SPYT HÅNDTERING: Hvis produktet er frosset, optø prøven ved 37 ° C og anbring på is. Lagring frisk eller optøet prøven ved 2-4 ° C ikke mere end 3 dage. Undlad at slynge spyt og undgå pipettering mucin, der ikke indeholder serum ekssudat. Brug Standard Forholdsregler ved håndtering spyt http://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/pdf/isolation/Isolation2007.pdf .
  • 3. Mikrotiterplade Set-up

    1. Enheder: Til hver brønd sættes 20 ul spyt for et slutvolumen på 150 gl / brønd. Blandes ved pipettering uden at indføre bobler.
    2. KONTROL: Den positive kontrol indeholder PPE, men ingen spyt. Den negative kontrol indeholder spyt, men ingen PPE.To den positive kontrol brønd tilsættes 20 uL TBS. Til den negative kontrol brønd tilsættes 20 uL spyt.
    3. PPE inkubation: Ryst PPE arbejdsopløsning godt. Tilsættes 50 uL PPE bearbejdning opløsning til hver brønd med undtagelse af de negative kontrolbrønde. De negative kontrolbrønde, 50 pi TBS tilsættes. Inkuber 10 min ved 23 ° C.
    4. Substratinkubation: Tilsæt 50 ul SA 3 NA arbejder opløsning til hver brønd. Inkuber 45 min ved 23 ° C.
    5. Coomassie Blue. Tilsæt 50 uL Coomassie Blue arbejdsopløsning </ Li>
    6. Udlæsning: Læs absorbans i mikropladelæser, A 405 nm for at påvise SA 3 NA spaltning som repræsenterer aktive α en PI og en 595 nm for at påvise Coomassie Blue som repræsenterer proteinindhold.

    4. Beregn α en PI Index

    1. Normalisere GENNEMSNITLIGE A 405 nm og en 595 nm: For hver tre eksemplarer, den gennemsnitlige beregne. Træk den negative kontrol gennemsnit fra prøven gennemsnittet. For at minimere plade-til-plade variation, normalisere gennemsnit ved at dividere hver prøve gennemsnit af den positive kontrol gennemsnit som følger:

    Ligning 1

    1. BEREGN DET α 1 PI INEX: Del normaliserede A 405 nm af de normaliserede A 595 nm:


    5. Repræsentative resultater

    For at afgøre, om α-testen måske være egnet til brug som en point-of-care screening test til kontrol CD4-tællinger i endemiske, ressource-begrænsede områder, blev stimuleret spyt indsamlet fra 20 kvindelige og 11 mandlige HIV-1 forsøgspersoner deltage klinik for rutinemæssige pleje i Cameroun. Overensstemmelse med indledende iagttagelser under udviklingen af α-testen med spyt opsamlet i New York City, α en PI-indeks i spyt opsamlet i Cameroun korreleret med CD4 tællinger (R2 = 0,91, p <0,0001. N = 31). Forholdet blev defineret ved en 3-parameter sigmoidal kurve, som er konsistent med en dosis-respons-forhold (Figur 2A). 95% tillid og forudsigelse intervaller er afbildet med blå og røde linjer, henholdsvis (Figur 2B).

    Ien tidligere undersøgelse har vi konstateret, at CD4 + T-celler udviser sinusformet cykling med periodicitet 23 ± 3,5 dage i HIV-1 individer og hos patienter med arvelig version af α en PI-deficiens (Pizz) 3. Afbildet heri er et repræsentativt eksempel på computer-genereret sinuskurve analyse af CD4 cykler i en ikke-HIV-1 sund kontrol udviser 27 dage periodicitet (figur 3A).

    Computergenereret sinuskurve analyse af CD4 +-T-celle-ændringer i 6 forsøgspersoner viste værdier for spids-til-spids-amplitude og aksen af oscillation 3. Som det ville forventes, blev akse af oscillationen korrelerede med amplitude (r2 = 0,96, p = 0,009, n = 6) (figur 3B). Hos patienter vil lave CD4 T +-celletal, de cykliske ændringer i CD4 T-celletal var lille, og i patienter med høje CD4 +-T-celletal var cykliske ændringer store.

    Fordiregressionslinje afbildet i figur 2 anslår aksen af oscillation og aksen af oscillationen er korreleret med amplitude, amplitude kan beregnes for regressionslinjen derved estimere, hvor langt over og under regressionslinjen CD4 + T-celler vil forventes at variere på grund af cykling (figur 3C). Overlejring af den amplitude beregnes i figur 3C og konfidensintervallet beregnet i figur 2B, blev det konstateret, at amplituden (grøn linje) ligger inden for 95% konfidensintervallet (blå linie) (figur 3D).

