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Medicine

Den α-test: Rapid Cell-free CD4 Enumeration Bruke Hele Spytt

Published: May 16, 2012 doi: 10.3791/3999

Summary

En CD4 oppregning metoden, α-test, er beskrevet som bruker hele spytt for å gi raske og nøyaktige CD4-tall. De α-test koster pennies og eliminerer behovet for teknisk opplæring, kostbare reagenser som monoklonale antistoffer, instrumentering, kjøling, transport av prøver, samt innsamling og håndtering av blod.

Abstract

Det er et presserende behov for rimelig CD4 telling å overvåke HIV sykdom. CD4 Oppregningen er utilgjengelig i ressurs-begrensede områder på grunn av tid og temperatur restriksjoner, teknisk raffinement, og kostnader av reagenser, særlig monoklonale antistoffer til måle CD4 på blodceller, det eneste øyeblikket akseptabel metode. En vanlig brukt kostnadsbesparende og tidsbesparende laboratorium strategi er å beregne, fremfor å måle visse blodverdier. For eksempel er LDL-nivå beregnet ved hjelp av målte nivåene av total kolesterol, HDL og triglyserider en. Dermed teller identifisering av celle-frie korrelater som direkte regulerer antallet CD4 + T celler kan gi en nøyaktig metode for beregning CD4 grunn av fysiologiske relevans korrelater.

Antall stamceller som angir blod og er skjebnebestemt til å bli sirkulerende CD4 + T celler bestemmes av chemokine CXCL12 ennd sin reseptor CXCR4 grunn av sin innflytelse på locomotion to. Prosessen med stamcelle bevegelse inn i blodet er i tillegg regulert av celleoverflaten human leukocytt elastase (hle CS) og hle CS-reaktivt aktive α 1 proteinase inhibitor (α 1 PI, en α antitrypsin, SerpinA1) 3. I HIV-1 sykdom, er α en PI inaktivert på grunn av sykdom prosesser 4. I de tidlige asymptomatiske kategorier av HIV-1 sykdom, ble aktiv α 1 PI funnet å være under normal i 100% av ubehandlede HIV-1 pasienter (median = 12 mM, til og oppnå normale nivåer i løpet av de symptomatiske kategoriene 4, 5. Dette mønsteret har blitt tilskrevet immune inaktivering, ikke for lite syntese, proteolytisk inaktivering, eller oksygenering. Vi observerte at i HIV-1 fag med> 220 CD4-celler / mL ble CD4-tall korrelert med serumnivået av aktive α en PI (r 2 = 0,93, p &lt; 0,0001, n = 26) og inaktive α en PI (r 2 = 0,91, p <0,0001, n = 26) 5. Administrasjon av α 1 PI til HIV-1 infiserte og ikke-infiserte pasienter resulterte i dramatiske økninger i CD4-tall tyder på α 1 PI deltar i regulering av antallet CD4 + T celler i blodet tre.

Med stimulering, inneholder hele spytt nok serøs sekresjon (plasma inneholder proteinavleiring materiale som passerer gjennom blodårene vegger i spytt) for å tillate måling av aktive α 1 PI og korrelasjonen av denne målingen er bevis på at det er en nøyaktig metode for beregning CD4-tall. Kort, sialogogues som tyggegummi eller sitronsyre stimulere exudation av serum i hele munnen spytt. Etter å stimulere serum exudation, er aktiviteten av serum α 1 PI i spytt målt ved sin evne til å hemme elastase aktivitet. Svin bukspyttkjertelen elastase (PPE)er en lett tilgjengelig billig kilde til elastase. PPE binder seg til α 1 PI danner en en-til-en kompleks som hindrer PVU fra spalte sine spesifikke substrater, hvorav den ene er den kolorimetrisk peptid, succinyl-L-Ala-L-Ala-L-Ala-p-nitroanilide (SA 3 NA). Ruger spytt med en mette konsentrasjon av PVU i 10 min ved romtemperatur tillater binding av PVU til alle aktive α 1 PI i spytt. Den resulterende hemming av PVU ved aktiv α 1 PI kan måles ved å legge PVU underlaget SA 3 NA. (Figur 1). Selv CD4-tall er målt i blod volum (CD4 celler / mL), er konsentrasjonen av α 1 PI i spytt knyttet til konsentrasjonen av serum i spytt, ikke til volum av spytt siden volum kan variere betydelig i løpet av dagen og person til person seks. Imidlertid er nesten alt proteinet i spytt på grunn av serum innhold, og proteininnholdet i spytt er measurable 7. Dermed er aktive α 1 PI i spytt beregnes som forholdet til spytt proteininnhold og den såkalte α 1 PI Index. Resultater som presenteres her viser at α 1 PI Index gir en nøyaktig og presis fysiologisk metode for beregning av CD4-tall.

