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Medicine

Avaliação da ativação muscular respiratória Usando respiratória Motor Control Assessment (ACMD) em indivíduos com lesão medular crônica

Published: July 19, 2013 doi: 10.3791/50178

Summary

O objetivo desta publicação é apresentar o nosso trabalho original sobre uma abordagem eletromiografia de superfície multi-muscular para caracterizar quantitativamente os padrões de ativação dos músculos respiratórios em indivíduos com lesão medular crônica usando análise baseada em vetor.

Abstract

Durante a respiração, a ativação dos músculos respiratórios é coordenado pela entrada integrado do cérebro, tronco cerebral e medula espinhal. Quando esta coordenação é interrompida por uma lesão medular (LM), controle dos músculos respiratórios inervados abaixo do nível da lesão é comprometida 1,2 levando a disfunção muscular respiratória e complicações pulmonares. Estas condições estão entre as principais causas de morte em pacientes com SCI 3. Testes de função pulmonar normais que avaliam a função motora respiratória incluem spirometrical e máxima das vias aéreas resultados de pressão: capacidade vital forçada (CVF), volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (FEV1), pressão inspiratória máxima (PI máx) e pressão expiratória máxima (PE máx) 4,5. Estes valores fornecem medidas indiretas do desempenho da musculatura respiratória 6. Na prática clínica e de pesquisa, a eletromiografia de superfície (EMG), gravado a partir de músculos respiratóriospode ser utilizada para avaliar a função motora respiratória e ajudar a diagnosticar a patologia neuromuscular. No entanto, a variabilidade na amplitude EMG inibe os esforços para desenvolver medidas objetivas e diretas da função motora respiratória 6. Com base em uma abordagem multi-EMG muscular para caracterizar o controle motor dos músculos dos membros 7, conhecido como o índice de resposta voluntária (VRI) 8, desenvolvemos uma ferramenta analítica para caracterizar o controle motor respiratória diretamente do EMG dados gravados a partir de vários músculos respiratórios durante o voluntário tarefas respiratórias. Nós chamamos isso o Respiratória Motor Control Assessment (ACMD) 9. Este método de análise de vector quantifica a quantidade e distribuição da actividade entre os músculos e apresenta-lo na forma de um índice que relaciona o grau no qual a saída EMG num teste se assemelha ao objecto a partir de um grupo de controlos saudáveis ​​(não lesionado). O valor do índice resultante foi demonstrado ter alta validade de face, a sensibilidade9-11 e especificidade. Nós mostramos anteriormente 9 que os resultados LUCR correlação significativa com os níveis de SCI e medidas de função pulmonar. Estamos apresentando aqui o método de comparar quantitativamente os padrões de ativação pós-lesão medular respiratórias multi-musculares aos de indivíduos saudáveis.

Protocol

1. Configurações

  1. Cabeças de eletrodos de superfície foram colocados sobre os ventres musculares esquerda (L) e direito (R) músculos respiratórios: esternocleidomastóideos (SC), escaleno (S), trapézio superior na linha hemiclavicular (UT), porção clavicular do peitoral na linha hemiclavicular (P ), diafragma na linha paraesternal (D), intercostal a 6 º espaço intercostal na linha axilar anterior (IC), reto abdominal a nível umbilical (RA), oblíquo abdominal na linha axilar média (O), trapézio inferior paraspinally a nível midscapular (LT ) e paravertebral paraspinally em ilíaca linha intercrestal (PS) 6. Os eletrodos de terra foram colocados sobre os processos acrômio. Um Sistema Lab Movimento Voltar Unidade Pack, com eletrodos conectados, estava ligado a um movimento Lab EMG Desk Top aparelho e do sistema Powerlab (Figura 1).
  2. Circuito de monitorização peça em T para registar a pressão nas vias aéreas foi montado como mostrado na Figura 2, e ligado à baixa pressuTransdutor re (MP45) utilizando tubo de ar.
  3. MP45 foi ligado ao CD15 e Powerlab sistema (Figura 1 e Tabela 1).

