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Medicine

利用人类纤维原细胞线粒体表型的监测领域的帕金森氏病

Published: October 3, 2012 doi: 10.3791/4228

Summary

成纤维细胞在帕金森氏症的致病基因携带突变的患者代表一个方便

Abstract

帕金森氏病(PD)是第二个最常见的运动障碍,并影响到1%的人年龄超过60 1。由于老龄化是最重要的危险因素,PD的情况下,将增加在未来几十年里2。病态的蛋白质折叠和受损的蛋白质降解途径,线粒体功能和形态的改变,并指出了3-11 PD的神经退行性疾病中的又一标志。

经过多年的研究,在小鼠和人类肿瘤细胞的体外模型解剖帕金森病的分子途径,利用人成纤维细胞的体外模型从患者和适当的控制已成为一个有价值的研究工具,如果被认为是潜在的警告。除永生,而人工细胞模型,主要的成纤维细胞从患者进行疾病相关的基因突变显然反映了重要的病理特点of的人类疾病。

在这里,我们描绘出的皮肤活组织切片检查,培养人成纤维细胞和必要的显微技术,利用详细的协议定义线粒体的表型的过程。这些被用来研究不同的功能与PD相关的线粒体功能和动态。 体外 ,线粒体可以分析方面的功能,形态,共存与溶酶体(细胞器有辱人格的不正常的线粒体)和降解通过溶酶体途径。这些表型是高度相关的识别PD的早期迹象,并在人类疾病的基因携带者可能先于临床的运动症状。因此,这里提出的分析可以利用的宝贵工具,以确定病理特征的神经退行性疾病,并有助于确定新的治疗策略,PD。

Protocol

1。皮肤活检和培养的人类成纤维细胞

  1. 皮肤活检,必须采取由有经验的医师。这个过程需要在无菌条件下,需要局部麻醉。用于活检的典型网站的内侧上臂,肩或腰部。
  2. 您可以采取的4x4mm或6x6mm的直径冲活检标本培养人成纤维细胞,以获得足够的组织。
  3. 切开皮肤活检分成相等的小块,在无菌条件下将它们区分成2-4 T25瓶中。每个烧瓶的表皮应该包含2-3个。培养基中含有15%FCS,1.1%,丙酮酸钠和1%青霉素/链霉素的在罗斯威尔公园Memorial研究所(RPMI)1640培养基中。
  4. 孵育细胞在37℃和5%CO 2的 。直到第一次成纤维细胞生长的表皮样品的预期的传播时间是1-2周。如果经济增长遇到问题,你可以利用成纤维细胞生长发构造函数(5-10 ng / ml的FGF2),以提高细胞的生长。
  5. 一旦细胞融合达到50%-70%,人类纤维原细胞可以冷冻。达到50-70%汇合时为止的时间,细胞系之间的不同。冻结在90%FCS中加10%的二甲亚砜(DMSO)中的成纤维细胞。

2。活细胞显微成像技术的人成纤维细胞的制备

在一般情况下,人成纤维细胞的实验应低于10通道与衰老相关的改变可以改变属性,多次传代后的细胞。在疑问的情况下,β-半乳糖苷酶的测定可以用来评估的老化过程,在各自的细胞诱导。一般情况下,不使用衰老成纤维细胞(见上文)。此外,用来比较的几个细胞系,每个细胞系具有相同的通路数工作。比较患者与健康对照组相比,不同的基因同质的建议。然而,有时患者进行特定的基因突变是罕见的,这可以说具有一定的通道数以及不同的控制线只有一个病人的皮肤活检必须包括 - 这是必要的,以确保相同的通道数包含所有行。如果一个细胞融合达到50%-70%,但没有实验计划,成纤维细胞被冻结。

  1. 在实验的第一天,洗一次附加的成纤维细胞,用PBS。然后松开他们的瓶底使用细胞分离蛋白水解DNA酶酶( ACCUMAX)的解决方案的。
  2. 在4室盖玻片(1.8厘米2培养面积每孔)的每个孔中的细胞和种子50,000-70,000细胞计数。因此,一半的细胞数或少8腔coverglas,是适当的(0.8厘米2培养面积每孔)。这是重要的种子,而一个小的细胞数,以执行真正的单细胞分析。没有涂层的分庭,我小号需要。
  3. 24-48小时后,活细胞成像实验可以执行。确保活细胞成像显微镜配备的孵化器,其控制的温度和CO 2水平。在图像采集过程中,气氛中37℃和5%CO 2应该保持不变。
  4. 每一个活细胞成像测量应进行至少在三个独立的实验。总体而言,最低的每50个细胞的细胞系进行成像。活细胞成像实验,以及离线分析下进行蒙蔽的条件,以保证没有偏见的数据采集。

