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Medicine

Forbedret protokoll For Laser mikrodisseksjon Of Human bukspyttkjertelen holmer Fra Kirurgiske prøver

Published: January 6, 2013 doi: 10.3791/50231

Summary

Laser mikrodisseksjon er en teknikk som tillater utvinningen av utvalgte celler fra små mengder av parenchyma. Her beskriver vi en protokoll for å anskaffe humane pankreatiske øyer fra kirurgiske prøver som skal brukes til transcriptomic studier. Vår protokoll forbedrer den iboende autofluorescens av menneskelige beta-cellene, og dermed tilrettelegge sin samling.

Abstract

Laser mikrodisseksjon (LMD) er en teknikk som gjør at utvinning av utvalgte celler og vev fra små mengder av parenchyma 1,2. Den dissekerte celler kan brukes for en rekke undersøkelser, for eksempel transcriptomic eller proteomikk studier, DNA vurdering eller kromosomal analyse 2,3. En spesielt utfordrende anvendelse av LMD er transkriptom analysen, som, på grunn av labilitet av RNA 4, kan være spesielt fremtredende når cellene dissekert fra vev som er rike på RNases som bukspyttkjertelen. En mikrodisseksjon protokoll som muliggjør rask identifisering og innsamling av målcellene er viktig i denne innstillingen for å forkorte vev håndtering tid og dermed å sikre RNA bevaring.

Her beskriver vi en protokoll for å anskaffe menneskelige bukspyttkjertelens betaceller fra kirurgiske prøver som skal brukes for transcriptomic studier fem. Små biter av bukspyttkjertelen på ca 0,5 til 1 cm 3 ble kuttet fra de sunne vises marginene reseksjon bukspyttkjertel prøver, innebygd i Tissue-Tek oktober Compound, umiddelbart frosset i kjølt 2-metylbutan, og lagret ved -80 ° C til snitting. Førti seriesnitt av 10 um tykkelse ble kuttet på en kryostat under en -20 ° C-innstillingen, overført individuelt til glassplater, tørkes inne i kryostaten i 1-2 min, og lagret ved -80 ° C.

Umiddelbart før laser mikrodisseksjon prosedyren ble deler fast i iskald, tilberedes 70% etanol i 30 sek, vasket med 5-6 fall i iskald DEPC-behandlet vann, og dehydrert av to ett-minutts inkubasjoner i iskaldt 100% etanol etterfulgt av xylen (som brukes for vev dehydrering) etter 4 min; vevssnitt ble deretter lufttørket etterpå i 3-5 min. Viktigere, alle trinnene, bortsett inkubasjonen i xylen, som ble utført med iskalde reagenser - en modifikasjon over en tidligere beskrevet protokoll 6. Utilization iskald reagenser resulterte i en markant økning av den indre autofluorescens av beta-cellene, og tilrettelagt deres anerkjennelse. For mikrodisseksjon, var fire seksjoner dehydrert hver gang: to ble plassert i en folie-innpakket 50 ml tube, for å beskytte vev fra fuktighet og bleking, og de resterende to ble umiddelbart microdissected. Denne prosedyren ble utført ved hjelp av en PALM Microbeam instrument (Zeiss) ansette Auto Laser Pressure Catapulting (AutoLPC)-modus. Ferdigstillelse av beta celle / holme disseksjon fra fire cryosections kreves ikke lenger enn 40-60 min. Celler ble samlet i en AdhesiveCap og lysert med 10 ul lyseringsbuffer. Hver enkelt RNA prøven for transcriptomic analyse ble oppnådd ved å kombinere 10 celle microdissected prøver, etterfulgt av RNA ekstraksjon med Pico Pure RNA Isolation Kit (Arcturus). Denne protokollen forbedrer den iboende autofluorescens av menneskelige beta-cellene, og dermed tilrettelegge deres raske og nøyaktige anerkjennelse og collection. Ytterligere forbedring av denne fremgangsmåten kan muliggjøre disseksjon av fenotypisk forskjellige beta-celler, med mulige implikasjoner for bedre forståelse av endringer forbundet med type 2-diabetes.

Protocol

1. Frysing av Human pankreasvevet

  1. Fjern fettvev, blodkar, nerver og ikke-parenchymal vev med en skalpell og pinsett, og kutt pankreasvevet i biter (~ 0,5 til 1 cm terninger).
  2. Plasser en pankreasvevet brikke i sentrum av en Cryomold, og dekke det helt med kaldt Tissue-Tek oktober Compound. Sett Cryomold i en krukke som bunnen er dekket med pre-avkjølte 2-metylbutan og snap-freeze i flytende nitrogen. Oppbevar frosne prøven ved -80 ° C.