2. Protocolo RMCA

  1. As tarefas motoras respiratórias consistiu em Task pressão inspiratória máxima (telefone sem fio) e Task pressão expiratória máxima (MEPT). Para executar MIPT ou MEPT, os participantes foram convidados a produzir o máximo esforço inspiratório a partir do volume residual ou esforços expiratórios da capacidade pulmonar total por 5 segundos usando um circuito de monitoramento em T (Figuras 1 e 2). Cada manobra foi cued por um longo tom 5-sec audível e repetiu 3x. Pelo menos 1 min de descanso foi permitido entre cada esforço.
  2. Entrada EMG foi amplificado com um ganho de 2000; filtrada em 30-1,000 Hz e amostrado a 2000 Hz. Entrada de pressão das vias aéreas foi calibrado em 100 cm de água e amostrados a 2000 Hz. Os EMG e entradas de pressão nas vias aéreas foram convertidos pelo sistema de aquisição Powerlab usando 16-bit ADC escala completaresolução. Sinais de pressão nas vias aéreas, EMGs e marcador foram registrados simultaneamente 9.

3. Análise de Dados

  1. Multi-atividade muscular análise janelas distribuição de 5 segundos para cada telefone sem fio ou MEPT foram determinadas a partir do marcador evento e pressão das vias aéreas gravado com o tom cuing que sinalizou o assunto quando começar e terminar a tarefa (Figura 3). A atividade EMG de cada músculo foi calculada usando uma raiz quadrada (RMS) algoritmo de 6,12 (Figura 4) significam. Três ensaios repetidos para cada tarefa foram em média 13 para cada músculo (canal).
  2. Os padrões de ativação multi-musculares foram avaliados com base em um método de análise de vetor conhecido como o Índice de resposta voluntária (VRI) 8 (Figuras 4-6), usando custom-made software Matlab (MathWorks). Para cada manobra, o cálculo do VRI produz dois valores, uma magnitude e um índice de similaridade (SI) (Figuras 5-6).O parâmetro de magnitude, a quantidade de actividade de EMG combinado de todos os músculos no interior da janela de tempo específico, foi calculado como uma extensão do Vector de resposta (VR) para a tarefa específica (Figura 7). O Índice de Similaridade (SI) fornece um valor que expressa o quão similar a RV do SCI assunto é o vetor resposta Prototype (PRV) obtidos a partir de indivíduos saudáveis ​​durante a mesma tarefa. O valor SI foi computada para cada tarefa como um co-seno do ângulo entre o sujeito e RV PRV SCI. O valor SI varia entre 0 e 1,0, onde o valor de 1,0 representa o melhor jogo para vetores comparados 9 (Figura 8).

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Representative Results

A Figura 3 representa o eletromiograma e pressão das vias aéreas (em cima) registraram simultaneamente durante MEPT de um não-feridos (esquerda) e SCI indivíduos (à direita). Nota diminuição da pressão das vias aéreas e na ausência de actividade nos músculos expiratórios de um sujeito SCI EMG quando comparado a um indivíduo não-lesado (marcado com elipses cinzentas). Observe também que o início da tarefa, como marcado no fundo, está associada ao aumento de EMG atividade e aumento da pressão nas vias aéreas.

Figura 4 destaca as principais etapas da construção da RV. O início e fim da tarefa (indicador de evento) foi definida como pontos de dados (Passo 1) de acordo com o marcador. The Root Mean Square (RMS) do EMG dentro desta janela evento representa a atividade EMG média de cada músculo (Passo 2). O RV é montado usando RMSS valores para a combinação específica do músculo (Passo 3).

A Figura 5 ilustra o cálculo deo PRV e sua magnitude para um grupo de indivíduos não-feridos (saudável). Protótipo matriz de resposta foi construída usando RVs individuais (Passo 4). Cada coluna da matriz de resposta protótipo inclui dados para cada indivíduo do grupo (n = 1,2, .., N) e cada linha representa quantificado atividade EMG (RMSS) do músculo específico de todos os indivíduos do grupo. O PRV foi calculada tomando a média de cada linha da matriz de protótipo de resposta (Passo 5). O valor da magnitude representa o comprimento do VD e foi calculada de acordo com a fórmula apresentada (passo 6).