    Figur 1
    Figur 1. Procedure Resumé: Place citronsyre i munden og indsamle spyt. Tilsættes fortyndet spyt til brønde i en mikroplade in triplo. Tilsættes PV til hver brønd og inkuberes i 15 minutter ved 23 ° C. Tilsættes PPE substrat til hver brønd og inkuberes i 45 minutter ved 23 ° C. Tilsættes Coomassie Blue og aflæst ved 405 nm for at påvise PPE aktivitet og ved 595 nm for at påvise protein.

    Figur 2
    Figur 2. Sammenligning af α-test med standard CD4 tælling metode. A) α-test blev udført ved at kvantificere α en PI-indeks i stimulerede hele munden spyt. CD4 tællinger blev udført ved en uafhængigt medicinsk laboratorium ved anvendelse af standard flowcytometri. Blod til flowcytometri og spyt blev opsamlet på samme klinikbesøg. Forholdet mellem α en PI-indeks og CD4-tællinger blev defineret ved en 3-parameter sigmoidal kurve (r2 = 0,91, p <0,0001, n = 31). B) 95% og forudsigelse intervaller er afbildet i blåt og rødt linier, henholdsvis.

    Figur 3
    Figur 3. Nøjagtighed beregning af CD4 counts anvender α1PI Index.A) CD4 + T-celler udviste sinusformet cykling med 27 dage periodicitet i en ikke-HIV-1 sund kontrol. Aksen af oscillationen er afbildet (rød stiplet linie). B) Computer genereres sinusbølge analyse af CD4 T-celle cykling blev anvendt til at beregne spids-til-spids-amplitude og aksen af oscillation i 4 HIV-1 fag, 1 non-HIV -1 Pizz emne, og det ikke-HIV-1 sund kontrol er vist i del A. Forholdet mellem CD4 T +-celle amplitude og aksen af oscillation blev defineret ved 3-parameter sigmoidal kurve (r2 = 0,96, p = 0,009, n = 6). C) sigmoidal Forholdet mellem amplitude-og aksen af oscillation er afledt i del B) blev anvendt til at beregne den forventede amplitude (grønne linier) af punkter langs regressionslinie (sort linje) fra fig. 2. D) Den forventede amplitude interval (grønne linier) var signifikant forskellig fra 95% konfidensinterval (blå linjer), som fastlagt af Mann Whitney Rank Sum Test (baseret på en sammenligning af medianen forskellen mellem 95% konfidensinterval og regressionslinien (63 celler / ul) og median forskel mellem amplituden linje og regressionslinien (37 celler / ul), p = 0,001).

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    Discussion

    Ufortyndet serum indeholder median 36 uM α en PI og 3,6 uM α 2-makroglobulin2 M) en 10-fold forskel 8. Begge proteiner konkurrerer om binding til PV. Disse to egenskaber, koncentration og PV affinitet, er blevet udnyttet til at udvikle en fremgangsmåde, der er i stand til specifikt at måle α en PI i normalt serum i nærvær af konkurrerende α 2 M 8. Denne fremgangsmåde kan påvise så lidt som 50 nM μ 1-PI i 0,3% serum. Ved en serumfortynding på 2,5%, bliver binding af α 2 M til PPE målbart, og denne fortynding indeholder ca 900 nM α en PI og 90 nM α 2 M.

    I modsætning til serum, som er sammensat af 10-fold mere α en PI end α 2 M, hele munden spyt indeholder en 20-fold forskel 9. Fandt vi i den foreliggende undersøgelse at ufortyndet, stimulerede spytindeholder cirka 30 gange mindre α en PI end serum eller ca 1200 nM α en PI og ville forventes at indeholde cirka 60 nM α 2 M. Den optimale spyt fortynding for α-test blev fundet at være 13% stimuleret spyt, og denne fortynding ville forventes at indeholde cirka 160 nM α en PI og 8 nM α 2 M, en koncentration af α 2 M, som er under tærsklen af detektering i protokollen. På grund af den lave koncentration af α 2 M, er det muligt nøjagtigt at bestemme den specifikke aktivitet af α 1-PI i spyt uden bekymring for konkurrence fra α 2 M. Målinger af aktiv α en PI og proteinindholdet i spyt tillod beregning af α en PI Index, der viste sig at korrelere med standardmetode til måling CD4 tællinger, flowcytometri. Vigtigere er resultaterne af regressionsanalyse (r

