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Medicine

慢性脊髄損傷患者で呼吸器モータ制御評価(RMCA)を使用して呼吸筋活動の評価

Published: July 19, 2013 doi: 10.3791/50178

Summary

本書の目的は、定量的にベクトルベースの​​分析を用いて、慢性脊髄損傷患者で呼吸筋活動パターンを特徴づけるために、マルチ筋表面筋電図の手法で独自の作品を提示することである。

Abstract

呼吸時には、呼吸筋の活性化は、脳、脳幹、脊髄からの統合された入力によって調整されます。この調整は、脊髄損傷(SCI)によって破壊された場合、損傷レベルより支配呼吸筋の制御は、呼吸筋機能不全、肺合併症につながる1,2損なわれる。これらの条件は、SCI 3患者における死亡の主要な原因の一つです。肺活量(FVC)、1秒努力呼気肺活量(FEV 1)、最大吸気圧(PI max)と最大呼気圧(PE 最大 ):呼吸運動機能を評価する標準的な肺機能検査はspirometrical、最大気道内圧の成果を含む4,5。これらの値は、呼吸筋性能6の間接的な測定値を提供する。臨床実践と研究、呼吸筋から記録された表面筋電図で呼吸運動機能を評価し、神経病変を診断するのを助けるために使用することができる。しかし、sEMG振幅の変動は、呼吸運動機能6の客観的かつ直接的な対策を開発するための努力を阻害する。自発的応答指標(VRI)8として知られている肢筋7のモータ制御を特徴付けるために、マルチ筋sEMGアプローチに基づいて、我々は自発中に複数の呼吸筋から記録されたデータをsEMGから直接呼吸モータ制御を特徴付けるための分析ツールを開発呼吸タスク。私たちは、この呼吸モータ制御評価(RMCA)9と呼ばれています。このベクトル解析法は、筋肉全体に活動の量と分布を定量化し、テスト対象内sEMG出力は健康(非負傷者)コントロールのグループから、それに類似する。度に関する指標の形でそれを提示得られたインデックス値が高い顔の有効性、感度を有することが示されていると特異9-11。我々はRMCAの成果が大幅にSCIのレベルと肺機能を測定と相関すること以前に9を示した。我々はここで定量的健常者のものと後の脊髄損傷呼吸マルチ筋活動パターンを比較する方法を提示している。

Protocol

1。設定

  1. 胸鎖乳突筋(SC)、不等辺(S)、鎖骨中央線(UT)、鎖骨中央線上に胸の鎖骨部分(P上部僧帽筋:表面電極ヘッドは左(L)、右(R)呼吸筋の筋肉の腹の上に配置された)、胸骨のライン(D)、midscapularレベルでparaspinally前腋窩線で6 番目の肋間(IC)、臍レベルで腹直筋(RA)、腋窩中線に斜の腹(O)、低級僧(LTで肋間上ダイアフラム)、及び腸intercrestalライン(PS)6 paraspinally傍脊柱。接地電極は、肩峰プロセスの上に配置した。バックパックユニット、付属の電極を備えたモーションラボシステムは、モーションラボEMGデスクトップユニットとPowerLabのシステム( 図1)に接続した。
  2. 気道内圧を記録するTピースモニタ回路は、 図2に示すように組み立てられ、低Pressuに接続した空気管を使用して再変換器(MP45)。
  3. MP45は、CD15に接続されており、PowerLabのシステム( 図1及び表1)しました。

2。 RMCAプロトコル

  1. 呼吸運動課題は、最大吸気圧タスク(MIPT)と最大呼気圧タスク(MEPT)から成っていた。 MIPTまたはMEPTを実行するために、被験者は残留量又はTピース監視回路( 図1および図2)を用いて5秒間全肺気量から呼気努力から最大吸気努力を生成するよう依頼した。各マニューバー、可聴5秒ロングトーンによってキューと3倍繰り返した。残りの少なくとも1分は、それぞれの努力の間で許可されました。
  2. EMG入力は2000のゲインで増幅された; 30-1,000 Hzで濾過し、2,000 Hzでサンプリング。気道内圧入力は水100 cmの校正され、2,000 Hzでサンプリングした。 EMGおよび気道圧力入力は、16ビットのフルスケールADCを使用して、パワーラブ·アクイジション·システムによって変換された解像度。気道内圧、sEMGとマーカ信号が同時に9を記録した。