A Figura 6 mostra os passos para o cálculo do SI. O RV (Passo 7) e a sua magnitude (Passo 8) para um determinado indivíduo a SCI foram calculados como também mostrado nas Figuras 4 e 5. O SI foi obtida por meio do cálculo do produto interno do PRV e RV (Passo 9).

As Figuras 7 e 8 ilustram a construção dos vectores e cállações dos resultados com dados reais. Estes cálculos podem ser feitas usando qualquer ferramenta de software apropriado, como Mathlab, Excel ou outros.

Tabela 1. Lista de equipamentos e materiais específicos utilizados para a Avaliação de Controle Motor respiratória.

Figura 1
Figura 1. EMG e das vias aéreas equipamento de gravação de pressão utilizado para a Avaliação de Controle Motor respiratória. Clique aqui para ver a figura maior .

Figura 2
Figura 2. Circuito de Monitoramento T-piece com tubo de ar montagem utilizado para gravar a pressão das vias aéreas durante MEPT. Observe que para o telefone sem fio, o ar vazando parte deve ser virado para o lado inspiratório.

Figura 3
Figura 3. atividade EMG durante a tarefa a pressão expiratória máxima (MEPT) em um indivíduo não-feridos e um sujeito com lesão medular (SCI). pressão de ar desenvolvido é mostrado na parte superior (de pressão) e gravados simultaneamente atividade EMG com a marca do evento (marcador) no inferior. Linhas cinzentas verticais representam o 5-sec análise janelas para cálculos VRI. Nota diminuição da pressão das vias aéreas e ausência de atividade nos músculos expiratórios: Direita (R) e esquerda (L) intercostal (IC), Reto Abdominal (RA) e Abdominal oblíquo (O) em um assunto SCI comparado a um indivíduo não lesado ( marcado com elipses cinzentas). Outros músculos mostrado: Direita (R) e esquerda (L) Ster nocleidomastoid (SC), escaleno (S);. trapézio superior (UT), peitoral (P), diafragma (D), trapézio inferior (LT), e Paraspinal (PS) Clique aqui para ver a figura maior .

Figura 4
Figura 4. Passos para o cálculo do vetor de resposta (RV). Note-se que a RV durante a tarefa específica foi montada utilizando Root Mean Square (RMS) Os valores calculados para os músculos específicos.

Figura 5
Figura 5. Passos para o cálculo do Prototype Vector resposta (PVR). Note-se que a RV de cada indivíduo saudável no grupo foi usada para criar o PVR e calcular sua magnitude.0178/50178fig5large.jpg "target =" _blank "> Clique aqui para ver a figura maior.

Figura 6
Figura 6. Passos para o cálculo do Índice de Similaridade (SI) e magnitude. Note-se que o SI foi calculado usando PRV ea RV obtidas SCI assunto (SRV). Note-se também que a magnitude foi calculada como o comprimento do SRV. Clique aqui para ver a figura maior .

Figura 7
Figura 7. Exemplo de cálculos PRV utilizando dados obtidos durante Task expiratória máxima (MEPT) em 17 indivíduos não-lesados. Clique aqui para ampliar fIGURA.

Figura 8
Figura 8. Exemplo de VRI os cálculos utilizando os dados obtidos durante a Tarefa expiratória máxima (MEPT) em indivíduos saudáveis ​​(não lesado) e os indivíduos com LM. Note-se que em contraste com o objecto não lesado, actividade diminuída e ausência músculos expiratória (CI, RA, e ó ) no indivíduo SCI diminuiu o valor do Índice de Similaridade (SI). Observe também menor atividade muscular global em um indivíduo SCI associado com menor valor de Magnitude. Clique aqui para ver a figura maior .