Protocol

1. Forbered Ferske Working Solutions

  1. TBS: 0,05 M Tris saltløsning, pH 7,8 (TBS). Forbered 60 ml TBS / mikroplate.
  2. PPE: porcine bukspyttkjertelen elastase, type 1 (PPE) er gitt som en suspensjon. Rist godt og fortynne PPE i TBS til ca 0,01 U / ml. Forbered 6 ml arbeidsløsning / mikroplate).
  3. SA 3 NA: succinyl-L-Ala-L-Ala-L-Ala-p-nitroanilide (SA 3 NA). Forbered 0,1 M lager SA 3 NA løsning i dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) og bruk straks eller oppbevar ved -20 ° C. Forbered 6ml arbeidsløsning / mikroplate ved å fortynne lager SA 3 NA løsning 1/100 i TBS.
  4. Coomassie BLUE: Forbered en stamløsning på 10% Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 (Coomassie Blue) i TBS og bruke umiddelbart eller lagre ved -20 ° C. Forbered 6 ml arbeidsløsning ved fortynning stamløsning 1/1000 i TBS.

2. Forbered Spytt

Spytt COLLECTION: I stående stilling, stimulere serum exudation i spytt ved å plassere en sialogogue eksempel sitronsyre eller tyggegummi i munnen. En sukkerfri sitron dråpe er praktisk for HIV-1 pasienter som ofte tannløs og ikke klarer å tygge tyggegummi. Svelg som nødvendig for den første 3 min, og samle hele munnen spytt inn i en avkortet kopp for neste 3 min. Dette vil gi ca 2 ml spytt. Brukes umiddelbart eller lagre ved -80 ° C.
  • Spytt HÅNDTERING: Hvis frosset, tin prøven ved 37 ° C og legg på is. Oppbevar fersk eller tint prøven ved 2-4 ° C ikke mer enn 3 dager. Ikke virvelen spytt og unngå pipettere mucin som ikke inneholder serum eksudat. Bruk vanlige forhåndsregler når du håndterer spytt http://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/pdf/isolation/Isolation2007.pdf .
  • 3. Mikroplate Set-up

    1. PRØVER: Til hver testbrønn, legges 20 mL spytt for en endelig volum på 150 mL / brønn. Bland ved pipettering uten å innføre bobler.
    2. KONTROLLER: Den positive kontrollen inneholder PPE, men ingen spytt. Den negative kontrollen inneholder spytt, men ingen PPE.To positiv kontroll brønnen er lagt 20 mL TBS. Til den negative kontrollen brønnen er lagt 20 mL spytt.
    3. PPE Inkubasjon: Rist PPE arbeidsløsning godt. Tilsett 50 mL PPE arbeider løsning til hver brønn unntatt den negative kontrollen brønnene. Til negativ kontroll brønnene, tilsett 50 mL TBS. Inkuber 10 min ved 23 ° C.
    4. UNDERLAG Inkubasjon: Tilsett 50 mL SA 3 NA arbeider løsning til hver brønn. Inkuber 45 min ved 23 ° C.
    5. Coomassie BLUE:. Tilsett 50 mL Coomassie Blå arbeidsløsning </ Li>
    6. LES-OUT: Les absorbans i mikroplateleser, A 405 nm å oppdage SA 3 NA cleavage som representerer aktive α 1 PI og A 595 nm å oppdage Coomassie Blå som representerer proteininnhold.

    4. Beregn α 1 PI Index

    1. Normaliser gjennomsnitt en 405 nm og en 595 nm: For hver triplikat beregne gjennomsnittlig. Trekk den negativ kontroll gjennomsnittet fra prøven gjennomsnittet. For å minimere plate-til-plate variasjon, normalisere gjennomsnittet ved å dele hver prøve gjennomsnitt ved Positiv kontroll gjennomsnitt som følger:

    Formel 1

    1. Beregn α 1 PI INEX: Del den normaliserte en 405 nm av normaliserte A 595 nm:


    5. Representative Resultater

    Å avgjøre om α-test kan være egnet for bruk som en point-of-care screening test for å overvåke CD4-tall i endemisk, ressurs-begrensede områder, ble stimulert spytt samlet fra 20 kvinnelige og 11 mannlige HIV-1 fag deltar klinikk for rutinemessig omsorg i Kamerun. I samsvar med foreløpige observasjoner under utviklingen av α-testen med spytt samles i New York City, α 1 PI Index i spytt samles i Kamerun korrelert med CD4-tall (r 2 = 0,91, p <0,0001. N = 31). Forholdet ble definert av en tre-parameter sigmoidal kurve som er konsistent med en dose-respons-forholdet (Figur 2A). Den 95% sikkerhet og prediksjon intervaller er avbildet med blå og røde linjer, henholdsvis (figur 2B).

    Ien tidligere studie, fant vi ut at CD4 + T celler stiller sinusformet sykling med periodisitet 23 ± 3,5 dager i HIV-1 fag og i fag med den nedarvede versjon av α 1 PI mangel (Pizz) 3. Avbildet her er et representativt eksempel på datagenerert sinus kurve analyse av CD4 sykling i en ikke-HIV-1 sunn kontroll viser 27 dagers periodisitet (figur 3A).

    Computer genererte sinus kurve analyse av CD4 + T celleforandringer i 6 fag gitt verdier for topp-til-peak amplitude og aksen for pendling tre. Som forventet, var aksen for pendling korrelert med amplitude (r 2 = 0,96, p = 0,009, n = 6) (Figur 3B). Hos pasienter vil lave CD4 T + celletall, de sykliske endringene i CD4 T celletall var små, og hos pasienter med høye CD4 + T celletall, sykliske endringer var store.