3。データ解析

  1. MIPTまたはMEPTために5秒のマルチ筋活動分布分析窓それぞれが始まります( 図3)タスクを終了するときに件名を合図頭出しした口調で記録されたイベントマーカーと気道内圧から決定した。各筋肉のためsEMG活動は平方根(RMS)アルゴリズム6,12( 図4)平均平方根を用いて計算した。各タスクのための三繰り返し試験は各筋肉(チャンネル)が13を平均した。
  2. マルチ筋活動パターンは、カスタムメイドのMatlabソフトウェア(MathWorks社)を使用して、自主レスポンスインデックス(VRI)8( 図4-6)として知られているベクトル解析方法に基づいて評価した。各演習については、VRIの計算は、2つの値、マグニチュードと類似指数(SI)( 図5-6)を生成します。マグニチュード·パラメータ、特定の時間窓内のすべての筋肉のための結合sEMG活性の量は、特定のタスクに対する応答ベクトル(RV)( 図7)の長さとして算出した。類似度指数(SI)は、SCI対象のRVは、同じタスクの実行中に、健常者から得られたプロトタイプ応答ベクトル(PRV)にどの程度似表現値を提供します。 SI値はSCIの件名RV PRVとの間の角度の余弦としてタスクごとに計算した。 SI値が1.0の値が比較さベクトル9( 図8)のためのベストマッチを表す0〜1.0の範囲である。

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Representative Results

図3は、筋電図と同時に非負傷(左)とSCI(右)個人からMEPT中に記録された気道内圧を(上に)を表します。注非負傷個人(灰色の楕円でマーク)と比較した場合、SCI対象に呼気筋の活動をsEMGの気道内圧と不在を減少させた。として底にマークされたタスクの開始が、増加sEMG活動に関連付けられており、気道内圧を上げていることにも注意してください。

図4は RVを構築する主なステップを強調しています。タスクの開始と終了(イベント·ウィンドウ)マーカーに記載のデータポイント(工程1)と定義した。ルートは、このイベントウィンドウ内sEMGの広場(RMS)は、それぞれの筋肉(ステップ2)の平均sEMG活動を表すことを意味します。 RVは、特定の筋肉の組み合わせ(ステップ3)RMSS値を使用して組み立てられる。

図5の計算を示す図であるPRVと非負傷者(健康な)個人のグループのために、その大きさ。プロトタイプ応答行列は、個々のRV車(ステップ4)を用いて構築した。各プロトタイプ応答行列の列グループ内の個々のためのデータを含む(N = 1,2、...、N)と、各行を表し、グループ内のすべての個体から特定の筋肉の活性(RMSS)をsEMG定量化した。 PRVは、プロトタイプ応答行列(ステップ5)の各列の平均をとることによって計算した。マグニチュード値はRVの長さを表し、一般式(工程6)に従って算出した。

図6は SI計算の手順を示しています。また、 図4および図5に示すように、RV(ステップ7)、特にSCIの個々のためにその大きさは(ステップ8)を算出した。 SIは、PRVおよびRV(ステップ9)との内積を計算することによって得た。

図7および図8は、ベクターの構築および計算を示す図である実データを用いた結果のlations。これらの計算はMATHLAB、Excelまたは他のような任意の適切なソフトウェアツールを使用して行うことができる。

表1。呼吸モータ制御評価に使用される特定の機器および消耗品のリスト。

図1
図1。 sEMGと呼吸モータ制御評価に使用気道内圧の記録装置は より大きい数字を表示するには、ここをクリックしてください

図2
図2。気道圧力dは記録するために使用組み立てる空気管とTピースモニタ回路uring MEPTはMIPTため、一部が漏れた空気が吸気側に反転されるべきであることに注意してください。

図3
図3。非負傷者個人および脊髄損傷(SCI)と対象の最大呼気圧タスク(MEPT)中のアクティビティをsEMG。開発した空気圧は、トップ(圧力)に表示すると同時に、上のイベントマーク(マーカー)と活動をsEMG記録さボトム。縦の灰色の線は、VRIの計算のための5秒で解析ウィンドウを表す。気道内圧と不在活動の呼気筋肉の減少(注)非負傷者個人に比べSCI対象に(L)右(R)と左肋間(IC)、直筋腹(RA)、そして斜め腹(O)を( )グレーの楕円でマーク。示す他の筋肉:右(R)と左(L)STER nocleidomastoid(SC)、不等辺(S);。アッパー僧帽(UT)、胸筋(P)、ダイヤフラム(D)、下部僧帽(LT)、および傍脊柱(PS)は、 より大きい数字を表示するには、ここをクリックしてください