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Discussion

Testes clínicos padrão para avaliar a função motora respiratória após SCI e outros distúrbios incluem os testes de função pulmonar ea Escala American Spinal Injury Association Impairment (AIS) a avaliação 14,15. No entanto, essas ferramentas não são projetados para avaliação quantitativa do tronco e controle motor respiratório. No nosso trabalho previamente publicado a 9, que têm demonstrado que o ACMD é um método válido para avaliar quantitativamente a função motora respiratória afectada pelo SCI. Nós demonstramos que este método pode ser utilizado, apesar de teste re-teste e sujeita a sujeito a variabilidade amplitude EMG.

A fim de quantificar o grau de diferença (SI) nos padrões de distribuição multi-musculares produzidos por um indivíduo testado (VD) contra o vector normativo (PRV), o PRV e RV pode ser construído por qualquer combinação de músculos. As tarefas motoras podem variar e dependem da concepção do estudo, bem como a lista dos músculos. Em contrast ao SI, valores de grandeza, que representam a actividade global EMG, pode ser modificado pelo esforço sujeito, a atividade muscular compensatória, e as propriedades físicas dos tecidos do corpo.

O SI, enquanto proporciona a medida quantitativa de quão perto o padrão de activação de multi-muscular é o padrão normativo, não descreve a maneira na qual o padrão pode ser diferente. Por esta razão, é indispensável para descrever qualitativamente as mudanças no padrão e activação do músculo individual. Além disso, mais estudos são necessários para analisar os sinais EMGs de parâmetros adicionais com os quais caracterizam multi e single-muscular propriedades de ativação.

O método aqui apresentado fornece uma maneira sistemática para avaliar o controle motor dos músculos do tronco usado para executar tarefas motoras respiratórias em comparação com as medidas padrão normativo. Além disso, a avaliação descritiva EMG para investigar de que maneira o padrão de activação muscular é alterared, os cálculos VRI fornecer os valores de índice unificado a partir do qual a gravidade da perturbação pode ser comparada entre os indivíduos e as alterações ao longo do tempo pode ser monitorada. Este método permite a avaliação do estado de controle do motor respiratória e os efeitos das intervenções existentes e romance no controle motor respiratória prejudicada em pessoas com lesão medular e outros distúrbios.

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Disclosures

Não há conflito de interesse a declarar.

Acknowledgments

Este trabalho foi financiado pela Fundação Christopher e Dana Reeve (Grant CDRF OA2-0802-2), Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury e Chefe Research Trust (Grant 9-10A - KSCHIRT), Craig H. Nielsen Foundation (Grant 1000056824 - HN000PCG) e Nacional Institutes of Health: National Heart, Lung Blood Institute (Grant 1R01HL103750-01A1).

Materials

Name Company Catalog Number Comments
PowerLab System 16/35 ADInstruments PL3516 Number of units depends on number of channels recorded
EMG System MA 300 Motion Lab Systems MA300-XVI Number of units depends on number of channels recorded
Low Pressure Transducer MP45 Validyne MP45-40-871
Basic Carrier Demodulator CD15 Validyne CD15-A-2-A-1
Air Pressure Manometer Boehringer 4103 Needed for MP45 calibration
Event Marker Hand held switch that when pressed gives a DC voltage and sound output (including 5-sec long mark)
Alcohol Wipes Henry Schein 1173771 Needed for electrodes placement
Electrode Gel Lectron II 36-3000-25 Needed for electrodes placement
Tagaderm Henry Schein 7779152 Needed for electrodes placement
Noseclip Henry Schein 1089460
T-piece Ventilator Monitoring Circuit with One-way Valves Alleglance (Airlife) 1504
Air Tube UnoMedical 400E
Table 1. List of specific equipment and supplies used for the Respiratory Motor Control Assessment.