    Fordiregresjonslinjen avbildet i figur 2 anslår aksen for pendling og aksen for pendling er korrelert med amplitude, amplitude kan beregnes for regresjonslinjen og dermed beregne hvor langt over og under regresjonslinjen CD4 + T celler kan forventes å variere på grunn sykling (Figur 3C). Overliggende amplituden beregnet i figur 3C og konfidensintervallet beregnet i figur 2B, ble det funnet at amplitude (grønn linje) ligger innenfor 95% konfidensintervall (blå linje) (Figur 3D).

    Figur 1
    Figur 1. Prosedyre Oppsummering: Plasser sitronsyre i munnen og samle spytt. Legg utvannet spytt til brønner på en mikroplate i tre eksemplarer. Legg PPE til hver brønn og inkuberes i 15 minutter ved 23 ° C. Legg til PPE underlaget til hver brønn og inkuberes i 45 minutter ved 23 ° C. Legg Coomassie Blå og lese ved 405 nm å oppdage PPE aktivitet og ved 595 nm å oppdage protein.

    Figur 2
    Figur 2. Sammenligning av α-test med standard CD4 telling metoden. A) Den α-testen ble utført av quantitating den α 1 PI Index i stimulert hele munnen spytt. CD4-tall ble utført av en uavhengig medisinsk laboratorium med standard flowcytometri. Blood for flowcytometri og spytt ble samlet ved samme klinikken besøk. Forholdet mellom α 1 PI Index og CD4-tall ble definert av en tre-parameter sigmoidal kurve (r 2 = 0,91, p <0,0001, n = 31). B) 95% konfidensintervall og prediksjon intervaller er avbildet i blått og rødt linjer, henholdsvis.

    Figur 3
    Figur 3. Nøyaktighet for beregning av CD4 counts bruker α1PI Index.A) CD4 + T celler utstilt sinusformet sykling med 27 dagers periodisitet i en ikke-HIV-1 sunn kontroll. Aksen for pendling er avbildet (rød stiplet linje). B) Datamaskin generert sinusbølge analyse av CD4 T-celle sykling ble brukt til å beregne topp-til-peak amplitude og aksen for pendling i 4 HIV-1 fag, 1 non-HIV -1 Pizz emne, og den ikke-HIV-1 sunn kontroll avbildet i del A. Forholdet mellom CD4 T + celle amplitude og aksen for pendling ble definert av tre-parameter sigmoidal kurve (r 2 = 0,96, p = 0,009, n = 6). C) sigmoidal Forholdet mellom amplitude og aksen for pendling stammer delvis B) ble brukt for å beregne forventet amplitude (grønne linjer) av punkter langs regresjonslinjen (sort linje) fra Figur 2. D) Den forventede amplitude intervall (grønne linjer) var signifikant forskjellig fra 95% konfidensintervall (blå linjer) som bestemmes av Mann Whitney Rank Sum Test (basert på en sammenligning av median differansen mellom 95% konfidensintervall og regresjonslinjen (63 celler / mL) og median forskjell mellom amplituden linje og regresjonslinjen (37 celler / mL), p = 0,001).

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    Discussion

    Ufortynnet serum inneholder median 36 mM α 1 PI og 3,6 mM α 2 makroglobulin (α 2 M) en 10-fold forskjell 8. Begge proteiner konkurrere om binding til PPE. Disse to egenskapene, konsentrasjon og PPE tilhørighet, har blitt utnyttet for å utvikle en metode som er i stand til spesifikt måle α 1 PI i normal serum i nærvær av konkurrerende α 2 M 8. Denne metoden kan påvise så lite som 50 nm μ 1 PI i 0,3% serum. På en serumfortynning på 2,5%, blir bindende for α 2 M til PPE umulig å oppdage, og dette fortynning inneholder cirka 900 nM α 1 PI og 90 nM α 2 M.

    I motsetning til serum som består av 10 ganger mer α 1 PI enn α 2 M, hele munnen spytt inneholder et 20-fold forskjell ni. Vi fant i denne studien at ufortynnet, stimulert spyttinneholder omtrent 30 ganger mindre α 1 PI enn serum eller ca 1200 nM α 1 PI og forventes å inneholde ca 60 nM α 2 M. Den optimale spytt fortynning for α-testen ble funnet å være 13% stimulert spytt, og dette fortynning forventes å inneholde ca 160 nM α 1 PI og 8 nM α 2 M, en konsentrasjon av α 2 M som er under terskelen for påvisning i protokollen. På grunn av den lave konsentrasjonen av α 2 M, er det mulig å nøyaktig fastslå den spesifikke aktiviteten av α 1 PI i spytt uten bekymring for konkurranse fra α 2 M. Målinger av aktive α 1 PI og proteininnhold i spytt tillatt beregningen av α 1 PI Index, som ble funnet å korrelere med standard metode for måling av CD4-tall og flowcytometri. Viktigere, resultatene av regresjonsanalysen (r

    CD4 Bestemmelse metoder har ikke tidligere tatt hensyn til variasjonen som skyldes sykling. I praksis kan CD4-tall variere med så mye som 200 celler / mL mellom nadir og apex med en periodisitet på 23-27 dager, og dette gjelder uavhengig av metode for måling av CD4 + T celler 3. Dermed gir den sinusbølge aksen for pendling en mer nøyaktig mål på en persons virkelige CD4 + T celletall enn en enkelt dag bruker for å måle fordi aksen for pendling er konstant time til time, uke til uke. Selv om det kanskje ikke være mulig å direkte måle aksen for pendling for en persons CD4 + T celler, kan dette estimeres ved hjelp av et gjennomsnitt av langsgående CD4 + T celletall så lenge variasjon i CD4-tall ikke overstiger den forventede amplitude. Stor variasjons i CD4-tall indikerer påvirkning av variabler enn sykling.