3。 “活的人类成纤维细胞线粒体功能的测量

对于常规测量线粒体功能通过线粒体膜电位(MMP) - 依赖的染料,荧光激活细胞分选(FACS)是主要方法。在人成纤维细胞的情况下,蜂窝autofluore刘哲民,经常观察和,与实际染色信号的干扰可能会导致假阳性结果。自体荧光通常变得更加显着更高的通道数目的成纤维细胞。因此,,我们宁愿评估人成纤维细胞线粒体功能的活细胞显微成像技术。

  1. 24-48小时后播种,培育成纤维细胞MMP-依赖的染料tetramethylrodamine乙基酯(TMRE),在RPMI培养基在50海里。这RPMI培养基中缺乏酚红,因为这会产生负面影响图像质量。 1.6μM的Hoechst染色应添加到可视化晶核。
  2. 孵育细胞15分钟在37℃和5%CO 2的保护,光在制备的染色溶液。
  3. 更换用RPMI培养基(无酚红)染色溶液。没有进行洗涤步骤,并立即图像单元格。使用63X的放大倍率和激光扫描共聚焦显微镜技术(或者荧光显微镜apotome技术)来定义的细胞的单层。适用于37℃和5%CO 2的细胞,在成像过程中的过程。
  4. 当拍摄成纤维细胞,给予最大的关注荧光灯TMRE染色漂白剂快速的曝光时间。 200和300 ms之间定义适当的曝光时间,不超过这个时间间隔。在标准设置的图像采集是非常重要的,将无法进行比较的基础上强度,如果设置不同的细胞系之间的。
  5. 作为定义的半径周围的成像单元被漂白,满分曝光后,保持充分远离光致漂白的部分的下一个视场。
  6. 进行离线分析使用,ImageJ软件(韦恩·罗斯本;美国国立卫生研究院,美国)。
  7. 使用选择工具,选择您感兴趣的细胞。
  8. 将图像转换成8位(图像类型<8位)。
  9. 减少非特异性噪声BŸ使用“散斑”功能(过程噪声<去斑)。
  10. 选择“查找表 - 火”状态(图片<查找表<火)。
  11. 在阈值函数切换到“上/下”功能和调节阈值(图像调整<阈值)。
  12. 选择“分析粒子”的选项,这将给你每个检测线粒体颗粒(分析分析颗粒)的平均灰度值。给定的结果列表保存为Excel电子表格中。
  13. 在Excel程序打开结果文件,并计算线粒体结构的平均灰度值的平均值(表示为“平均”在给定的卓越结果列表)。
  14. 要创建曲面图,选择“插件”交互式三维曲面图“中的”3D“插件部分。在这里,你可以进一步调整的情节使用不同的显示选项。改变原来的颜色“,”频谱LUT“提供适当的地积强度的比例尺。
  15. 另外到使用TMRE用于分析的人成纤维细胞的线粒体功能通过活细胞成像,MMP独立染料Mitotracker有绿色FM组合,和MMP依赖性染料Mitotracker有可以使用CM-H 2 XRos的。同样地,人成纤维细胞的生活细胞成像显微镜是优选的,但在一般这种替代也被用来使用FACS分析单元12在其他种。当使用这种替代方法来衡量人的成纤维细胞,细胞线粒体功能的步骤3-7的协议第5条“测量”生活人类成纤维细胞溶酶体的共定位在mitochondrio应适用。舌头,信号的覆盖,无论是从线粒体积极FM和Mitotracker有CM-H 2 XRos Mitotracker有绿色计算和表示比所有线粒体现在的线粒体的功能。