2. Utarbeidelse av Frozen Seksjoner

  1. Slitasje hansker gjennom alle trinnene for å unngå denaturering av RNA.
  2. Rengjør kryostaten kniv, prøveholder og pensel med kaldt 100% etanol og RNase Away. Plasser det frosne vev inne i kryostaten.
  3. Vent til vevet, kniv og pensel nå -20 ° C. Merke SuperFrost Plus lysbilder og pre-cool dem inne i kryostaten kammeret mens du venterfor vev å nå -20 ° C.
  4. Påfør Tissue-Tek oktober Compound på prøveholderen og legg den frosne vev på toppen.
  5. Når vevet-Tek oktober Compound er frosset trimme cryoblock og fjerne overflødig Tissue-Tek oktober Compound med et barberblad.
  6. Skjær totalt 40 sammenhengende 10 mikrometer skiver fra pankreasvevet blokken. I tillegg anbefaler vi å kutte en for-og mellomnavn stykke å bli frelst for oversikt tegninger av bukspyttkjertelen delen som kan lette identifiseringen av holmer innenfor sektorene under mikrodisseksjon prosessen.
  7. Overfør seksjoner fra knivbladet til sentrum av en SuperFrost Plus lysbilde ved å berøre baksiden av raset med fingeren (dekket med en hanske) for å varme opp bare hvilken region seksjonen skal følge.
  8. Tørk seksjoner 1-2 min inne i kryostaten ved -20 ° C, hvoretter du setter dem inn i et lysbilde boks plassert på tørris. Oppbevar deleneved -80 ° C.
  9. Hvis det er nødvendig, rengjør kniven med papirhåndklær og kaldt 100% etanol.

3. Dehydrering av Frozen Seksjoner

  1. Forbered Reagenser: pour 30 ml nylaget 70% etanol, 30 ml DEPC-behandlet vann, 2x30 ml 100% etanol og 30 ml xylen i 50 ml Cellstar rør (Falcons), chill og holde alle reagenser (unntatt xylen) på is.
  2. Rengjør arbeidsområde under panseret med 100% etanol og RNaseZAP.
  3. Prosessen to cryosections som følger: fikse på iskald 70% etanol i 30 sek, vask med 5-6 raske fall i iskald DEPC-behandlet vann, tørke to ganger i 1 min i iskaldt 100% etanol, inkuberes i 4 min i xylen ved romtemperatur (25 ° C) og la dem lufttørke i 3-5 min. Gjenta dette trinnet med et annet par cryosections.
  4. Sette inn to tørkede cryosections rygg mot rygg til en 50 ml Cellstar rør innpakket i aluminiumsfolie for å beskytte dem mot lys og fuktighet.
<p class = "jove_title"> 4. Laser mikrodisseksjon av beta-celler med PALM Microbeam, Zeiss

  1. Rengjør mikroskop med RNaseZAP og monter Adhesive Cap i RoboMover.
  2. Angi følgende innstillinger: Filter sett 09 (eksitasjon: 450-490 nm, utslipp> 515 nm), AutoLPC modus, 50% laser energi, 65% laser fokus, 100% laser hastighet, 5 mikrometer avstand mellom AutoLPC skudd, 6 mikrometer avstand til linje, arbeidshøyde: -10100.
  3. Sett den ene glir inn på scenen.
  4. Finne autofluorescent beta celler under mikroskopisk visualisering (5x eller 10x objektiv).
  5. Bytte til 40x objektivet, velger beta-cellene med "Freehand" markeringsverktøy og microdissect dem ved hjelp av laser.
  6. Fang vev av fire dehydrerte cryosections i ett AdhesiveCap.
    Kommentar 1: tid til å dissekere betacellene en dehydrert cryosection bør ikke være lenger enn 10-20 min for å unngå utvanning av vevsdelene som ville resultere iRNA degradering.
    Kommentar 2: bekrefte vellykket mikrodisseksjon prosessen ved visuell inspeksjon etter flytting scenen til sjekkpunkt.

5. Lysis av Microdissected Beta Cell Enriched Tissue

  1. Fjerne AdhesiveCap fra RoboMover.
  2. Pipet 10 ul ekstraksjon buffer (XB, PicoPure RNA Isolation Kit, Arcturus) i lokket av AdhesiveCap og inkuber den opp ned ved 42 ° C i 30 min.
  3. Spinner ned på 10.000 xg og sette lysatet på tørris. Lagre det ved -80 ° C inntil RNA ekstraksjon utføres.
  4. Gjenta 3.) Til 5.) Med alle andre deler.

6. RNA Utvinning

  1. Kombiner alle ti 10 ul lysates
  2. Fortsett med RNA isolering ved å arbeide ved romtemperatur i henhold til protokollen fra PicoPure RNA Isolation Kit, Arcturus, ved hjelp av et 1:1-forhold Extraction Buffer (XB) til 70% etanol (inkludert DNase Treatment).