    CD4-tælling metoder har ikke tidligere taget hensyn til den variation, der skyldes cykling. I praksis kan CD4-tællinger variere med så meget som 200 celler / mikroliter mellem nadir og toppunkt med en hyppighed på 23-27 dage, og dette gælder uanset hvilken metode til måling af CD4 + T-celler 3. Således sinusbølge akse oscillation giver en mere nøjagtig måling af en persons sande CD4 + T-celletal end en enkelt dags foranstaltning, fordi akse oscillation er konstant time til time, uge til uge. Selv om det ikke være muligt direkte at måle akse af oscillationen af et individs CD4 + T-celler, kan dette skønnes ved hjælp af et gennemsnit af langsgående CD4 +-T-celletal så længe variationen i CD4 tællinger ikke overstiger den forventede amplitude. Stor variations i CD4-tal ville indikere påvirkning af andre variabler end cykling.

    Regressionslinjen afbildet i figur 2 er et estimat af aksen af oscillation. Beregning af den forventede amplitude over og under regressionslinjen viste, at amplituden ligger inden for 95% konfidensinterval. Medianen Forskellen mellem 95% konfidensinterval og regressionslinje er 63 CD4 celler / ul, og median forskellen mellem amplituden og regressionslinje er 37 CD4 celler / ul. Dette kan fortolkes således, at 95% af de CD4-tællinger beregnes ud fra α-test målinger vil være inden for ca 63 CD4 celler / mikroliter fra de faktiske CD4-tal, og at ca 58% af denne forskel skyldes CD4 cykling. Således præcision α-testen er afstanden mellem konfidensinterval og amplitude, som er cirka 26 CD4 celler / ul, og nøjagtigheden af ​​α-testen er korrelationen coefficient af regressionslinjen, der er 0,95 eller 95%.

    Der er adskillige begrænsninger for α-testen som beskrevet heri, men løsninger er let tilgængelige. For eksempel beskrev α-testen selvom anvender en mikrotiterplade format, evnen til at udføre α-testen under anvendelse af en enkelt spyt fortynding giver α-testen, der skal anvendes med dipstick teknologi, en middel-fri, teknologisk enkelt system. Ca. 2% af spytprøver opsamlet i Cameroun var for viskøs til at manipulere, og dette er i overensstemmelse med spyt opsamlet i New York. Anvendelsen af DNase til sådanne prøver kan anvendes til at lindre viskositeten og derved tillade måling 10. En yderligere løsning kunne være at bruge farmakologiske sialagogues, der specifikt stimulerer spytsekretionen via det parasympatiske versus sympatiske vej derved at fremstille våde spyt. En sådan sialagogue er pilocarpin 11. Endelig α-testen ikket endnu ikke er valideret, og dette er nødvendigt for at afgøre, om ydeevnen er tilstrækkeligt diskriminerende for kritiske niveauer af CD4 tal 12.

    De kritiske niveauer for CD4 tællinger er i det lineære område af sigmoidal regressionskurven som tillod disse værdier beregnes ved en lineær algoritme. I denne population af lineære regression for værdier <860 CD4 celler / ul (r2 = 0,86, n = 30, p <2x10-7) var lige så god som sigmoidal regression (r2 = 0,88, n = 30, p < 0,0001). Den lineære regression af a1 PI indeks over 67, hvilket svarer til omkring 350 CD4 celler / ul (R2 = 0,88, n = 15, p = 0,002) var lige så god som sigmoidal regression (r2 = 0,89, n = 15, p <0,0001). Imidlertid korrelation var ikke signifikant ved a1 PI indeks under 67, som svarede til <350 CD4 celler / ul (r2 = 0,17, p = 0,54, n = 15). Dette er en kritisk værdi, idet WHO retningslinjer anbefaler et CD4-tal <350 CD4-celler / mikroliter for at kvalificere sig til adgang til antiretroviral behandling 13. Bedre bestemme ydeevnen af ​​α-test og forbedre følsomheden ved lavere værdier, der yderligere 800 spytprøver blev opsamlet i Cameroon fra 4 grupper: nyfødte-2 yrs, 3-5 yrs og 6-15 yrs og 16 år og ældre.

    Som konklusion er den α-test fysiologisk relevant til antallet af CD4-celler i blodet alligevel kan udføres under anvendelse af spyt hvorved der tilvejebringes en ikke-invasiv, nøjagtige og præcise point-of-care fremgangsmåde til overvågning af CD4 tællingerne i endemiske områder uden instrumentering ved en cost-per-test, som er mindre end en dollar.