4。 “活的人类成纤维细胞的线粒体形态测量

  1. 24-48小时后播种,在200 nM的Mitotracker有绿色FM在RPMI培养基中(无酚红)孵育细胞避光15分钟,在37℃和5%CO 2的 。应该使用1.6μM的Hoechst染色以突出显示细胞核。 Mitotracker有绿色FM是一个独立于MMP-染料,污渍线粒体结构呈现。
  2. 轻轻PBS洗细胞一次。
  3. 加入新鲜RPMI培养基(无酚红)细胞,并立即图像细胞。使用63X的放大倍率和激光扫描共聚焦显微镜技术(或荧光显微镜技术的使用Apotome)定义单细胞层。
  4. 离线分析取出由使用ImageJ的软件。
  5. 使用选择工具,选择您感兴趣的细胞。
  6. 将图像转换成8位(图像类型<8位)。
  7. 减少使用的“去散斑”功能(处理过程<噪音<去斑)的非特异的噪声。
  8. 使用卷积滤镜突出线粒体drial结构(过程<过滤器<卷积)。
  9. 调整的信号 - 噪声比是适当的阈值,使(图片<调整<阈值)。
  10. 通过使用“分析颗粒”选项,启动线粒体的结构的自动识别的基础上选择的像素尺寸(分析<分析颗粒)。随后,一些线粒体参数计算,如面积,周长,短轴和长轴或圆。这些测量结果可以单独设置(<设定测量分析)。给定的结果列表保存为Excel电子表格中。
  11. 在Excel程序中打开结果文件。随着使用这样的参数,可以进行分析线粒体形态。这包括线粒体网络分支[公式表示程度的形状系数的定义:(周长2)/(4 * PI()*面积)],以及纵横比线粒体(式定义的长度:主要轴/短轴)。

5。活的人类成纤维细胞的Mitochondrio溶酶体的共定位测量

  1. 播种后24-48小时,孵育细胞在200 nM的Mitotracker有绿色FM和100nM的Lyostracker红色DND-99在RPMI培养基(无酚红),15分钟,在37℃和5%CO 2的保护,光。 1.6微米的Hoechst染色是用来突出核。
  2. 更换新鲜的RMPI介质(无酚红)含100纳米Lyostracker红DND-99培养基中。这种染料必须在整个成像会议。不要洗细胞后,潜伏期。立即图像的细胞。使用63X的放大倍率和共聚焦技术(或者Apotome技术),以确定单层细胞。
  3. 离线分析取出由使用ImageJ的软件。
  4. 打开相应的图像,你想分析的共存状态。
  5. 将图像转换成8位(图像类型<8位)。 减少非特异的噪声,通过使用“去散斑”功能在两个图像(处理过程<噪声<去斑)。
  6. 选择:共存分析工具插件“JACoP”,它给你的各通道的值,并计算Pearson的系数,重叠系数大以及“曼德斯系数(插件<JACoP)。

6。代表性的成果

在活的人体成纤维细胞线粒体功能可以通过活细胞成像技术评估。功能分析,TMRE荧光信号与线粒体膜电位(MMP)。正常MMP条件下,TMRE荧光显着更高( 图1A,上排)比其特征在于通过降低基质金属蛋白酶( 图1A,下排)的病理条件下。此荧光强度测定通过计算每线粒体结构的平均灰度值的平均的( 图1A中 ,右侧)的图示。

人成纤维细胞线粒体功能的评估,活细胞显微成像技术可用于定义不同的参数线粒体形态。通过使用Mitotracker有绿色FM染料线粒体结构可视化独立的各自的基质金属蛋白酶( 图2)。这是很重要的,以确保纳入到分析的所有线粒体结构。使用ImageJ软件,该形态的二进制数字的基础上进行分析,因为只有在这里线粒体形态学参数可以评估( 图2,“二进制”)。线粒体形态分析中的形式因素,以及纵横比的例子是最近公布的6,13。另一项重要的功能,可以测量活的人体成纤维细胞线粒体结构的退化。在这一进展的第一步,可评估的mitochondrio溶酶体的共定位在活细胞显微成像技术。某些病理状态下导致线粒体与溶酶体( 图3A)中的增加的共定位。同样,Mitotracker有绿色FM染色线粒体结构,独立于它们各自的MMP。此外,与DND-99 Lysotracker红,染色,可以可视化的溶酶体结构。这是至关重要的,本Lysotracker红染料是在成像过程中,冲洗步骤减少的信号,用于可视化变得过低。黄恩启表示由于重叠的绿色(Mitotracker格林FM)和红色(Lysotracker红DND-99)染色(白色箭头, 图3A)的澄清的黄色的荧光信号,并确定所计算的Pearson安科fficient( 图3B)。