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References

  1. Schilero, G. J., Spungen, A. M., Bauman, W. A., Radulovic, M., Lesser, M. Pulmonary function and spinal cord injury. Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol. 166, 129-141 (2009).
  2. Winslow, C., Rozovsky, J. Effect of spinal cord injury on the respiratory system. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 82, 803-814 (2003).
  3. Garshick, E., et al. A prospective assessment of mortality in chronic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 43, 408-416 (2005).
  4. Jain, N. B., Brown, R., Tun, C. G., Gagnon, D., Garshick, E. Determinants of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and FEV1/FVC in chronic spinal cord injury. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 87, 1327-1333 (2006).
  5. Stolzmann, K. L., Gagnon, D. R., Brown, R., Tun, C. G., Garshick, E. Longitudinal change in FEV1 and FVC in chronic spinal cord injury. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 177, 781-786 (2008).
  6. American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society. ATS/ERS Statement on respiratory muscle testing. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 166, 518-624 (2002).
  7. Sherwood, A. M., McKay, W. B., Dimitrijevic, M. R. Motor control after spinal cord injury: assessment using surface EMG. Muscle Nerve. 19, 966-979 (1996).
  8. Lee, D. C., et al. Toward an objective interpretation of surface EMG patterns: a voluntary response index (VRI). J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol. 14, 379-388 (2004).
  9. Ovechkin, A., Vitaz, T., de Paleville, D. T., Aslan, S., McKay, W. Evaluation of respiratory muscle activation in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury. Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol. 173, 171-178 (2010).
  10. Lim, H. K., Sherwood, A. M. Reliability of surface electromyographic measurements from subjects with spinal cord injury during voluntary motor tasks. J. Rehabil. Res. Dev. 42, 413-422 (2005).
  11. Lim, H. K., et al. Neurophysiological assessment of lower-limb voluntary control in incomplete spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 43, 283-290 (2005).
  12. Sherwood, A. M., Graves, D. E., Priebe, M. M. Altered motor control and spasticity after spinal cord injury: subjective and objective. 37, 41-52 (2000).
  13. McKay, W. B., Lim, H. K., Priebe, M. M., Stokic, D. S., Sherwood, A. M. Clinical neurophysiological assessment of residual motor control in post-spinal cord injury paralysis. Neurorehabil. Neural Repair. 18, 144-153 (2004).
  14. Marino, R. J., et al. International standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury. J. Spinal. Cord. Med. 26, Suppl 1. S50-S56 (2003).
  15. American Spinal Injury Association and International Spinal Cord Society. International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury. , ASIA and ISCS. (2006).

Tags

Medicina Edição 77 anatomia fisiologia comportamento Neurobiologia Neurociência Lesão Medular Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica Atividade Motora analíticos técnicas e equipamentos de diagnóstico e terapêutica músculos respiratórios Motor Control eletromiografia teste de função pulmonar Spinal Cord Injury SCI técnicas clínicas
Avaliação da ativação muscular respiratória Usando respiratória Motor Control Assessment (ACMD) em indivíduos com lesão medular crônica
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Cite this Article

Aslan, S. C., Chopra, M. K., McKay,More

Aslan, S. C., Chopra, M. K., McKay, W. B., Folz, R. J., Ovechkin, A. V. Evaluation of Respiratory Muscle Activation Using Respiratory Motor Control Assessment (RMCA) in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury. J. Vis. Exp. (77), e50178, doi:10.3791/50178 (2013).