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    Disclosures

    Ingen interessekonflikter erklæret.

    Acknowledgments

    Forskningen blev støttet af Harry Winston Research Foundation.

    Materials

    Name Company Catalog Number Comments
    Sialogogue, 0.05M citric acid Eda’s Sugarfree Candies, 4900 Rear N.20th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19144 Sugar-Free Lemon dropS
    Porcine pancreatic elastase, type 1 (EC 3.4.21.36) Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO 63103 E1250
    Succinyl-L-Ala-L-Ala-L-Ala-p-nitroanilide Sigma-Aldrich S4760
    Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 Sigma-Aldrich B7920
    Tissue culture-treated, 96 well microplates Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ 07417-1886 35-3072
    Microplate Reader with filters for 405nm and 595nm MTX Lab Systems, 8456 Tyco Road, Building D, Vienna, Virginia 22182 Dynex P97277

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    References

    1. Friedlander, Y., Kark, J. D., Eisenberg, S., Stein, Y. Calculation of LDL-cholesterol from total cholesterol, triglyceride and HDL-cholesterol: a comparison of methods in the Jerusalem Lipid Research Clinic Prevalence Study. Isr. J. Med. Sci. 18, 1242-1252 (1982).
    2. Lapidot, T., Petit, I. Current understanding of stem cell mobilization: The roles of chemokines, proteolytic enzymes, adhesion molecules, cytokines, and stromal cells. Exp. Hematol. 30, 973-981 (2002).
    3. Bristow, C. L. α1Antitrypsin therapy increases CD4+ lymphocytes to normal values in HIV-1 patients. Soluble factors mediating innate immune responses to HIV infection. Alfano, M. , Bentham Science Publishers. (2010).
    4. Bristow, C. L., Patel, H., Arnold, R. R. Self antigen prognostic for human immunodeficiency virus disease progression. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 8, 937-942 (2001).
    5. Bristow, C. L., Babayeva, M. A., LaBrunda, M., Mullen, M. P., Winston, R. α1Proteinase Inhibitor regulates CD4+ lymphocyte levels and is rate limiting in HIV-1 disease. PLoS One. , Forthcoming (2011).
    6. de Almeida, P. D. V., Gregio, A. M. T., Machado, M. A. N., de Lima, A. A. S., Azevedo, L. R. Saliva Composition and Functions: A Comprehensive Review. J. Contemp. Dent. Pract. 9, 72-80 (2008).
    7. Edgar, W. M. Saliva: its secretion, composition and funcitons. Br. Dent. J. , 172-305 (1992).
    8. Bristow, C. L., Meo, F. di, Arnold, R. R. Specific activity of α1proteinase inhibitor and 2macroglobulin in human serum: Application to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 89, 247-259 (1998).
    9. Pederson, E. D. Salivary levels of α2-macroglobulin, α1-antitrypsin, C-reactive protein, cathepsin G and elastase in humans with or without destructive periodontal disease. Arch. Oral Biol. 40, 1151-1155 (1995).
    10. Shak, S., Capon, D. J., Hellmiss, R., Marsters, S. A., Baker, C. L. Recombinant human DNase I reduces the viscosity of cystic fibrosis sputum. PNAS. 87, 9188-9192 (1990).
    11. LeVeque, F. G. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose- titration study of oral pilocarpine for treatment of radiation-induced xerostomia in head and neck cancer patients. J. Clin. Oncol. 11, 1124-1131 (1993).
    12. Stevens, W. Evaluating new CD4 enumeration technologies for resource-constrained countries. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 6, S29-S38 (2008).
    13. WHO. 2010 ART guidelines for adults and adolescents - evidence map. , Available from: http://www.who.int/hiv/topics/treatment/evidence/en/index.html (2010).

    Tags

    Medicin CD4-celletal spyt antitrypsin hæmatopoiese T-celler hiv / aids klinisk
    Den α-test: Rapid Cellefri CD4 Optælling Anvendelse helspyt
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    Cite this Article

    Bristow, C. L., Babayeva, M. A.,More

    Bristow, C. L., Babayeva, M. A., Modarresi, R., McArthur, C. P., Kumar, S., Awasom, C., Ayuk, L., Njinda, A., Achu, P., Winston, R. The α-test: Rapid Cell-free CD4 Enumeration Using Whole Saliva. J. Vis. Exp. (63), e3999, doi:10.3791/3999 (2012).