図4
図4。応答ベクトル(RV)の計算のための手順は、特定のタスクの間にRVがルートを使って組み立てていたことに注意して広場が(RMS)は、特定の筋肉のために計算された値を意味します。

図5
図5。グループ内の各健常個体由来のRVがPVRを作成し、その大きさを計算するために使用されたプロトタイプの応答ベクター(PVR)。注意を計算するための手順 。0178/50178fig5large.jpg "ターゲット=" _blank ">より大きい数字を表示するには、ここをクリックしてください。

図6
図6。類似度指数(SI)とマグニチュードの計算のための手順。SIはPRVとSCIサブジェクト(SRV)から得RVを用いて計算したことに注意してください。マグニチュードは、SRVの長さとして計算されたことにも注意してください。 より大きい数字を表示するには、ここをクリックしてください

図7
図7。 17非負傷者における最大呼気タスク(MEPT)の間に得 ​​られたデータを用いてPRV計算の例は より大きいFを表示するにはここをクリックigure。

図8
図8。健康に最大呼気タスク(MEPT)の間に得 ​​られたデータを用いて、VRI計算の例(非負傷者)とのSCI個人注対照的に、非負傷主題への、不在と呼気の筋肉の活動を減少した(IC、RA、およびO SCIの個体の)は、類似度指数(SI)の値を減少させた。また、低振幅値に関連付けられたSCIの個々の下位全体の筋活動を記録します。 より大きい数字を表示するには、ここをクリックしてください

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Discussion

SCI後呼吸運動機能を評価するための標準的な臨床試験や他の疾患は、肺機能検査とアメリカ脊髄損傷協会減損尺度(AIS)評価14,15を含む。ただし、これらのツールは、トランクおよび呼吸モータ制御の定量的評価のために設計されていない。我々の以前に発行されたワーク9に、我々はRMCA定量的SCIによって影響を受ける呼吸運動機能を評価するための有効な方法であることが示されている。我々は、この方法は、テスト再テストを目的としてから被写体EMG振幅変動にもかかわらず、使用できることを実証した。

規範ベクター(PRV)に対して試験した個体(RV)によって生成されたマルチ筋分布パターンの相違度(SI)を定量化するために、PRVおよびRV、筋肉の任意の組み合わせのために構築することができる。運動課題は変わると研究デザインと同様に筋肉のリストに依存することができます。共同でSIにntrast、全体のsEMG活性を示すマグニチュード値は、被写体の努力、補償筋活動、および身体組織の物理的特性によって変更できる。

SIは、マルチ筋活動パターンは規範的パターンにどれだけ近いかの定量的測定を提供しながら、パターンが異なる可能性がどのような方法で説明されていない。このため、定性的には、パターンの個々の筋活動の変化を説明するために不可欠である。また、さらなる研究は、マルチおよび単一筋肉活性化特性を特徴づけるとともに、その他のパラメータについてはsEMG信号を検査する必要がある。

ここで紹介する方法は、規範的な標準対策と比較して呼吸運動タスクを実行するために使用される幹筋肉のモータ制御を評価するための系統的な方法を提供する。筋活動パターンが変更されているような方法で調査する記述sEMG評価に加えて、公開草案は、VRI計算は混乱の深刻さは、時間をかけて、個人および変更間で比較することができます監視することができ、そこから統一された指標値を提供します。この方法は、呼吸モータ制御ステータスの評価とSCIやその他障害を持つ人に障害呼吸モータ制御上の既存および新規の介入の効果を可能にします。

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Disclosures

宣言するには、特別の利害関係はありません。

Acknowledgments

、クレイグH.ニールセン財団(助成1000056824 - HN000PCG)と国家 - この作品は、クリフトファーリーブ麻痺財団(助成CDRF OA2-0802から2)、ケンタッキー脊髄及び頭部外傷研究トラスト(KSCHIRTグラント9-10A)によってサポートされていました衛生研究所:国立心臓肺血液研究所(グラント1R01HL103750-01A1)。