    Regresjonslinjen avbildet i Figur 2 er et anslag på aksen for pendling. Beregning av forventet amplitude over og under regresjonslinjen viste at amplitude ligger innenfor 95% konfidensintervall. Medianen Forskjellen mellom 95% konfidensintervall og regresjonslinjen er 63 CD4 celler / mL, og median forskjell mellom amplitude og regresjonslinjen er 37 CD4 celler / mL. Dette kan tolkes til å bety at 95% av CD4-tall beregnet fra α-test målingene vil være innen ca 63 CD4 celler / mL fra de faktiske CD4-tall og at ca 58% av denne forskjellen vil skyldes CD4 sykling. Dermed er presisjonen i α-test avstanden mellom konfidensintervallet og amplitude som er omtrent 26 CD4 celler / mL, og nøyaktigheten av α-test er korrelasjonen coefficient av regresjonslinjen som er 0,95 eller 95%.

    Det er flere begrensninger til α-test som beskrevet her, men løsningene er lett tilgjengelig. For eksempel, selv om α-testen beskrevet bruker en mikroplate format, gjør at evnen til å utføre α-test ved hjelp av en enkelt spytt fortynning av α-test for å brukes med peilestaven teknologi, et instrument-fri, teknologisk enkle systemet. Omtrent 2% av spytt prøver samlet i Kamerun var for seigt til å manipulere, og dette er forenlig med spytt samles i New York City. Anvendelsen av DNase til slike prøver kan brukes til å forbedre viskositeten dermed tillater måling 10. En ekstra løsning kan være å bruke farmakologiske sialagogues som spesifikt stimulerer spytt sekresjon via den parasympatiske versus sympatiske pathway dermed produsere vannaktig spytt. En slik sialagogue er Pilocarpine 11. Endelig har α-test not blitt validert, og dette er nødvendig for å avgjøre om ytelsen er tilstrekkelig diskriminerende for kritiske nivåer av CD4-tall 12.

    De kritiske nivåene av CD4-tall er i den lineære delen av sigmoidal regresjonskurven som tillot disse verdiene skal beregnes ved en lineær algoritme. I denne populasjonen, den lineære regresjon for verdier <860 CD4 celler / mL (r 2 = 0,86, n = 30, p <2x10 -7) var like god som den sigmoidal regresjon (r 2 = 0,88, n = 30, p < 0,0001). Den lineære regresjon for alfa 1 PI Indekser over 67 som tilsvarer ca 350 CD4 celler / mL (r 2 = 0,88, n = 15, p = 0,002) var like god som den sigmoidal regresjon (r 2 = 0,89, n = 15, p <0,0001). Imidlertid var korrelasjonen ikke signifikant på alfa 1 PI Indekser under 67 som tilsvarte <350 CD4 celler / mL (r 2 = 0,17, p = 0,54, n = 15). Dette er en kritisk verdi siden WHO retningslinjer anbefaler en CD4 tall <350 CD4 celler / mL å kvalifisere for adgang til antiretroviral terapi 13. For å bedre avgjøre ytelsen til α-testen og forbedre følsomheten ved lavere verdier, er en ekstra 800 spytt prøvene samles i Kamerun fra 4 grupper: nyfødte-2 år, 3-5 år og 6-15 år og 16 år og eldre.

    I konklusjonen, er α-testen fysiologisk relevant for antallet CD4-celler i blodet ennå kan utføres ved hjelp spytt og gir dermed en ikke-invasiv, nøyaktig og presis point-of-care metode for overvåking av CD4-tall i endemiske områder uten instrumentering på en kostnad-per-test som er mindre enn en dollar.

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    Disclosures

    Ingen interessekonflikter erklært.

    Acknowledgments

    Forskningen ble støttet av Harry Winston Research Foundation.

