Summary

Dissektion, Kultur, og analyse af<em> Xenopus laevis</em> Embryonic retinavæv

Published: December 23, 2012
doi:

Summary

Xenopus laevis er et ideelt modelsystem til at studere celle-skæbne specifikation og fysiologiske funktion af individuelle retinale celler i primær cellekultur. Her præsenteres en teknik til dissekering retinale væv og frembringelse af primære cellekulturer, der er afbildet for calcium-aktivitet og analyseret ved in situ hybridisering.

Abstract

Den proces, hvorved det forreste område af den neurale plade giver anledning til vertebrat retina fortsat et vigtigt fokus for både kliniske og grundforskning. Ud over den åbenlyse medicinsk betydning for forståelse og behandling af retinal sygdom, fortsætter udviklingen af hvirveldyr retina at tjene som et vigtigt og elegant modelsystem for forståelse neuronal celletype bestemmelse og differentiering 1-16. Den neurale nethinde består af seks adskilte celletyper (ganglion, amacrine, vandret, fotoreceptorer, bipolære celler, og Müller gliaceller) arrangeret i stereotype lag, et mønster, der i høj grad konserveret blandt alle hvirveldyr 12,14-18.

Mens de studerer nethinden i den intakte udviklingen af ​​embryoet klart er nødvendig for at forstå, hvordan dette komplekse organ udvikler sig fra et fremspring af forhjernen ind i en lagdelt struktur, der er mange spørgsmål, som gavner from beskæftiger tilgange anvender primær cellekultur af formodede nethindeceller 7,19-23. For eksempel muliggør analyse af celler fra væv udtages og dissocieres på forskellige stadier til at skelne tilstanden af specifikationen af individuelle celler på forskellige udviklingsstadier, dvs skæbne af cellerne i fravær af interaktioner med tilstødende væv 8,19-22 ,24-33. Primær cellekultur tillader også investigator at behandle kulturen med specifikke reagenser og analysere resultaterne på en enkelt celle niveau 5,8,21,24,27-30,33-39. Xenopus laevis, en klassisk model-system til undersøgelse af tidlige neural udvikling 19,27,29,31-32,40-42, tjener som en særlig egnet system til retinal primær cellekultur 10,38,43-45.

Antageligt retinavæv er tilgængelig fra de tidligste stadier af udvikling, umiddelbart efter neural induktion 25,38,43. I betragtning thved hver celle i embryoet indeholder en forsyning af æggeblomme, kan retinale celler dyrkes på en meget enkel definerede medier bestående af en pufret saltopløsning, som eliminerede de forstyrrende virkninger af inkubering eller andre sera-baserede produkter 10,24,44-45 .

Imidlertid er isolering af retinavæv fra omgivende væv og efterfølgende bearbejdning vanskelig. Her præsenteres en fremgangsmåde til dissektion og dissociering af retinale celler i Xenopus laevis, der anvendes til at fremstille primære cellekulturer, der på sin side skal analyseres for calcium-aktivitet og-genekspression ved opløsning af enkeltceller. Mens emnet i dette papir er analysen af spontane calcium transienter, teknikken er bredt anvendelig til en bred vifte af forsknings-spørgsmål og tilgange (figur 1).

Protocol

Alle forsøg udføres efter protokoller, som er godkendt af Institutional Animal Care og brug Udvalg på College of William and Mary. Udviklingsstadier omtalt i denne protokol er ifølge Nieuwkoop og Faber 46. 1. Dissection Tillade celledyrkningsmedium og Calcium Magnesium Free Medium (CMF) at ækvilibrere til stuetemperatur. Du skal også bruge 0,1 X Marc Modified Ringers (MFR) pH 7,4-7,6. Steriliser følgende elementer ved anvendelse af et UV-lys i 30 minutt…

Representative Results

Eksempler på vellykket dissekeret optiske vesikler (trin 25) og retinae (trin 35) er vist i figur 2E og 2J. Mens denne protokol kan bruges på forskellige udviklingsstadier, er det vigtigt at opnå kun retinavæv for at sikre nøjagtighed til yderligere forsøg. Fjern forsigtigt epidermis i alle faser og sikre, at dine pincet ikke punktere retinavæv. I trin 35 eller ældre, kan linsen ses som et klart lag på toppen af ​​nethinden og kan fjernes ved forsigtig skrabning ved hjælp af pincet. <p…

Discussion

Med sine velkarakteriserede celletyper, som er konserveret i alle hvirveldyr, giver nethinden en nyttig model til at studere de molekylære-cellulære processer, der styrer celletype specifikation og differentiering. Primær cellekultur giver en effektiv metode til at undersøge en lang række processer, herunder genekspression, protein-dynamik, og calcium og elektriske aktivitet på niveau med enkeltcelle-opløsning. Her præsenterer vi en enkel teknik til primær cellekultur fra dissekeret formodede retinavæv i X…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

Vi allernådigst takker Dr. John Hayes for scripts, Drs. Eric Bradley og Christopher Del Negro for at få hjælp med konfokal mikroskopi, Drew Hughes, Laura Odorizzi, Alex Garafalo, Rebecca Lowden, og Liz MacMurray for deres arbejde med at udvikle projektet og levere foreløbige data, Dr. Greg Smith for nyttige forslag om statistisk analyse. Dette arbejde blev støttet af en NIH tilskud (NINDS IR15N5067566-01) til MSS og en Howard Hughes Medical Institute Science Education Grant til College of William and Mary.