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    Assessing Early Stage Open-Angle Glaucoma in Patients by Isolated-Check Visual Evoked Potential
  • Research • Medicine
    Oral Health Assessment by Lay Personnel for Older Adults
  • Research • Medicine
    Determining and Controlling External Power Output During Regular Handrim Wheelchair Propulsion
  • Research • Medicine
    A Whole Body Dosimetry Protocol for Peptide-Receptor Radionuclide Therapy (PRRT): 2D Planar Image and Hybrid 2D+3D SPECT/CT Image Methods
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of Carotenoids in Perifovea using the Macular Pigment Reflectometer
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Static Graviceptive Perception in the Roll-Plane using the Subjective Visual Vertical Paradigm
  • Research • Medicine
    Learning Modern Laryngeal Surgery in a Dissection Laboratory
  • Research • Medicine
    DIPLOMA Approach for Standardized Pathology Assessment of Distal Pancreatectomy Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    A Computerized Functional Skills Assessment and Training Program Targeting Technology Based Everyday Functional Skills
  • Research • Medicine
    Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Integrating Augmented Reality Tools in Breast Cancer Related Lymphedema Prognostication and Diagnosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasonographic Assessment During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of the Hepatic Venous Pressure Gradient and Transjugular Liver Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Patient Directed Recording of a Bipolar Three-Lead Electrocardiogram using a Smartwatch with ECG Function
  • Research • Medicine
    Traditional Trail Making Test Modified into Brand-new Assessment Tools: Digital and Walking Trail Making Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Biopsy Data to Guide Sampling Procedures for Prostate Cancer Biobanking
  • Research • Medicine
    A Fluorescence-based Assay for Characterization and Quantification of Lipid Droplet Formation in Human Intestinal Organoids
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Non-invasive Method for the Detection of Elevated Intra-compartmental Pressures of the Leg
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Mapping of Specific Ventilation in the Human Lung using Proton Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Oxygen as a Contrast Agent
  • Research • Neuroscience
    Portable Thermographic Screening for Detection of Acute Wallenberg's Syndrome
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of MRI-ultrasound Fusion to Achieve Targeted Prostate Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Testing of all Six Semicircular Canals with Video Head Impulse Test Systems
  • Research • Medicine
    Protocol and Guidelines for Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Diagnosing Neonatal Pulmonary Diseases Based on International Expert Consensus
  • Research • Neuroscience
    Bilateral Assessment of the Corticospinal Pathways of the Ankle Muscles Using Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
  • Research • Medicine
    Targeting Gray Rami Communicantes in Selective Chemical Lumbar Sympathectomy
  • Research • Medicine
    Multi-Modal Home Sleep Monitoring in Older Adults
  • Research • Medicine
    Cardiac Magnetic Resonance for the Evaluation of Suspected Cardiac Thrombus: Conventional and Emerging Techniques
  • Research • Medicine
    Observational Study Protocol for Repeated Clinical Examination and Critical Care Ultrasonography Within the Simple Intensive Care Studies
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurements of Motor Function and Other Clinical Outcome Parameters in Ambulant Children with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of the Efficacy of An Osteopathic Treatment in Infants with Biomechanical Impairments to Suckling
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantification of Levator Ani Hiatus Enlargement by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Males and Females with Pelvic Organ Prolapse
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative [18F]-Naf-PET-MRI Analysis for the Evaluation of Dynamic Bone Turnover in a Patient with Facetogenic Low Back Pain
  • Research • Medicine
    Generation of Human 3D Lung Tissue Cultures (3D-LTCs) for Disease Modeling
  • Research • Medicine
    Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
  • Research • Medicine
    Combining Volumetric Capnography And Barometric Plethysmography To Measure The Lung Structure-function Relationship
  • Research • Medicine
    Two-Dimensional X-Ray Angiography to Examine Fine Vascular Structure Using a Silicone Rubber Injection Compound
  • Research • Medicine
    Preparation, Procedures and Evaluation of Platelet-Rich Plasma Injection in the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis
  • Research • Medicine
    Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging at 7 Tesla
  • Research • Medicine
    Semi-quantitative Assessment Using [18F]FDG Tracer in Patients with Severe Brain Injury
  • Research • Medicine
    Handheld Metal Detector Screening for Metallic Foreign Body Ingestion in Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Conducting Maximal and Submaximal Endurance Exercise Testing to Measure Physiological and Biological Responses to Acute Exercise in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    A Metadata Extraction Approach for Clinical Case Reports to Enable Advanced Understanding of Biomedical Concepts
  • Research • Medicine
    Autonomic Function Following Concussion in Youth Athletes: An Exploration of Heart Rate Variability Using 24-hour Recording Methodology