    Materials

    Name Company Catalog Number Comments
    Sialogogue, 0.05M citric acid Eda’s Sugarfree Candies, 4900 Rear N.20th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19144 Sugar-Free Lemon dropS
    Porcine pancreatic elastase, type 1 (EC 3.4.21.36) Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO 63103 E1250
    Succinyl-L-Ala-L-Ala-L-Ala-p-nitroanilide Sigma-Aldrich S4760
    Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 Sigma-Aldrich B7920
    Tissue culture-treated, 96 well microplates Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ 07417-1886 35-3072
    Microplate Reader with filters for 405nm and 595nm MTX Lab Systems, 8456 Tyco Road, Building D, Vienna, Virginia 22182 Dynex P97277

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    References

    1. Friedlander, Y., Kark, J. D., Eisenberg, S., Stein, Y. Calculation of LDL-cholesterol from total cholesterol, triglyceride and HDL-cholesterol: a comparison of methods in the Jerusalem Lipid Research Clinic Prevalence Study. Isr. J. Med. Sci. 18, 1242-1252 (1982).
    2. Lapidot, T., Petit, I. Current understanding of stem cell mobilization: The roles of chemokines, proteolytic enzymes, adhesion molecules, cytokines, and stromal cells. Exp. Hematol. 30, 973-981 (2002).
    3. Bristow, C. L. α1Antitrypsin therapy increases CD4+ lymphocytes to normal values in HIV-1 patients. Soluble factors mediating innate immune responses to HIV infection. Alfano, M. , Bentham Science Publishers. (2010).
    4. Bristow, C. L., Patel, H., Arnold, R. R. Self antigen prognostic for human immunodeficiency virus disease progression. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 8, 937-942 (2001).
    5. Bristow, C. L., Babayeva, M. A., LaBrunda, M., Mullen, M. P., Winston, R. α1Proteinase Inhibitor regulates CD4+ lymphocyte levels and is rate limiting in HIV-1 disease. PLoS One. , Forthcoming (2011).
    6. de Almeida, P. D. V., Gregio, A. M. T., Machado, M. A. N., de Lima, A. A. S., Azevedo, L. R. Saliva Composition and Functions: A Comprehensive Review. J. Contemp. Dent. Pract. 9, 72-80 (2008).
    7. Edgar, W. M. Saliva: its secretion, composition and funcitons. Br. Dent. J. , 172-305 (1992).
    8. Bristow, C. L., Meo, F. di, Arnold, R. R. Specific activity of α1proteinase inhibitor and 2macroglobulin in human serum: Application to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 89, 247-259 (1998).
    9. Pederson, E. D. Salivary levels of α2-macroglobulin, α1-antitrypsin, C-reactive protein, cathepsin G and elastase in humans with or without destructive periodontal disease. Arch. Oral Biol. 40, 1151-1155 (1995).
    10. Shak, S., Capon, D. J., Hellmiss, R., Marsters, S. A., Baker, C. L. Recombinant human DNase I reduces the viscosity of cystic fibrosis sputum. PNAS. 87, 9188-9192 (1990).
    11. LeVeque, F. G. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose- titration study of oral pilocarpine for treatment of radiation-induced xerostomia in head and neck cancer patients. J. Clin. Oncol. 11, 1124-1131 (1993).
    12. Stevens, W. Evaluating new CD4 enumeration technologies for resource-constrained countries. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 6, S29-S38 (2008).
    13. WHO. 2010 ART guidelines for adults and adolescents - evidence map. , Available from: http://www.who.int/hiv/topics/treatment/evidence/en/index.html (2010).

    Tags

    Medisin CD4 spytt antitrypsin hematopoiesis T-celler HIV / AIDS klinisk
    Den α-test: Rapid Cell-free CD4 Enumeration Bruke Hele Spytt
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    Cite this Article

    Bristow, C. L., Babayeva, M. A.,More

    Bristow, C. L., Babayeva, M. A., Modarresi, R., McArthur, C. P., Kumar, S., Awasom, C., Ayuk, L., Njinda, A., Achu, P., Winston, R. The α-test: Rapid Cell-free CD4 Enumeration Using Whole Saliva. J. Vis. Exp. (63), e3999, doi:10.3791/3999 (2012).