Materials

Name Company Catalog Number Comments
PowerLab System 16/35 ADInstruments PL3516 Number of units depends on number of channels recorded
EMG System MA 300 Motion Lab Systems MA300-XVI Number of units depends on number of channels recorded
Low Pressure Transducer MP45 Validyne MP45-40-871
Basic Carrier Demodulator CD15 Validyne CD15-A-2-A-1
Air Pressure Manometer Boehringer 4103 Needed for MP45 calibration
Event Marker Hand held switch that when pressed gives a DC voltage and sound output (including 5-sec long mark)
Alcohol Wipes Henry Schein 1173771 Needed for electrodes placement
Electrode Gel Lectron II 36-3000-25 Needed for electrodes placement
Tagaderm Henry Schein 7779152 Needed for electrodes placement
Noseclip Henry Schein 1089460
T-piece Ventilator Monitoring Circuit with One-way Valves Alleglance (Airlife) 1504
Air Tube UnoMedical 400E
Table 1. List of specific equipment and supplies used for the Respiratory Motor Control Assessment.

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References

  1. Schilero, G. J., Spungen, A. M., Bauman, W. A., Radulovic, M., Lesser, M. Pulmonary function and spinal cord injury. Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol. 166, 129-141 (2009).
  2. Winslow, C., Rozovsky, J. Effect of spinal cord injury on the respiratory system. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 82, 803-814 (2003).
  3. Garshick, E., et al. A prospective assessment of mortality in chronic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 43, 408-416 (2005).
  4. Jain, N. B., Brown, R., Tun, C. G., Gagnon, D., Garshick, E. Determinants of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and FEV1/FVC in chronic spinal cord injury. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 87, 1327-1333 (2006).
  5. Stolzmann, K. L., Gagnon, D. R., Brown, R., Tun, C. G., Garshick, E. Longitudinal change in FEV1 and FVC in chronic spinal cord injury. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 177, 781-786 (2008).
  6. American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society. ATS/ERS Statement on respiratory muscle testing. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 166, 518-624 (2002).
  7. Sherwood, A. M., McKay, W. B., Dimitrijevic, M. R. Motor control after spinal cord injury: assessment using surface EMG. Muscle Nerve. 19, 966-979 (1996).
  8. Lee, D. C., et al. Toward an objective interpretation of surface EMG patterns: a voluntary response index (VRI). J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol. 14, 379-388 (2004).
  9. Ovechkin, A., Vitaz, T., de Paleville, D. T., Aslan, S., McKay, W. Evaluation of respiratory muscle activation in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury. Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol. 173, 171-178 (2010).
  10. Lim, H. K., Sherwood, A. M. Reliability of surface electromyographic measurements from subjects with spinal cord injury during voluntary motor tasks. J. Rehabil. Res. Dev. 42, 413-422 (2005).
  11. Lim, H. K., et al. Neurophysiological assessment of lower-limb voluntary control in incomplete spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 43, 283-290 (2005).
  12. Sherwood, A. M., Graves, D. E., Priebe, M. M. Altered motor control and spasticity after spinal cord injury: subjective and objective. 37, 41-52 (2000).
  13. McKay, W. B., Lim, H. K., Priebe, M. M., Stokic, D. S., Sherwood, A. M. Clinical neurophysiological assessment of residual motor control in post-spinal cord injury paralysis. Neurorehabil. Neural Repair. 18, 144-153 (2004).
  14. Marino, R. J., et al. International standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury. J. Spinal. Cord. Med. 26, Suppl 1. S50-S56 (2003).
  15. American Spinal Injury Association and International Spinal Cord Society. International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury. , ASIA and ISCS. (2006).

Tags

医学、発行77、解剖学、生理学、行動、神経生物学、神経科学、脊髄損傷、肺疾患、慢性閉塞性、運動量、分析、診断および治療技術と設備、呼吸筋、モーター制御、筋電図、肺機能検査、脊髄脊髄損傷、SCI、臨床技術
慢性脊髄損傷患者で呼吸器モータ制御評価(RMCA)を使用して呼吸筋活動の評価
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Cite this Article

Aslan, S. C., Chopra, M. K., McKay,More

Aslan, S. C., Chopra, M. K., McKay, W. B., Folz, R. J., Ovechkin, A. V. Evaluation of Respiratory Muscle Activation Using Respiratory Motor Control Assessment (RMCA) in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury. J. Vis. Exp. (77), e50178, doi:10.3791/50178 (2013).