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    Bedside Ultrasound for Guiding Fluid Removal in Patients with Pulmonary Edema: The Reverse-FALLS Protocol
  • Research • Medicine
    Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation of Primary Human Decidual Cells from the Fetal Membranes of Term Placentae
  • Research • Medicine
    Skeletal Muscle Neurovascular Coupling, Oxidative Capacity, and Microvascular Function with 'One Stop Shop' Near-infrared Spectroscopy
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting Hair Samples for Hair Cortisol Analysis in African Americans
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vivo Morphometric Analysis of Human Cranial Nerves Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Menière's Disease Ears and Normal Hearing Ears
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (Cf-PWV) to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness
  • Research • Medicine
    Standardized Measurement of Nasal Membrane Transepithelial Potential Difference (NPD)
  • Research • Medicine
    Taste Exam: A Brief and Validated Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Absorption of Nasal and Bronchial Fluids: Precision Sampling of the Human Respiratory Mucosa and Laboratory Processing of Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Methodology for Sputum Induction and Laboratory Processing
  • Research • Medicine
    Electrophysiological Measurement of Noxious-evoked Brain Activity in Neonates Using a Flat-tip Probe Coupled to Electroencephalography
  • Research • Medicine
    A Detailed Protocol for Physiological Parameters Acquisition and Analysis in Neurosurgical Critical Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Oral Biofilm Sampling for Microbiome Analysis in Healthy Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia
  • Research • Medicine
    Application of an Amplitude-integrated EEG Monitor (Cerebral Function Monitor) to Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    3D Ultrasound Imaging: Fast and Cost-effective Morphometry of Musculoskeletal Tissue
  • Research • Medicine
    The 4-vessel Sampling Approach to Integrative Studies of Human Placental Physiology In Vivo
  • Research • Medicine
    A Component-resolved Diagnostic Approach for a Study on Grass Pollen Allergens in Chinese Southerners with Allergic Rhinitis and/or Asthma
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
  • Research • Medicine
    A Method for Quantifying Upper Limb Performance in Daily Life Using Accelerometers
  • Research • Medicine
    Non-invasive Assessments of Subjective and Objective Recovery Characteristics Following an Exhaustive Jump Protocol
  • Research • Medicine
    Experimental Protocol of a Three-minute, All-out Arm Crank Exercise Test in Spinal-cord Injured and Able-bodied Individuals
  • Research • Medicine
    Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Pulmonary Capillary Blood Volume, Membrane Diffusing Capacity, and Intrapulmonary Arteriovenous Anastomoses During Exercise
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Child Anthropometry in a Large Epidemiologic Study
  • Research • Medicine
    Video Movement Analysis Using Smartphones (ViMAS): A Pilot Study
  • Research • Medicine
    Network Analysis of Foramen Ovale Electrode Recordings in Drug-resistant Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Induction and Assessment of Exertional Skeletal Muscle Damage in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    A Detailed Protocol for Perspiration Monitoring Using a Novel, Small, Wireless Device
  • Research • Medicine
    Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
  • Research • Medicine
    Integrated Compensatory Responses in a Human Model of Hemorrhage
  • Research • Medicine
    Transthoracic Speckle Tracking Echocardiography for the Quantitative Assessment of Left Ventricular Myocardial Deformation
  • Research • Medicine
    Impression Cytology of the Lid Wiper Area
  • Research • Behavior
    A Protocol of Manual Tests to Measure Sensation and Pain in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    Unbiased Deep Sequencing of RNA Viruses from Clinical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    A Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cell-based Model of the Human Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier to Study Bacterial Infection from the Basolateral Side
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Profiling of MicroRNA-containing Exosomes from Human Bile
  • Research • Medicine
    Generation of Microtumors Using 3D Human Biogel Culture System and Patient-derived Glioblastoma Cells for Kinomic Profiling and Drug Response Testing
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Using a Laminating Technique to Perform Confocal Microscopy of the Human Sclera
  • Research • Medicine
    Intravenous Endotoxin Challenge in Healthy Humans: An Experimental Platform to Investigate and Modulate Systemic Inflammation
  • Research • Medicine
    Modeling and Simulations of Olfactory Drug Delivery with Passive and Active Controls of Nasally Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols
  • Research • Medicine
    Exosomal miRNA Analysis in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Patients' Plasma Through qPCR: A Feasible Liquid Biopsy Tool
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multimodal Imaging- and Stimulation-based Method of Evaluating Connectivity-related Brain Excitability in Patients with Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges