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    A Computerized Functional Skills Assessment and Training Program Targeting Technology Based Everyday Functional Skills
  • Research • Medicine
    Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Integrating Augmented Reality Tools in Breast Cancer Related Lymphedema Prognostication and Diagnosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasonographic Assessment During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of the Hepatic Venous Pressure Gradient and Transjugular Liver Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Patient Directed Recording of a Bipolar Three-Lead Electrocardiogram using a Smartwatch with ECG Function
  • Research • Medicine
    Traditional Trail Making Test Modified into Brand-new Assessment Tools: Digital and Walking Trail Making Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Biopsy Data to Guide Sampling Procedures for Prostate Cancer Biobanking
  • Research • Medicine
    A Fluorescence-based Assay for Characterization and Quantification of Lipid Droplet Formation in Human Intestinal Organoids
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Non-invasive Method for the Detection of Elevated Intra-compartmental Pressures of the Leg
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Mapping of Specific Ventilation in the Human Lung using Proton Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Oxygen as a Contrast Agent
  • Research • Neuroscience
    Portable Thermographic Screening for Detection of Acute Wallenberg's Syndrome
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of MRI-ultrasound Fusion to Achieve Targeted Prostate Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Testing of all Six Semicircular Canals with Video Head Impulse Test Systems
  • Research • Medicine
    Protocol and Guidelines for Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Diagnosing Neonatal Pulmonary Diseases Based on International Expert Consensus
  • Research • Neuroscience
    Bilateral Assessment of the Corticospinal Pathways of the Ankle Muscles Using Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
  • Research • Medicine
    Targeting Gray Rami Communicantes in Selective Chemical Lumbar Sympathectomy
  • Research • Medicine
    Multi-Modal Home Sleep Monitoring in Older Adults
  • Research • Medicine
    Cardiac Magnetic Resonance for the Evaluation of Suspected Cardiac Thrombus: Conventional and Emerging Techniques
  • Research • Medicine
    Observational Study Protocol for Repeated Clinical Examination and Critical Care Ultrasonography Within the Simple Intensive Care Studies
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurements of Motor Function and Other Clinical Outcome Parameters in Ambulant Children with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of the Efficacy of An Osteopathic Treatment in Infants with Biomechanical Impairments to Suckling
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantification of Levator Ani Hiatus Enlargement by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Males and Females with Pelvic Organ Prolapse
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative [18F]-Naf-PET-MRI Analysis for the Evaluation of Dynamic Bone Turnover in a Patient with Facetogenic Low Back Pain
  • Research • Medicine
    Generation of Human 3D Lung Tissue Cultures (3D-LTCs) for Disease Modeling
  • Research • Medicine
    Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
  • Research • Medicine
    Combining Volumetric Capnography And Barometric Plethysmography To Measure The Lung Structure-function Relationship
  • Research • Medicine
    Two-Dimensional X-Ray Angiography to Examine Fine Vascular Structure Using a Silicone Rubber Injection Compound
  • Research • Medicine
    Preparation, Procedures and Evaluation of Platelet-Rich Plasma Injection in the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis
  • Research • Medicine
    Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging at 7 Tesla
  • Research • Medicine
    Semi-quantitative Assessment Using [18F]FDG Tracer in Patients with Severe Brain Injury
  • Research • Medicine
    Handheld Metal Detector Screening for Metallic Foreign Body Ingestion in Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Conducting Maximal and Submaximal Endurance Exercise Testing to Measure Physiological and Biological Responses to Acute Exercise in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    A Metadata Extraction Approach for Clinical Case Reports to Enable Advanced Understanding of Biomedical Concepts
  • Research • Medicine
    Autonomic Function Following Concussion in Youth Athletes: An Exploration of Heart Rate Variability Using 24-hour Recording Methodology
  • Research • Medicine
    Hydra, a Computer-Based Platform for Aiding Clinicians in Cardiovascular Analysis and Diagnosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Objective Nociceptive Assessment in Ventilated ICU Patients: A Feasibility Study Using Pupillometry and the Nociceptive Flexion Reflex
  • Research • Medicine
    'Boden Food Plate': Novel Interactive Web-based Method for the Assessment of Dietary Intake
  • Research • Medicine
    Anogenital Distance and Perineal Measurements of the Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) Quantification System
  • Research • Medicine
    Bedside Ultrasound for Guiding Fluid Removal in Patients with Pulmonary Edema: The Reverse-FALLS Protocol
  • Research • Medicine
    Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation of Primary Human Decidual Cells from the Fetal Membranes of Term Placentae
  • Research • Medicine
    Skeletal Muscle Neurovascular Coupling, Oxidative Capacity, and Microvascular Function with 'One Stop Shop' Near-infrared Spectroscopy
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting Hair Samples for Hair Cortisol Analysis in African Americans
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vivo Morphometric Analysis of Human Cranial Nerves Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Menière's Disease Ears and Normal Hearing Ears
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (Cf-PWV) to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness
  • Research • Medicine
    Standardized Measurement of Nasal Membrane Transepithelial Potential Difference (NPD)
  • Research • Medicine
    Taste Exam: A Brief and Validated Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Absorption of Nasal and Bronchial Fluids: Precision Sampling of the Human Respiratory Mucosa and Laboratory Processing of Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Methodology for Sputum Induction and Laboratory Processing
  • Research • Medicine
    Electrophysiological Measurement of Noxious-evoked Brain Activity in Neonates Using a Flat-tip Probe Coupled to Electroencephalography
  • Research • Medicine
    A Detailed Protocol for Physiological Parameters Acquisition and Analysis in Neurosurgical Critical Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Oral Biofilm Sampling for Microbiome Analysis in Healthy Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia
  • Research • Medicine
    Application of an Amplitude-integrated EEG Monitor (Cerebral Function Monitor) to Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    3D Ultrasound Imaging: Fast and Cost-effective Morphometry of Musculoskeletal Tissue