  • Research • Medicine
    Hydra, a Computer-Based Platform for Aiding Clinicians in Cardiovascular Analysis and Diagnosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Objective Nociceptive Assessment in Ventilated ICU Patients: A Feasibility Study Using Pupillometry and the Nociceptive Flexion Reflex
  • Research • Medicine
    'Boden Food Plate': Novel Interactive Web-based Method for the Assessment of Dietary Intake
  • Research • Medicine
    Anogenital Distance and Perineal Measurements of the Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) Quantification System
  • Research • Medicine
    Bedside Ultrasound for Guiding Fluid Removal in Patients with Pulmonary Edema: The Reverse-FALLS Protocol
  • Research • Medicine
    Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation of Primary Human Decidual Cells from the Fetal Membranes of Term Placentae
  • Research • Medicine
    Skeletal Muscle Neurovascular Coupling, Oxidative Capacity, and Microvascular Function with 'One Stop Shop' Near-infrared Spectroscopy
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting Hair Samples for Hair Cortisol Analysis in African Americans
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vivo Morphometric Analysis of Human Cranial Nerves Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Menière's Disease Ears and Normal Hearing Ears
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (Cf-PWV) to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness
  • Research • Medicine
    Standardized Measurement of Nasal Membrane Transepithelial Potential Difference (NPD)
  • Research • Medicine
    Taste Exam: A Brief and Validated Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Absorption of Nasal and Bronchial Fluids: Precision Sampling of the Human Respiratory Mucosa and Laboratory Processing of Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Methodology for Sputum Induction and Laboratory Processing
  • Research • Medicine
    Electrophysiological Measurement of Noxious-evoked Brain Activity in Neonates Using a Flat-tip Probe Coupled to Electroencephalography
  • Research • Medicine
    A Detailed Protocol for Physiological Parameters Acquisition and Analysis in Neurosurgical Critical Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Oral Biofilm Sampling for Microbiome Analysis in Healthy Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia
  • Research • Medicine
    Application of an Amplitude-integrated EEG Monitor (Cerebral Function Monitor) to Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    3D Ultrasound Imaging: Fast and Cost-effective Morphometry of Musculoskeletal Tissue
  • Research • Medicine
    The 4-vessel Sampling Approach to Integrative Studies of Human Placental Physiology In Vivo
  • Research • Medicine
    A Component-resolved Diagnostic Approach for a Study on Grass Pollen Allergens in Chinese Southerners with Allergic Rhinitis and/or Asthma
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
  • Research • Medicine
    A Method for Quantifying Upper Limb Performance in Daily Life Using Accelerometers
  • Research • Medicine
    Non-invasive Assessments of Subjective and Objective Recovery Characteristics Following an Exhaustive Jump Protocol
  • Research • Medicine
    Experimental Protocol of a Three-minute, All-out Arm Crank Exercise Test in Spinal-cord Injured and Able-bodied Individuals
  • Research • Medicine
    Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Pulmonary Capillary Blood Volume, Membrane Diffusing Capacity, and Intrapulmonary Arteriovenous Anastomoses During Exercise
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Child Anthropometry in a Large Epidemiologic Study
  • Research • Medicine
    Video Movement Analysis Using Smartphones (ViMAS): A Pilot Study
  • Research • Medicine
    Network Analysis of Foramen Ovale Electrode Recordings in Drug-resistant Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Induction and Assessment of Exertional Skeletal Muscle Damage in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    A Detailed Protocol for Perspiration Monitoring Using a Novel, Small, Wireless Device
  • Research • Medicine
    Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
  • Research • Medicine
    Integrated Compensatory Responses in a Human Model of Hemorrhage
  • Research • Medicine
    Transthoracic Speckle Tracking Echocardiography for the Quantitative Assessment of Left Ventricular Myocardial Deformation
  • Research • Medicine
    Impression Cytology of the Lid Wiper Area
  • Research • Behavior
    A Protocol of Manual Tests to Measure Sensation and Pain in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    Unbiased Deep Sequencing of RNA Viruses from Clinical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    A Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cell-based Model of the Human Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier to Study Bacterial Infection from the Basolateral Side
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Profiling of MicroRNA-containing Exosomes from Human Bile
  • Research • Medicine
    Generation of Microtumors Using 3D Human Biogel Culture System and Patient-derived Glioblastoma Cells for Kinomic Profiling and Drug Response Testing
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Using a Laminating Technique to Perform Confocal Microscopy of the Human Sclera
  • Research • Medicine
    Intravenous Endotoxin Challenge in Healthy Humans: An Experimental Platform to Investigate and Modulate Systemic Inflammation
  • Research • Medicine
    Modeling and Simulations of Olfactory Drug Delivery with Passive and Active Controls of Nasally Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols
  • Research • Medicine
    Exosomal miRNA Analysis in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Patients' Plasma Through qPCR: A Feasible Liquid Biopsy Tool
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multimodal Imaging- and Stimulation-based Method of Evaluating Connectivity-related Brain Excitability in Patients with Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges
  • Research • Medicine
    Using Saccadometry with Deep Brain Stimulation to Study Normal and Pathological Brain Function
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Fundus Autofluorescence for the Evaluation of Retinal Diseases
  • Research • Medicine
    Diagnosis of Musculus Gastrocnemius Tightness - Key Factors for the Clinical Examination
  • Research • Medicine
    Stereo-Electro-Encephalo-Graphy (SEEG) With Robotic Assistance in the Presurgical Evaluation of Medical Refractory Epilepsy: A Technical Note
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Transcutaneous Microcirculatory Imaging in Preterm Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    Using an Ingestible Telemetric Temperature Pill to Assess Gastrointestinal Temperature During Exercise
  • Research • Medicine
    Design, Fabrication, and Administration of the Hand Active Sensation Test (HASTe)
  • Research • Medicine
    MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder
  • Research • Medicine
    Functional Human Liver Preservation and Recovery by Means of Subnormothermic Machine Perfusion
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multicenter MRI Protocol for the Evaluation and Quantification of Deep Vein Thrombosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Determining The Electromyographic Fatigue Threshold Following a Single Visit Exercise Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of Electromagnetic Navigational Transthoracic Needle Aspiration (E-TTNA) for Sampling of Lung Nodules
  • Research • Medicine
    Trabecular Meshwork Response to Pressure Elevation in the Living Human Eye
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vivo, Percutaneous, Needle Based, Optical Coherence Tomography of Renal Masses
  • Research • Medicine
    Establishment of Human Epithelial Enteroids and Colonoids from Whole Tissue and Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Human Brown Adipose Tissue Depots Automatically Segmented by Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography and Registered Magnetic Resonance Images
  • Research • Medicine
    Preparation and Respirometric Assessment of Mitochondria Isolated from Skeletal Muscle Tissue Obtained by Percutaneous Needle Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    A Methodological Approach to Non-invasive Assessments of Vascular Function and Morphology
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Immortalization of Patient-derived Cell Lines from Muscle Biopsy for Disease Modeling
  • Research • Medicine
    State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
  • Research • Medicine
    The Supraclavicular Fossa Ultrasound View for Central Venous Catheter Placement and Catheter Change Over Guidewire
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of the Brachial Artery in Clinical Research
  • Research • Medicine
    Tracking the Mammary Architectural Features and Detecting Breast Cancer with Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes
  • Research • Medicine
    DTI of the Visual Pathway - White Matter Tracts and Cerebral Lesions
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection, Isolation, and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Human Endocervical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multi-Modal Approach to Assessing Recovery in Youth Athletes Following Concussion
  • Research • Medicine
    Clinical Assessment of Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Patients and Older Adults
  • Research • Medicine
    Multi-electrode Array Recordings of Human Epileptic Postoperative Cortical Tissue
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection and Extraction of Saliva DNA for Next Generation Sequencing
  • Research • Medicine
    Fast and Accurate Exhaled Breath Ammonia Measurement
  • Research • Medicine
    Developing Neuroimaging Phenotypes of the Default Mode Network in PTSD: Integrating the Resting State, Working Memory, and Structural Connectivity
  • Research • Medicine
    Two Methods for Establishing Primary Human Endometrial Stromal Cells from Hysterectomy Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Coordinate Mapping of Hyolaryngeal Mechanics in Swallowing
  • Research • Medicine
    Network Analysis of the Default Mode Network Using Functional Connectivity MRI in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    EEG Mu Rhythm in Typical and Atypical Development
  • Research • Medicine
    The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT): An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Functional Characterization of Human Ventricular Cardiomyocytes from Fresh Surgical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Primary Culture of Human Vestibular Schwannomas
  • Research • Medicine
    Utility of Dissociated Intrinsic Hand Muscle Atrophy in the Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Lesion Explorer: A Video-guided, Standardized Protocol for Accurate and Reliable MRI-derived Volumetrics in Alzheimer's Disease and Normal Elderly
  • Research • Medicine
    Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Culture, and Imaging of Human Fetal Pancreatic Cell Clusters
  • Research • Medicine