在一般情况下,用ImageJ软件离线分析,它是有帮助的,每一个细胞图像可视化,可避免使一个特定的感兴趣区域(ROI)的定义。

图1
图1。TMRE荧光信号,表明活细胞成像技术在活的人体成纤维细胞的线粒体膜电位(MMP)的测量。 (A)TMRE是一个MMP-依赖的荧光染料,其荧光强度与基质金属蛋白酶。 Hoechst染料被用于染色细胞核(蓝色)。 TMRE荧光正常MMP条件下(上排),显着高于其特征在于通过降低基质金属蛋白酶(下排)的病理条件下。被附加示出荧光强度强度曲面图。比例尺表示10微米。 (B)(A)中所示的示例性成纤维细胞的统计分析。在病理情况下,TMRE荧光的线粒体下降到正常MMP条件的测量相比, 点击此处查看大图

图2
图2。活细胞成像技术在活的人体成纤维细胞的线粒体形态的测量。 mitotracker格林FM(绿色),用于可视化线粒体的结构,它是独立的MMP。 Hoechst染料被用于染色细胞核(蓝色)。使用ImageJ的软件,可以分析的形态上的二进制数字。比例尺表示10微米。这里查看大图。

图3
图3。测量的线粒体,溶酶体中活的人体成纤维细胞,活细胞成像技术的共存。 (A)Mitotracker格林FM(绿色)被用于染色线粒体的结构,Lyostracker红色DND-99(红色)可视化溶酶体结构。 Hoechst染料被用于染色细胞核(蓝色)。成功共存病理条件下,由于,重叠的Lysotracker红色和Mitotracker有绿染色(白色箭头)黄色信号表示。比例尺表示10微米。 (B)(A)中所示的示例性成纤维细胞的统计分析。程度较高,mitochondrio溶酶体的共定位结果在一个较高的Pearson相关系数的值。/ 4228/4228fig3large.jpg“目标=”_blank“>点击这里查看大图。

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Discussion

病人的皮肤成纤维细胞体外模型的特点与疾病相关的遗传缺陷的一个重要工具。此外,皮肤成纤维细胞的方便和可扩展后的培养。因此,初级细胞从携带PD相关基因突变的患者得到的肿瘤细胞系的使用是优选的,因为它们包含不仅内源性致病基因,但整个受影响的个体的遗传背景。此外,已经示出的成纤维细胞,以反映在神经退行性疾病的重要病理特征的线粒体功能障碍。在本协议中所描述的实验研究线粒体的表型,包括功能,形态,以及评估共存的线粒体,溶酶体通过活细胞成像技术是特别有用的。舌头的疾病,主要特点,即线粒体功能障碍和随后的degrad功能明显下降,这些非功能性细胞器,可以可视化和分析正确的,13。线粒体功能和形态的改变往往是疾病的病理的第一步骤。例如,增加的线粒体网络的碎片可以增强细胞自噬过程6,12和mitophagic的先决条件。因此,线粒体,溶酶体的共定位可能有助于评估线粒体的退化(线粒体自噬)6。缺乏这种共存的线粒体,溶酶体的积累以及反映溶酶体降解途径的缺陷,并已被确认通过调节细胞自噬通量6。在这方面,ImageJ的软件表示由非偏置半自动化分析功能来生成验证数据集的一个重要工具。

人成纤维细胞的扩展使用更多的疾病相关的模型,另外一个选项是潜在的generat离子的诱导式多能性干细胞(iPS细胞),这可以分化成不同的细胞类型,疾病的进程14的主要目标。成纤维细胞的分化成多巴胺能神经元在帕金森氏症的情况下,使这个细胞模型,这种神经退行性疾病,15,16今后的研究中有前途的工具。更重要的是,所有的协议在这里所描述的分析得到的以可以很容易地转化成实验设置为多巴胺能神经元的内调查线粒体改建。当然,更特定神经元的活细胞成像实验可以了。

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Disclosures

没有利益冲突的声明。

Acknowledgments

这项工作是支持的补助弗里茨·蒂森基金会(10.11.2.153向RK),德国研究理事会(DFG,KR2119/3-2和KR2119/8-1至RK),联邦教育和研究部(BMBF NGFNplus; 01GS08134 RK)[LFB的慈善Hertie基金会的博士奖学金。我们感谢他们的支持在视频拍摄过程的Carolin奥伯迈尔和Julia Westermeier。

Materials

Name Company Catalog Number Comments
Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 medium Invitrogen 52400-025
RPMI 1640 medium, no Phenol Red Invitrogen 11835-063
Dulbecco's Phosphate-Buffered Saline (DPBS) Invitrogen 14190-094
Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) PeproTech 100-18B
AccuMax (detachment solution) PAA L11-008
Lab-TekTMII chambered coverglasses Nalge Nunc International 115382
Tetramethylrodamine ethyl ester (TMRE) Invitrogen T-669
Mitotracker Green FM Invitrogen M-7514
Mitotracker CM-H2XRos Invitrogen M-7513
Lyostracker Red DND-99 Invitrogen L-7528
H–chst 33342 Invitrogen H-3570

Table 1. Specific reagents and equipment.