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    Measurement of the Hepatic Venous Pressure Gradient and Transjugular Liver Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Patient Directed Recording of a Bipolar Three-Lead Electrocardiogram using a Smartwatch with ECG Function
  • Research • Medicine
    Traditional Trail Making Test Modified into Brand-new Assessment Tools: Digital and Walking Trail Making Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Biopsy Data to Guide Sampling Procedures for Prostate Cancer Biobanking
  • Research • Medicine
    A Fluorescence-based Assay for Characterization and Quantification of Lipid Droplet Formation in Human Intestinal Organoids
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Non-invasive Method for the Detection of Elevated Intra-compartmental Pressures of the Leg
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Mapping of Specific Ventilation in the Human Lung using Proton Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Oxygen as a Contrast Agent
  • Research • Neuroscience
    Portable Thermographic Screening for Detection of Acute Wallenberg's Syndrome
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of MRI-ultrasound Fusion to Achieve Targeted Prostate Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Testing of all Six Semicircular Canals with Video Head Impulse Test Systems
  • Research • Medicine
    Protocol and Guidelines for Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Diagnosing Neonatal Pulmonary Diseases Based on International Expert Consensus
  • Research • Neuroscience
    Bilateral Assessment of the Corticospinal Pathways of the Ankle Muscles Using Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
  • Research • Medicine
    Targeting Gray Rami Communicantes in Selective Chemical Lumbar Sympathectomy
  • Research • Medicine
    Multi-Modal Home Sleep Monitoring in Older Adults
  • Research • Medicine
    Cardiac Magnetic Resonance for the Evaluation of Suspected Cardiac Thrombus: Conventional and Emerging Techniques
  • Research • Medicine
    Observational Study Protocol for Repeated Clinical Examination and Critical Care Ultrasonography Within the Simple Intensive Care Studies
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurements of Motor Function and Other Clinical Outcome Parameters in Ambulant Children with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of the Efficacy of An Osteopathic Treatment in Infants with Biomechanical Impairments to Suckling
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantification of Levator Ani Hiatus Enlargement by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Males and Females with Pelvic Organ Prolapse
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative [18F]-Naf-PET-MRI Analysis for the Evaluation of Dynamic Bone Turnover in a Patient with Facetogenic Low Back Pain
  • Research • Medicine
    Generation of Human 3D Lung Tissue Cultures (3D-LTCs) for Disease Modeling
  • Research • Medicine
    Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
  • Research • Medicine
    Combining Volumetric Capnography And Barometric Plethysmography To Measure The Lung Structure-function Relationship
  • Research • Medicine
    Two-Dimensional X-Ray Angiography to Examine Fine Vascular Structure Using a Silicone Rubber Injection Compound
  • Research • Medicine
    Preparation, Procedures and Evaluation of Platelet-Rich Plasma Injection in the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis
  • Research • Medicine
    Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging at 7 Tesla
  • Research • Medicine
    Semi-quantitative Assessment Using [18F]FDG Tracer in Patients with Severe Brain Injury
  • Research • Medicine
    Handheld Metal Detector Screening for Metallic Foreign Body Ingestion in Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Conducting Maximal and Submaximal Endurance Exercise Testing to Measure Physiological and Biological Responses to Acute Exercise in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    A Metadata Extraction Approach for Clinical Case Reports to Enable Advanced Understanding of Biomedical Concepts
  • Research • Medicine
    Autonomic Function Following Concussion in Youth Athletes: An Exploration of Heart Rate Variability Using 24-hour Recording Methodology
  • Research • Medicine
    Hydra, a Computer-Based Platform for Aiding Clinicians in Cardiovascular Analysis and Diagnosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Objective Nociceptive Assessment in Ventilated ICU Patients: A Feasibility Study Using Pupillometry and the Nociceptive Flexion Reflex
  • Research • Medicine
    'Boden Food Plate': Novel Interactive Web-based Method for the Assessment of Dietary Intake
  • Research • Medicine
    Anogenital Distance and Perineal Measurements of the Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) Quantification System
  • Research • Medicine
    Bedside Ultrasound for Guiding Fluid Removal in Patients with Pulmonary Edema: The Reverse-FALLS Protocol
  • Research • Medicine
    Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation of Primary Human Decidual Cells from the Fetal Membranes of Term Placentae
  • Research • Medicine
    Skeletal Muscle Neurovascular Coupling, Oxidative Capacity, and Microvascular Function with 'One Stop Shop' Near-infrared Spectroscopy