    3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Computerized Dynamic Posturography for Postural Control Assessment in Patients with Intermittent Claudication
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting Saliva and Measuring Salivary Cortisol and Alpha-amylase in Frail Community Residing Older Adults via Family Caregivers
  • Research • Medicine
    Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Analysis of Neurodegenerative Diseases
  • Research • Medicine
    Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Retinal Surgical Specimens Using jouRNAl
  • Research • Medicine
    Improved Protocol For Laser Microdissection Of Human Pancreatic Islets From Surgical Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Respiratory Muscle Activation Using Respiratory Motor Control Assessment (RMCA) in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury
  • Research • Medicine
    Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting And Measuring Wound Exudate Biochemical Mediators In Surgical Wounds
  • Research • Medicine
    A Research Method For Detecting Transient Myocardial Ischemia In Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome Using Continuous ST-segment Analysis
  • Research • Medicine
    Using a Chemical Biopsy for Graft Quality Assessment
  • Research • Medicine
    Characterizing Exon Skipping Efficiency in DMD Patient Samples in Clinical Trials of Antisense Oligonucleotides
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vitro Assessment of Cardiac Function Using Skinned Cardiomyocytes
  • Research • Medicine
    Normothermic Ex Situ Heart Perfusion in Working Mode: Assessment of Cardiac Function and Metabolism
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Vascular Control Mechanisms Utilizing Video Microscopy of Isolated Resistance Arteries of Rats
  • Research • Medicine
    Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) for Research; Obtaining Adequate Sample Yield
  • Research • Medicine
    Non-invasive Optical Measurement of Cerebral Metabolism and Hemodynamics in Infants
  • Research • Medicine
    Tilt Testing with Combined Lower Body Negative Pressure: a "Gold Standard" for Measuring Orthostatic Tolerance
  • Research • Medicine
    Driving Simulation in the Clinic: Testing Visual Exploratory Behavior in Daily Life Activities in Patients with Visual Field Defects
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Characterization and Comparative Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Derived from Permanent Teeth by Using Two Different Methods
  • Research • Medicine
    Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking (IPL): Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Intraoperative Detection of Subtle Endometriosis: A Novel Paradigm for Detection and Treatment of Pelvic Pain Associated with the Loss of Peritoneal Integrity
  • Research • Medicine
    The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection Protocol for Human Pancreas
  • Research • Medicine
    The α-test: Rapid Cell-free CD4 Enumeration Using Whole Saliva
  • Research • Medicine
    The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Donor Tissue Preparation for Endothelial Keratoplasty
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantification of Atherosclerotic Plaque Activity and Vascular Inflammation using [18-F] Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (FDG-PET/CT)
  • Research • Medicine
    Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography of Retinal Circulation
  • Research • Medicine
    Utilizing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Study the Human Neuromuscular System
  • Research • Medicine
    Detection and Genogrouping of Noroviruses from Children's Stools By Taqman One-step RT-PCR
  • Research • Medicine
    Method to Measure Tone of Axial and Proximal Muscle
  • Research • Medicine
    The Trier Social Stress Test Protocol for Inducing Psychological Stress
  • Research • Medicine
    Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Multifocal Electroretinograms
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation of Human Islets from Partially Pancreatectomized Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quantification of Pulmonary Perfusion using Calibrated Arterial Spin Labeling
  • Research • Medicine
    Manual Muscle Testing: A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department
  • Research • Medicine
    A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
  • Research • Medicine
    An Investigation of the Effects of Sports-related Concussion in Youth Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Head Impact Telemetry System
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Confocal Microscopy: A Novel Non-invasive Technique to Quantify Small Fibre Pathology in Peripheral Neuropathies
  • Research • Medicine
    Methods to Quantify Pharmacologically Induced Alterations in Motor Function in Human Incomplete SCI
  • Research • Medicine
    Multispectral Real-time Fluorescence Imaging for Intraoperative Detection of the Sentinel Lymph Node in Gynecologic Oncology
  • Research • Medicine
    Technique to Collect Fungiform (Taste) Papillae from Human Tongue
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessing Endothelial Vasodilator Function with the Endo-PAT 2000
  • Research • Medicine
    Making Sense of Listening: The IMAP Test Battery
  • Research • Medicine
    An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)
  • Research • Biology
    Bioelectric Analyses of an Osseointegrated Intelligent Implant Design System for Amputees
  • Research • Biology
    Demonstration of Cutaneous Allodynia in Association with Chronic Pelvic Pain
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