7. RNA analyse

  1. Bruk en pl RNA for analyse av kvalitet og kvantitet ved hjelp av en Agilent 2100 Bioanalyser (PicoChip). Kvantitativ evaluering gjøres i referanse til en standard RNA loaded parallelt på brikken.

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Representative Results

Som vist i figur 1, ledet den modifiserte dehydrating protokoll til en forbedring av beta celler autofluorescens forhold til forrige publiserte protokoll 6. Påføring beskrevet protokoll, ble hver av 39 kirurgiske pankreatiske prøver brukt til å generere 40 serielle cryosections for et gjennomsnitt av 31'544'704 mikrometer 3 vev / bukspyttkjertelen prøven (område: 8'742'390 - 81'522'153 mikrometer 3) som vist i tabell 1. Dette representerer volumet av ca 18 pankreatiske øyer av 150 um diameter, eller av 35.000 β-celler. Vevet stammer fra et gjennomsnitt på 38 forskjellige holmer / bukspyttkjertelen prøven (område: 19-80 holmer), ble hver av dem vanligvis observert i to eller flere påfølgende seksjoner. Den store variasjon i utbyttet av holmer blant ulike prøver reflekterer heterogenitet av vevets kilde, enten bukspyttkjertelen hode eller hale, samt en progressiv forbedring av operatørene i detektereion av holmene innenfor 10 min tid viet til inspeksjon av hver seksjon.

Total RNA fra hver microdissected og lysert vev ble renset med Arcturus PicoPure Frozen RNA Isolation Kit av Applied Biosystems og eluert i 11 ul, i henhold til protokollen fra produsenten. Ettertid 1 ul RNA for hver prøve ble analysert ved Agilent 2100 Bioanalyser. Vi oppnådd i gjennomsnitt 42 ng RNA / prøven (område: 5-229 ng / prøven) med en gjennomsnittlig RNA integritet nummer (RIN) på 5,8 (område: 3,4 til 7,2). Figur 2 viser et eksempel av RNA analyse. Uansett hvilken RIN verdien alle analyserte RNA prøvene ble med hell brukes til transcriptomic studier. Vi fant ikke en direkte sammenheng mellom mengden av microdissected vev og RNA yield. Forskjeller i tidsintervallet mellom høsting av kirurger og frysing av bukspyttkjertelen prøver etter sin undersøkelse og utgivelse av patologen kunne redegjøre i p kunst for variabel kvalitet og kvantitet av gjenvunne RNA. Andre viktige faktorer å vurdere er laser energi anvendt til microdissection, med lavere energi som gir den høyere RNA integritet, samt laser fokus og avstanden LPC poeng. Fokuset har en ideell beliggenhet ved en liten "effekt" av laseren på glasset på lysbildet, danner en liten svart prikk, kan bli sett. I våre hender de beste resultater oppnås med en laser energi 50%, en laser fokus av 65%, enskjønt tilpasset å kompensere for forskjeller i tykkelsen av seksjonene, og en avstand på LPC punkter av 5 mikrometer. Tillegg kan RNA kvantum bli optimalisert ved å holde arbeidshøyden av RoboMover, dvs. avstanden mellom limet hetten og seksjonen, så lavt som mulig for å unngå tap av microdissected vev under fange prosessen. I sett vår opp arbeidshøyden er på -10 100 vilkårlige PALM enheter.