  • Research • Medicine
    Using Saccadometry with Deep Brain Stimulation to Study Normal and Pathological Brain Function
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Fundus Autofluorescence for the Evaluation of Retinal Diseases
  • Research • Medicine
    Diagnosis of Musculus Gastrocnemius Tightness - Key Factors for the Clinical Examination
  • Research • Medicine
    Stereo-Electro-Encephalo-Graphy (SEEG) With Robotic Assistance in the Presurgical Evaluation of Medical Refractory Epilepsy: A Technical Note
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Transcutaneous Microcirculatory Imaging in Preterm Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    Using an Ingestible Telemetric Temperature Pill to Assess Gastrointestinal Temperature During Exercise
  • Research • Medicine
    Design, Fabrication, and Administration of the Hand Active Sensation Test (HASTe)
  • Research • Medicine
    MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder
  • Research • Medicine
    Functional Human Liver Preservation and Recovery by Means of Subnormothermic Machine Perfusion
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multicenter MRI Protocol for the Evaluation and Quantification of Deep Vein Thrombosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Determining The Electromyographic Fatigue Threshold Following a Single Visit Exercise Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of Electromagnetic Navigational Transthoracic Needle Aspiration (E-TTNA) for Sampling of Lung Nodules
  • Research • Medicine
    Trabecular Meshwork Response to Pressure Elevation in the Living Human Eye
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vivo, Percutaneous, Needle Based, Optical Coherence Tomography of Renal Masses
  • Research • Medicine
    Establishment of Human Epithelial Enteroids and Colonoids from Whole Tissue and Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Human Brown Adipose Tissue Depots Automatically Segmented by Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography and Registered Magnetic Resonance Images
  • Research • Medicine
    Preparation and Respirometric Assessment of Mitochondria Isolated from Skeletal Muscle Tissue Obtained by Percutaneous Needle Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    A Methodological Approach to Non-invasive Assessments of Vascular Function and Morphology
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Immortalization of Patient-derived Cell Lines from Muscle Biopsy for Disease Modeling
  • Research • Medicine
    State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
  • Research • Medicine
    The Supraclavicular Fossa Ultrasound View for Central Venous Catheter Placement and Catheter Change Over Guidewire
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of the Brachial Artery in Clinical Research
  • Research • Medicine
    Tracking the Mammary Architectural Features and Detecting Breast Cancer with Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes
  • Research • Medicine
    DTI of the Visual Pathway - White Matter Tracts and Cerebral Lesions
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection, Isolation, and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Human Endocervical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multi-Modal Approach to Assessing Recovery in Youth Athletes Following Concussion
  • Research • Medicine
    Clinical Assessment of Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Patients and Older Adults
  • Research • Medicine
    Multi-electrode Array Recordings of Human Epileptic Postoperative Cortical Tissue
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection and Extraction of Saliva DNA for Next Generation Sequencing
  • Research • Medicine
    Fast and Accurate Exhaled Breath Ammonia Measurement
  • Research • Medicine
    Developing Neuroimaging Phenotypes of the Default Mode Network in PTSD: Integrating the Resting State, Working Memory, and Structural Connectivity
  • Research • Medicine
    Two Methods for Establishing Primary Human Endometrial Stromal Cells from Hysterectomy Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Coordinate Mapping of Hyolaryngeal Mechanics in Swallowing
  • Research • Medicine
    Network Analysis of the Default Mode Network Using Functional Connectivity MRI in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    EEG Mu Rhythm in Typical and Atypical Development
  • Research • Medicine
    The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT): An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Functional Characterization of Human Ventricular Cardiomyocytes from Fresh Surgical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Primary Culture of Human Vestibular Schwannomas
  • Research • Medicine
    Utility of Dissociated Intrinsic Hand Muscle Atrophy in the Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Lesion Explorer: A Video-guided, Standardized Protocol for Accurate and Reliable MRI-derived Volumetrics in Alzheimer's Disease and Normal Elderly
  • Research • Medicine
    Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Culture, and Imaging of Human Fetal Pancreatic Cell Clusters
  • Research • Medicine
    3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Computerized Dynamic Posturography for Postural Control Assessment in Patients with Intermittent Claudication