  • Research • Medicine
    The 4-vessel Sampling Approach to Integrative Studies of Human Placental Physiology In Vivo
  • Research • Medicine
    A Component-resolved Diagnostic Approach for a Study on Grass Pollen Allergens in Chinese Southerners with Allergic Rhinitis and/or Asthma
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
  • Research • Medicine
    A Method for Quantifying Upper Limb Performance in Daily Life Using Accelerometers
  • Research • Medicine
    Non-invasive Assessments of Subjective and Objective Recovery Characteristics Following an Exhaustive Jump Protocol
  • Research • Medicine
    Experimental Protocol of a Three-minute, All-out Arm Crank Exercise Test in Spinal-cord Injured and Able-bodied Individuals
  • Research • Medicine
    Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Pulmonary Capillary Blood Volume, Membrane Diffusing Capacity, and Intrapulmonary Arteriovenous Anastomoses During Exercise
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Child Anthropometry in a Large Epidemiologic Study
  • Research • Medicine
    Video Movement Analysis Using Smartphones (ViMAS): A Pilot Study
  • Research • Medicine
    Network Analysis of Foramen Ovale Electrode Recordings in Drug-resistant Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Induction and Assessment of Exertional Skeletal Muscle Damage in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    A Detailed Protocol for Perspiration Monitoring Using a Novel, Small, Wireless Device
  • Research • Medicine
    Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
  • Research • Medicine
    Integrated Compensatory Responses in a Human Model of Hemorrhage
  • Research • Medicine
    Transthoracic Speckle Tracking Echocardiography for the Quantitative Assessment of Left Ventricular Myocardial Deformation
  • Research • Medicine
    Impression Cytology of the Lid Wiper Area
  • Research • Behavior
    A Protocol of Manual Tests to Measure Sensation and Pain in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    Unbiased Deep Sequencing of RNA Viruses from Clinical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    A Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cell-based Model of the Human Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier to Study Bacterial Infection from the Basolateral Side
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Profiling of MicroRNA-containing Exosomes from Human Bile
  • Research • Medicine
    Generation of Microtumors Using 3D Human Biogel Culture System and Patient-derived Glioblastoma Cells for Kinomic Profiling and Drug Response Testing
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Using a Laminating Technique to Perform Confocal Microscopy of the Human Sclera
  • Research • Medicine
    Intravenous Endotoxin Challenge in Healthy Humans: An Experimental Platform to Investigate and Modulate Systemic Inflammation
  • Research • Medicine
    Modeling and Simulations of Olfactory Drug Delivery with Passive and Active Controls of Nasally Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols
  • Research • Medicine
    Exosomal miRNA Analysis in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Patients' Plasma Through qPCR: A Feasible Liquid Biopsy Tool
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multimodal Imaging- and Stimulation-based Method of Evaluating Connectivity-related Brain Excitability in Patients with Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges
  • Research • Medicine
    Using Saccadometry with Deep Brain Stimulation to Study Normal and Pathological Brain Function
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Fundus Autofluorescence for the Evaluation of Retinal Diseases
  • Research • Medicine
    Diagnosis of Musculus Gastrocnemius Tightness - Key Factors for the Clinical Examination
  • Research • Medicine
    Stereo-Electro-Encephalo-Graphy (SEEG) With Robotic Assistance in the Presurgical Evaluation of Medical Refractory Epilepsy: A Technical Note
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Transcutaneous Microcirculatory Imaging in Preterm Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    Using an Ingestible Telemetric Temperature Pill to Assess Gastrointestinal Temperature During Exercise
  • Research • Medicine
    Design, Fabrication, and Administration of the Hand Active Sensation Test (HASTe)
  • Research • Medicine
    MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder
  • Research • Medicine
    Functional Human Liver Preservation and Recovery by Means of Subnormothermic Machine Perfusion
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multicenter MRI Protocol for the Evaluation and Quantification of Deep Vein Thrombosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Determining The Electromyographic Fatigue Threshold Following a Single Visit Exercise Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of Electromagnetic Navigational Transthoracic Needle Aspiration (E-TTNA) for Sampling of Lung Nodules
  • Research • Medicine
    Trabecular Meshwork Response to Pressure Elevation in the Living Human Eye
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vivo, Percutaneous, Needle Based, Optical Coherence Tomography of Renal Masses
  • Research • Medicine
    Establishment of Human Epithelial Enteroids and Colonoids from Whole Tissue and Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Human Brown Adipose Tissue Depots Automatically Segmented by Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography and Registered Magnetic Resonance Images
  • Research • Medicine
    Preparation and Respirometric Assessment of Mitochondria Isolated from Skeletal Muscle Tissue Obtained by Percutaneous Needle Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    A Methodological Approach to Non-invasive Assessments of Vascular Function and Morphology
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Immortalization of Patient-derived Cell Lines from Muscle Biopsy for Disease Modeling
  • Research • Medicine
    State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
  • Research • Medicine
    The Supraclavicular Fossa Ultrasound View for Central Venous Catheter Placement and Catheter Change Over Guidewire
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of the Brachial Artery in Clinical Research
  • Research • Medicine
    Tracking the Mammary Architectural Features and Detecting Breast Cancer with Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes
  • Research • Medicine
    DTI of the Visual Pathway - White Matter Tracts and Cerebral Lesions
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection, Isolation, and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Human Endocervical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multi-Modal Approach to Assessing Recovery in Youth Athletes Following Concussion
  • Research • Medicine
    Clinical Assessment of Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Patients and Older Adults
  • Research • Medicine
    Multi-electrode Array Recordings of Human Epileptic Postoperative Cortical Tissue
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection and Extraction of Saliva DNA for Next Generation Sequencing