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References

  1. de Rijk, M. C., Launer, L. J., Berger, K., Breteler, M. M., Dartigues, J. F., Baldereschi, M., Fratiglioni, L., Lobo, A., Martinez-Lage, J., Trenkwalder, C. Prevalence of Parkinson's disease in Europe: A collaborative study of population-based cohorts. Neurologic Diseases in the Elderly Research Group. Neurology. 54, 21-23 (2000).
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  6. Krebiehl, G., Ruckerbauer, S., Burbulla, L. F., Kieper, N., Maurer, B., Waak, J., Wolburg, H., Gizatullina, Z., Gellerich, F. N., Woitalla, D. Reduced basal autophagy and impaired mitochondrial dynamics due to loss of Parkinson's disease-associated protein DJ-1. PLoS One. 5, e9367 (2010).
  7. Exner, N., Treske, B., Paquet, D., Holmstrom, K., Schiesling, C., Gispert, S., Carballo-Carbajal, I., Berg, D., Hoepken, H. H., Gasser, T. Loss-of-function of human PINK1 results in mitochondrial pathology and can be rescued by parkin. J. Neurosci. 27, 12413-12418 (2007).
  8. Burbulla, L. F., Krebiehl, G., Kruger, R. Balance is the challenge--the impact of mitochondrial dynamics in Parkinson's disease. European journal of clinical investigation. 40, 1048-1060 (2010).
  9. Strauss, K. M., Martins, L. M., Plun-Favreau, H., Marx, F. P., Kautzmann, S., Berg, D., Gasser, T., Wszolek, Z., Muller, T., Bornemann, A. Loss of function mutations in the gene encoding Omi/HtrA2 in Parkinson's disease. Human molecular genetics. 14, 2099-2111 (2005).
  10. Narendra, D., Tanaka, A., Suen, D. F., Youle, R. J. Parkin is recruited selectively to impaired mitochondria and promotes their autophagy. The Journal of cell biology. 183, 795-803 (2008).
  11. Dagda, R. K., Cherra, S. J. 3rd, Kulich, S. M., Tandon, A., Park, D., Chu, C. T. Loss of PINK1 function promotes mitophagy through effects on oxidative stress and mitochondrial fission. The Journal of biological chemistry. , 284-13843 (2009).
  12. Kieper, N., Holmstrom, K. M., Ciceri, D., Fiesel, F. C., Wolburg, H., Ziviani, E., Whitworth, A. J., Martins, L. M., Kahle, P. J., Kruger, R. Modulation of mitochondrial function and morphology by interaction of Omi/HtrA2 with the mitochondrial fusion factor OPA1. Experimental cell research. 316, 1213-1224 (2010).
  13. Burbulla, L. F., Schelling, C., Kato, H., Rapaport, D., Woitalla, D., Schiesling, C., Schulte, C., Sharma, M., Illig, T., Bauer, P. Dissecting the role of the mitochondrial chaperone mortalin in Parkinson's disease: functional impact of disease-related variants on mitochondrial homeostasis. Human molecular genetics. 19, 4437-4452 (2010).
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  15. Nguyen, H. N., Byers, B., Cord, B., Shcheglovitov, A., Byrne, J., Gujar, P., Kee, K., Schule, B., Dolmetsch, R. E., Langston, W. LRRK2 mutant iPSC-derived DA neurons demonstrate increased susceptibility to oxidative stress. Cell Stem Cell. 8, 267-280 (2011).
  16. Seibler, P., Graziotto, J., Jeong, H., Simunovic, F., Klein, C., Krainc, D. Mitochondrial Parkin recruitment is impaired in neurons derived from mutant PINK1 induced pluripotent stem cells. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 31, 5970-5976 (2011).

Tags

医药,第68,遗传学,细胞生物学,生理学,帕金森氏病,成纤维细胞,线粒体,活细胞成像,线粒体功能,线粒体形态,线粒体自噬
利用人类纤维原细胞线粒体表型的监测领域的帕金森氏病
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Cite this Article

Burbulla, L. F., Krüger, R. The More

Burbulla, L. F., Krüger, R. The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease. J. Vis. Exp. (68), e4228, doi:10.3791/4228 (2012).

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