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting Saliva and Measuring Salivary Cortisol and Alpha-amylase in Frail Community Residing Older Adults via Family Caregivers
  • Research • Medicine
    Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Analysis of Neurodegenerative Diseases
  • Research • Medicine
    Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Retinal Surgical Specimens Using jouRNAl
  • Research • Medicine
    Improved Protocol For Laser Microdissection Of Human Pancreatic Islets From Surgical Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Respiratory Muscle Activation Using Respiratory Motor Control Assessment (RMCA) in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury
  • Research • Medicine
    Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting And Measuring Wound Exudate Biochemical Mediators In Surgical Wounds
  • Research • Medicine
    A Research Method For Detecting Transient Myocardial Ischemia In Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome Using Continuous ST-segment Analysis
  • Research • Medicine
    Using a Chemical Biopsy for Graft Quality Assessment
  • Research • Medicine
    Characterizing Exon Skipping Efficiency in DMD Patient Samples in Clinical Trials of Antisense Oligonucleotides
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vitro Assessment of Cardiac Function Using Skinned Cardiomyocytes
  • Research • Medicine
    Normothermic Ex Situ Heart Perfusion in Working Mode: Assessment of Cardiac Function and Metabolism
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Vascular Control Mechanisms Utilizing Video Microscopy of Isolated Resistance Arteries of Rats
  • Research • Medicine
    Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) for Research; Obtaining Adequate Sample Yield
  • Research • Medicine
    Non-invasive Optical Measurement of Cerebral Metabolism and Hemodynamics in Infants
  • Research • Medicine
    Tilt Testing with Combined Lower Body Negative Pressure: a "Gold Standard" for Measuring Orthostatic Tolerance
  • Research • Medicine
    Driving Simulation in the Clinic: Testing Visual Exploratory Behavior in Daily Life Activities in Patients with Visual Field Defects
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Characterization and Comparative Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Derived from Permanent Teeth by Using Two Different Methods
  • Research • Medicine
    Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking (IPL): Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Intraoperative Detection of Subtle Endometriosis: A Novel Paradigm for Detection and Treatment of Pelvic Pain Associated with the Loss of Peritoneal Integrity
  • Research • Medicine
    The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection Protocol for Human Pancreas
  • Research • Medicine
    The α-test: Rapid Cell-free CD4 Enumeration Using Whole Saliva
  • Research • Medicine
    The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Donor Tissue Preparation for Endothelial Keratoplasty
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantification of Atherosclerotic Plaque Activity and Vascular Inflammation using [18-F] Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (FDG-PET/CT)
  • Research • Medicine
    Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography of Retinal Circulation
  • Research • Medicine
    Utilizing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Study the Human Neuromuscular System
  • Research • Medicine
    Detection and Genogrouping of Noroviruses from Children's Stools By Taqman One-step RT-PCR
  • Research • Medicine
    Method to Measure Tone of Axial and Proximal Muscle
  • Research • Medicine
    The Trier Social Stress Test Protocol for Inducing Psychological Stress
  • Research • Medicine
    Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Multifocal Electroretinograms
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation of Human Islets from Partially Pancreatectomized Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quantification of Pulmonary Perfusion using Calibrated Arterial Spin Labeling
  • Research • Medicine
    Manual Muscle Testing: A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department
  • Research • Medicine
    A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
  • Research • Medicine
    An Investigation of the Effects of Sports-related Concussion in Youth Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Head Impact Telemetry System
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Confocal Microscopy: A Novel Non-invasive Technique to Quantify Small Fibre Pathology in Peripheral Neuropathies
  • Research • Medicine
    Methods to Quantify Pharmacologically Induced Alterations in Motor Function in Human Incomplete SCI
  • Research • Medicine
    Multispectral Real-time Fluorescence Imaging for Intraoperative Detection of the Sentinel Lymph Node in Gynecologic Oncology
  • Research • Medicine
    Technique to Collect Fungiform (Taste) Papillae from Human Tongue
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessing Endothelial Vasodilator Function with the Endo-PAT 2000
  • Research • Medicine
    Making Sense of Listening: The IMAP Test Battery
  • Research • Medicine
    An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)
  • Research • Biology
    Bioelectric Analyses of an Osseointegrated Intelligent Implant Design System for Amputees
  • Research • Biology
    Demonstration of Cutaneous Allodynia in Association with Chronic Pelvic Pain
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