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting Hair Samples for Hair Cortisol Analysis in African Americans
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vivo Morphometric Analysis of Human Cranial Nerves Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Menière's Disease Ears and Normal Hearing Ears
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (Cf-PWV) to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness
  • Research • Medicine
    Standardized Measurement of Nasal Membrane Transepithelial Potential Difference (NPD)
  • Research • Medicine
    Taste Exam: A Brief and Validated Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Absorption of Nasal and Bronchial Fluids: Precision Sampling of the Human Respiratory Mucosa and Laboratory Processing of Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Methodology for Sputum Induction and Laboratory Processing
  • Research • Medicine
    Electrophysiological Measurement of Noxious-evoked Brain Activity in Neonates Using a Flat-tip Probe Coupled to Electroencephalography
  • Research • Medicine
    A Detailed Protocol for Physiological Parameters Acquisition and Analysis in Neurosurgical Critical Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Oral Biofilm Sampling for Microbiome Analysis in Healthy Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia
  • Research • Medicine
    Application of an Amplitude-integrated EEG Monitor (Cerebral Function Monitor) to Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    3D Ultrasound Imaging: Fast and Cost-effective Morphometry of Musculoskeletal Tissue
  • Research • Medicine
    The 4-vessel Sampling Approach to Integrative Studies of Human Placental Physiology In Vivo
  • Research • Medicine
    A Component-resolved Diagnostic Approach for a Study on Grass Pollen Allergens in Chinese Southerners with Allergic Rhinitis and/or Asthma
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
  • Research • Medicine
    A Method for Quantifying Upper Limb Performance in Daily Life Using Accelerometers
  • Research • Medicine
    Non-invasive Assessments of Subjective and Objective Recovery Characteristics Following an Exhaustive Jump Protocol
  • Research • Medicine
    Experimental Protocol of a Three-minute, All-out Arm Crank Exercise Test in Spinal-cord Injured and Able-bodied Individuals
  • Research • Medicine
    Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Pulmonary Capillary Blood Volume, Membrane Diffusing Capacity, and Intrapulmonary Arteriovenous Anastomoses During Exercise
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Child Anthropometry in a Large Epidemiologic Study
  • Research • Medicine
    Video Movement Analysis Using Smartphones (ViMAS): A Pilot Study
  • Research • Medicine
    Network Analysis of Foramen Ovale Electrode Recordings in Drug-resistant Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Induction and Assessment of Exertional Skeletal Muscle Damage in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    A Detailed Protocol for Perspiration Monitoring Using a Novel, Small, Wireless Device
  • Research • Medicine
    Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
  • Research • Medicine
    Integrated Compensatory Responses in a Human Model of Hemorrhage
  • Research • Medicine
    Transthoracic Speckle Tracking Echocardiography for the Quantitative Assessment of Left Ventricular Myocardial Deformation
  • Research • Medicine
    Impression Cytology of the Lid Wiper Area
  • Research • Behavior
    A Protocol of Manual Tests to Measure Sensation and Pain in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    Unbiased Deep Sequencing of RNA Viruses from Clinical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    A Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cell-based Model of the Human Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier to Study Bacterial Infection from the Basolateral Side
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Profiling of MicroRNA-containing Exosomes from Human Bile
  • Research • Medicine
    Generation of Microtumors Using 3D Human Biogel Culture System and Patient-derived Glioblastoma Cells for Kinomic Profiling and Drug Response Testing
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Using a Laminating Technique to Perform Confocal Microscopy of the Human Sclera
  • Research • Medicine
    Intravenous Endotoxin Challenge in Healthy Humans: An Experimental Platform to Investigate and Modulate Systemic Inflammation
  • Research • Medicine
    Modeling and Simulations of Olfactory Drug Delivery with Passive and Active Controls of Nasally Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols
  • Research • Medicine
    Exosomal miRNA Analysis in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Patients' Plasma Through qPCR: A Feasible Liquid Biopsy Tool
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multimodal Imaging- and Stimulation-based Method of Evaluating Connectivity-related Brain Excitability in Patients with Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges
  • Research • Medicine
    Using Saccadometry with Deep Brain Stimulation to Study Normal and Pathological Brain Function
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Fundus Autofluorescence for the Evaluation of Retinal Diseases
  • Research • Medicine