Materials

Name of the reagent Company Catalogue number
For Dissections and Culturing
BD Falcon Easy Grip Tissue Culture Dishes, 35 mm Fisher 08-772A
Disposable Polystyrene Petri Dishes, 60 x 15 mm Fisher 0875713A
35 mm Nunclon Surface Petri Dishes (with Airvent) Fisher 12-565-91
Dumont Fine Forceps (Dumostar #55) Fisher NC9341917
Cellattice Micro-ruled plastic coverslip, 25 mm Fisher 50-313-17
Ethyl-m-Aminobenzoate Methanesulfonate Salt (MS-222) MP Biomedicals, LLC 103106
Gentamicin Sulfate Enzo Life Sciences 380-003-G025
Gibco Trypsin (1:250) Powder Life Technologies 27250-018
Collagenase B from Clostridium histolyticum Roche 11088831001
Penicillin-Streptomycin Gibco 15140-122
Nile Blue Sulfate (optional) Pfaltz & Bauer N05550
500 ml Vacuum Filter/Storage Bottle System, 0.22 μm Pore 33.2 cm2 CN Membrane Corning 430758
For Calcium Imaging
Fluo-4 AM 1 mM Solution in DMSO, Cell Permanent Life Technologies F-14217
Pluronic F-127 10% Solution in Water Life Technologies P-6866
LSM 510 Confocal Microscope System Zeiss Model Discontinued
Blocking Reagent Roche 11096176001
For Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)
Anti-Digoxigenin-POD, Fab Fragments Roche 11207733910
Anti-DNP-HRP Antibody Perkin-Elmer NEL747A
Cy3 NHS ester GE Healthcare PA13101
NHS-Fluorescein Thermo Scientific 46409
Formamide, Deionized Amresco 0606-950ML
Torula RNA, Type IX Sigma-Aldrich R3629
Heparin Sodium Salt, from Porcine Intestinal Mucosa Sigma-Aldrich H3393-250KU
CHAPS Sigma-Aldrich C3023

Table 2. Specific reagents and equipment.

Solution Reference Contents
Cell Culture Medium Chang and Spitzer , 200954 116 mM NaCl
0.67 mM KCl
2 mM CaCl2
1.31 mM MgSO4
4.6 mM Tris
1 % (v:v) Penicillin/Streptomycin
Adjust pH to 7.8 with HCl.
Filter sterilize by passing through a 0.22 μm CN filter.
Store at 4 °C.
Calcium-Magnesium Free Medium (CMF) Gu et al., 199442; Gu and Spitzer, 199555 116 mM NaCl
0.67 mM KCl
4.6 mM Tris
0.4 mM EDTA
1 % (v:v) Penicillin/Streptomycin
Adjust pH to 7.8 with HCl.
Filter sterilize by passing through a 0.22 μm CN filter.
Store at 4 °C.
Maleic Acid Buffer (MAB) Sive et al., 200053 100 mM maleic acid
150 mM NaCl (pH 7.5).
Marc’s Modified Ringers (MMR), 10X Sive et al., 200053 100 mM NaCl
mM KCl
1 mM MgSO4
2 mM CaCl2
5 mM HEPES
pH adjusted to 7.4 with NaOH
0.1X MMR also contains 50 mg/ml gentamicin sulfate and pH is adjusted to 7.4 with NaOH.
MEMFA Solution, 10X Sive et al., 200053 0.1 M MOPS (Ph 7.4)
2 mM EGTA
1 mM MgSO4
3.7% formaldehyde
A 10X solution, without formaldehyde, can be stored at 4 °C. Formaldehyde is added fresh (1/10 volume of a standard 37% stock).
In situ Hybridization Buffer Sive et al., 200053 50% Formamide
5X SSC
1 mg/ml Torula RNA
100 mg/ml Heparin
1X Denhart’s Solution
0.1% Tween 20
0.1% CHAPS
10 mM EDTA.

Solutions. *Gentamicin, an antibiotic, is used in our MMR solutions while penicillin and streptomycin are used in our culture media.

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Cite This Article
McDonough, M. J., Allen, C. E., Ng-Sui-Hing, N. A., Rabe, B. A., Lewis, B. B., Saha, M. S. Dissection, Culture, and Analysis of Xenopus laevis Embryonic Retinal Tissue. J. Vis. Exp. (70), e4377, doi:10.3791/4377 (2012).

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