  • Research • Medicine
    Fast and Accurate Exhaled Breath Ammonia Measurement
  • Research • Medicine
    Developing Neuroimaging Phenotypes of the Default Mode Network in PTSD: Integrating the Resting State, Working Memory, and Structural Connectivity
  • Research • Medicine
    Two Methods for Establishing Primary Human Endometrial Stromal Cells from Hysterectomy Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Coordinate Mapping of Hyolaryngeal Mechanics in Swallowing
  • Research • Medicine
    Network Analysis of the Default Mode Network Using Functional Connectivity MRI in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    EEG Mu Rhythm in Typical and Atypical Development
  • Research • Medicine
    The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT): An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Functional Characterization of Human Ventricular Cardiomyocytes from Fresh Surgical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Primary Culture of Human Vestibular Schwannomas
  • Research • Medicine
    Utility of Dissociated Intrinsic Hand Muscle Atrophy in the Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Lesion Explorer: A Video-guided, Standardized Protocol for Accurate and Reliable MRI-derived Volumetrics in Alzheimer's Disease and Normal Elderly
  • Research • Medicine
    Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Culture, and Imaging of Human Fetal Pancreatic Cell Clusters
  • Research • Medicine
    3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Computerized Dynamic Posturography for Postural Control Assessment in Patients with Intermittent Claudication
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting Saliva and Measuring Salivary Cortisol and Alpha-amylase in Frail Community Residing Older Adults via Family Caregivers
  • Research • Medicine
    Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Analysis of Neurodegenerative Diseases
  • Research • Medicine
    Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Retinal Surgical Specimens Using jouRNAl
  • Research • Medicine
    Improved Protocol For Laser Microdissection Of Human Pancreatic Islets From Surgical Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Respiratory Muscle Activation Using Respiratory Motor Control Assessment (RMCA) in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury
  • Research • Medicine
    Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting And Measuring Wound Exudate Biochemical Mediators In Surgical Wounds
  • Research • Medicine
    A Research Method For Detecting Transient Myocardial Ischemia In Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome Using Continuous ST-segment Analysis
  • Research • Medicine
    Using a Chemical Biopsy for Graft Quality Assessment
  • Research • Medicine
    Characterizing Exon Skipping Efficiency in DMD Patient Samples in Clinical Trials of Antisense Oligonucleotides
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vitro Assessment of Cardiac Function Using Skinned Cardiomyocytes
  • Research • Medicine
    Normothermic Ex Situ Heart Perfusion in Working Mode: Assessment of Cardiac Function and Metabolism
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Vascular Control Mechanisms Utilizing Video Microscopy of Isolated Resistance Arteries of Rats
  • Research • Medicine
    Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) for Research; Obtaining Adequate Sample Yield
  • Research • Medicine
    Non-invasive Optical Measurement of Cerebral Metabolism and Hemodynamics in Infants
  • Research • Medicine
    Tilt Testing with Combined Lower Body Negative Pressure: a "Gold Standard" for Measuring Orthostatic Tolerance
  • Research • Medicine
    Driving Simulation in the Clinic: Testing Visual Exploratory Behavior in Daily Life Activities in Patients with Visual Field Defects
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Characterization and Comparative Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Derived from Permanent Teeth by Using Two Different Methods
  • Research • Medicine
    Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking (IPL): Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Intraoperative Detection of Subtle Endometriosis: A Novel Paradigm for Detection and Treatment of Pelvic Pain Associated with the Loss of Peritoneal Integrity
  • Research • Medicine
    The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection Protocol for Human Pancreas
  • Research • Medicine
    The α-test: Rapid Cell-free CD4 Enumeration Using Whole Saliva
  • Research • Medicine
    The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Donor Tissue Preparation for Endothelial Keratoplasty
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantification of Atherosclerotic Plaque Activity and Vascular Inflammation using [18-F] Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (FDG-PET/CT)
  • Research • Medicine
    Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography of Retinal Circulation
  • Research • Medicine
    Utilizing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Study the Human Neuromuscular System
  • Research • Medicine
    Detection and Genogrouping of Noroviruses from Children's Stools By Taqman One-step RT-PCR
  • Research • Medicine
    Method to Measure Tone of Axial and Proximal Muscle
  • Research • Medicine
    The Trier Social Stress Test Protocol for Inducing Psychological Stress
  • Research • Medicine
    Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Multifocal Electroretinograms
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation of Human Islets from Partially Pancreatectomized Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quantification of Pulmonary Perfusion using Calibrated Arterial Spin Labeling
  • Research • Medicine
    Manual Muscle Testing: A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department
  • Research • Medicine
    A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
  • Research • Medicine
    An Investigation of the Effects of Sports-related Concussion in Youth Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Head Impact Telemetry System
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Confocal Microscopy: A Novel Non-invasive Technique to Quantify Small Fibre Pathology in Peripheral Neuropathies
  • Research • Medicine
    Methods to Quantify Pharmacologically Induced Alterations in Motor Function in Human Incomplete SCI
  • Research • Medicine
    Multispectral Real-time Fluorescence Imaging for Intraoperative Detection of the Sentinel Lymph Node in Gynecologic Oncology
  • Research • Medicine
    Technique to Collect Fungiform (Taste) Papillae from Human Tongue
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessing Endothelial Vasodilator Function with the Endo-PAT 2000
  • Research • Medicine
    Making Sense of Listening: The IMAP Test Battery
  • Research • Medicine
    An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)
  • Research • Biology
    Bioelectric Analyses of an Osseointegrated Intelligent Implant Design System for Amputees
  • Research • Biology
    Demonstration of Cutaneous Allodynia in Association with Chronic Pelvic Pain
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