    Diagnosis of Musculus Gastrocnemius Tightness - Key Factors for the Clinical Examination
  • Research • Medicine
    Stereo-Electro-Encephalo-Graphy (SEEG) With Robotic Assistance in the Presurgical Evaluation of Medical Refractory Epilepsy: A Technical Note
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Transcutaneous Microcirculatory Imaging in Preterm Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    Using an Ingestible Telemetric Temperature Pill to Assess Gastrointestinal Temperature During Exercise
  • Research • Medicine
    Design, Fabrication, and Administration of the Hand Active Sensation Test (HASTe)
  • Research • Medicine
    MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder
  • Research • Medicine
    Functional Human Liver Preservation and Recovery by Means of Subnormothermic Machine Perfusion
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multicenter MRI Protocol for the Evaluation and Quantification of Deep Vein Thrombosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Determining The Electromyographic Fatigue Threshold Following a Single Visit Exercise Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of Electromagnetic Navigational Transthoracic Needle Aspiration (E-TTNA) for Sampling of Lung Nodules
  • Research • Medicine
    Trabecular Meshwork Response to Pressure Elevation in the Living Human Eye
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vivo, Percutaneous, Needle Based, Optical Coherence Tomography of Renal Masses
  • Research • Medicine
    Establishment of Human Epithelial Enteroids and Colonoids from Whole Tissue and Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Human Brown Adipose Tissue Depots Automatically Segmented by Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography and Registered Magnetic Resonance Images
  • Research • Medicine
    Preparation and Respirometric Assessment of Mitochondria Isolated from Skeletal Muscle Tissue Obtained by Percutaneous Needle Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    A Methodological Approach to Non-invasive Assessments of Vascular Function and Morphology
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Immortalization of Patient-derived Cell Lines from Muscle Biopsy for Disease Modeling
  • Research • Medicine
    State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
  • Research • Medicine
    The Supraclavicular Fossa Ultrasound View for Central Venous Catheter Placement and Catheter Change Over Guidewire
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of the Brachial Artery in Clinical Research
  • Research • Medicine
    Tracking the Mammary Architectural Features and Detecting Breast Cancer with Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes
  • Research • Medicine
    DTI of the Visual Pathway - White Matter Tracts and Cerebral Lesions
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection, Isolation, and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Human Endocervical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multi-Modal Approach to Assessing Recovery in Youth Athletes Following Concussion
  • Research • Medicine
    Clinical Assessment of Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Patients and Older Adults
  • Research • Medicine
    Multi-electrode Array Recordings of Human Epileptic Postoperative Cortical Tissue
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection and Extraction of Saliva DNA for Next Generation Sequencing
  • Research • Medicine
    Fast and Accurate Exhaled Breath Ammonia Measurement
  • Research • Medicine
    Developing Neuroimaging Phenotypes of the Default Mode Network in PTSD: Integrating the Resting State, Working Memory, and Structural Connectivity
  • Research • Medicine
    Two Methods for Establishing Primary Human Endometrial Stromal Cells from Hysterectomy Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Coordinate Mapping of Hyolaryngeal Mechanics in Swallowing
  • Research • Medicine
    Network Analysis of the Default Mode Network Using Functional Connectivity MRI in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    EEG Mu Rhythm in Typical and Atypical Development
  • Research • Medicine
    The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT): An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Functional Characterization of Human Ventricular Cardiomyocytes from Fresh Surgical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Primary Culture of Human Vestibular Schwannomas
  • Research • Medicine
    Utility of Dissociated Intrinsic Hand Muscle Atrophy in the Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Lesion Explorer: A Video-guided, Standardized Protocol for Accurate and Reliable MRI-derived Volumetrics in Alzheimer's Disease and Normal Elderly
  • Research • Medicine
    Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Culture, and Imaging of Human Fetal Pancreatic Cell Clusters
  • Research • Medicine
    3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Computerized Dynamic Posturography for Postural Control Assessment in Patients with Intermittent Claudication
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting Saliva and Measuring Salivary Cortisol and Alpha-amylase in Frail Community Residing Older Adults via Family Caregivers
  • Research • Medicine
    Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Analysis of Neurodegenerative Diseases
  • Research • Medicine
    Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Retinal Surgical Specimens Using jouRNAl
  • Research • Medicine
    Improved Protocol For Laser Microdissection Of Human Pancreatic Islets From Surgical Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Respiratory Muscle Activation Using Respiratory Motor Control Assessment (RMCA) in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury
  • Research • Medicine
    Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting And Measuring Wound Exudate Biochemical Mediators In Surgical Wounds
  • Research • Medicine
    A Research Method For Detecting Transient Myocardial Ischemia In Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome Using Continuous ST-segment Analysis
  • Research • Medicine
    Using a Chemical Biopsy for Graft Quality Assessment
  • Research • Medicine
    Characterizing Exon Skipping Efficiency in DMD Patient Samples in Clinical Trials of Antisense Oligonucleotides
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vitro Assessment of Cardiac Function Using Skinned Cardiomyocytes
  • Research • Medicine
    Normothermic Ex Situ Heart Perfusion in Working Mode: Assessment of Cardiac Function and Metabolism
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Vascular Control Mechanisms Utilizing Video Microscopy of Isolated Resistance Arteries of Rats
  • Research • Medicine
    Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) for Research; Obtaining Adequate Sample Yield
  • Research • Medicine
    Non-invasive Optical Measurement of Cerebral Metabolism and Hemodynamics in Infants
  • Research • Medicine
    Tilt Testing with Combined Lower Body Negative Pressure: a "Gold Standard" for Measuring Orthostatic Tolerance
  • Research • Medicine
    Driving Simulation in the Clinic: Testing Visual Exploratory Behavior in Daily Life Activities in Patients with Visual Field Defects
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Characterization and Comparative Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Derived from Permanent Teeth by Using Two Different Methods
  • Research • Medicine
    Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking (IPL): Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Intraoperative Detection of Subtle Endometriosis: A Novel Paradigm for Detection and Treatment of Pelvic Pain Associated with the Loss of Peritoneal Integrity
  • Research • Medicine
    The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection Protocol for Human Pancreas
  • Research • Medicine
    The α-test: Rapid Cell-free CD4 Enumeration Using Whole Saliva
  • Research • Medicine
    The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Donor Tissue Preparation for Endothelial Keratoplasty
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantification of Atherosclerotic Plaque Activity and Vascular Inflammation using [18-F] Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (FDG-PET/CT)
  • Research • Medicine
    Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography of Retinal Circulation
  • Research • Medicine
    Utilizing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Study the Human Neuromuscular System
  • Research • Medicine
    Detection and Genogrouping of Noroviruses from Children's Stools By Taqman One-step RT-PCR
  • Research • Medicine
    Method to Measure Tone of Axial and Proximal Muscle
  • Research • Medicine
    The Trier Social Stress Test Protocol for Inducing Psychological Stress
  • Research • Medicine
    Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Multifocal Electroretinograms
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation of Human Islets from Partially Pancreatectomized Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quantification of Pulmonary Perfusion using Calibrated Arterial Spin Labeling
  • Research • Medicine
    Manual Muscle Testing: A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department
  • Research • Medicine
    A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
  • Research • Medicine
    An Investigation of the Effects of Sports-related Concussion in Youth Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Head Impact Telemetry System
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Confocal Microscopy: A Novel Non-invasive Technique to Quantify Small Fibre Pathology in Peripheral Neuropathies
  • Research • Medicine
    Methods to Quantify Pharmacologically Induced Alterations in Motor Function in Human Incomplete SCI
  • Research • Medicine
    Multispectral Real-time Fluorescence Imaging for Intraoperative Detection of the Sentinel Lymph Node in Gynecologic Oncology
  • Research • Medicine
    Technique to Collect Fungiform (Taste) Papillae from Human Tongue
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessing Endothelial Vasodilator Function with the Endo-PAT 2000
  • Research • Medicine
    Making Sense of Listening: The IMAP Test Battery
  • Research • Medicine
    An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)
  • Research • Biology
    Bioelectric Analyses of an Osseointegrated Intelligent Implant Design System for Amputees
  • Research • Biology
    Demonstration of Cutaneous Allodynia in Association with Chronic Pelvic Pain
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