ll "> prøven <td> 30
antall holmer / prøven samlet vev volum / prøven [mikrometer 3] RIN konsentrasjon [ng / ul] total RNA [ng]
DP002 34 24'947'696 5.2 1.149 10.34
DP003 30 41'141'488 5.5 1.677 15.09
DP005 23 27'024'264 3.5 8.259 66.07
DP006 25 45'900'848 3.4 7.399 59.19
DP007 23'936'048 6.5 0.595 4,76
DP008 22 68'248'432 6.2 1.559 14.03
DP010 34 33'156'752 5.6 1.750 19.25
DP011 29 31'339'152 6.0 1.365 15.02
DP012 34 57'594'360 6.3 3.025 33.28
DP017 35 28'212'256 6.0 1.292 14.21
DP030 35 48'007'530 5.6 2.180 23.98
DP013 36 34'371'045 6.9 1.350 14.85
DP014 35 21'360'060 7.2 1.270 13.97
DP015 33 20'923'488 4.1 4.000 44.00
DP019 40 35'431'704 7.0 1.670 18.37
DP025 19 15'329'844 6.6 0.496 5,46
DP034 19 81'522'153 6.4 4.260 46.86
DP039 32 19'074'410 6.5 1.270 13.97
DP040 44 31'565'630 5.4 2.300 25.30
DP042 52 40'333'840 7.0 2.510 27.61
DP021 65 33'996'260 6.3 2.830 31.13
DP023 19 19'513'310 5.6 8.250 90.75
DP024 32 24'125'140 6.3 20.780 228,58
DP038 23 18'306'040 6.6 11.700 128,70
DP045 35 36'345'620 6.3 1.100 12.10
DP033 42 26'078'550 6.5 15.380 169,18
DP022 49 33'535'460 6.8 7.590 83.49
DP041 56 34'899'830 5.7 3.350 36.85
DP049 38 18'521'230 6.8 1.020 11.22
DP028 32 16'410'670 5.6 1.720 18.92
DP056 36 19'737'580 5.7 1.130 12.43
DP059 52 23'376'180 3.6 7.880 86.68
DP047 41 20'658'370 6.4 1.040 11.44
DP036 23 8'742'390 3.5 0.950 10.45
DP027 42 29'150'480 5.1 3.410 37.51
DP046 54 16'800'070 5.3 8.210 90.31
DP055 57 32'340'270 6.2 1.280 14.08
DP064 74 41'896'460 6.5 2.440 26.84
DP067 80 46'388'540 6.3 5.200 57.20
gjennomsnittlig 38 31'544'704 5.8 3.965 42.14
antall holmer / prøven samlet vev volum / prøven [mikrometer 3] RIN total RNA [ng]
rekkevidde 19-80 8'742'390 - 81'522'153 03.04 til 07.02 4,76 til 228,58
gjennomsnittlig 38 31'544'704 5.8 42.14

Tabell 1. Oversikt over mengden av microdissected vev og kvaliteten og kvantiteten av de utpakkede RNA. Prøvene er i kronologisk rekkefølge. De innsamlede vevet blir beregnet slik: tykkelse cryosection (10 mikrometer) x microdissected området [mikrometer 2]. 1 pl RNA for hver prøve ble analysert på Agilent 2100 Bioanalyser PicoChip.

"Figur Figur 1. Egenverdi autofluorescens av menneskelige beta cellene autofluorescens av beta celler etter dehydrering av bukspyttkjertelen cryosections med reagenser som ble enten oppbevares i romtemperatur (A), eller iskald (B) (eksitasjon 450-490 nm, utslipp> 515 nm;. 400 x forstørrelse). Betacellene vises gult, mens bukspyttkjertelen kanaler, fartøy og kollagen vise en grønn farge. Målestokk: 75 mikrometer.

Figur 2
Figur 2. Kvalitet og kvantitet av ekstrahert holme RNA. Profil av en menneskelig holme RNA prøve erholdt med dette LMD protokollen (B) sammenlignet med en standard RNA prøven (A). 1 pl RNA for hver prøve ble påført på en PicoChip og analysert for quantity og kvalitet med Agilent 2100 Bioanalyser. (A): RIN (RNA integritet nummer) 7.7 [rRNA Ratio (28S/18S): 1,3)], (B): 7,2 RIN [rRNA Ratio (28S/18S): 1,1)]. Konsentrasjonen av øyen RNA var 1,3 ng / ul, for et samlet beløp på 10,3 ng fra 21'360'060 mikrometer 3 bukspyttkjertelen vev. Klikk her for å se større figur .

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Discussion

Vi beskriver en pålitelig metode for laser mikrodisseksjon (LMD) av menneskelige holmer fra kirurgisk bukspyttkjertelen prøven. Forutsatt at en LMD mikroskop er tilgjengelig, kan denne prosedyren bli implementert i alle forskningsinstitusjon utfører delvis pancreatectomies, og dermed øke tilgangen til menneskelig holme materiale fra både ikke-diabetikere og type 2 diabetes pasienter. Dette er spesielt relevant gitt sparsommelige pancreata tilbys for holmen isolasjon. Gunstige aspekter LMD sammenlignet holme isolering ved kollagenase fordøyelse er redusert tid mellom Forklaring av vev og behandling av holmene for RNA 7 ekstraksjon, anriking av beta-celler 7, samt unngåelse av sterke mekaniske og enzymatisk manipulasjoner 8, 9,10, noe som kan endre genuttrykk profilen. I tilfelle av delvis pancreatectomized pasienter mer klinisk og metabolsk informasjon er vanligvis tilgjengelig enn i tilfelle av orgelgivere. På den annen side, isolering av holmer etter LMD gir kortere RNA med lavere RIN verdier sammenlignet med de som ble observert etter kollagenase fordøyelse og gir ikke levende holmer for funksjonelle studier. Videre kan bukspyttkjertelen sykdommen fører til kirurgi påvirke holmen ekspresjon. En avveining av disse fordeler og ulemper vil være oppnåelig gjennom komparative studier på et stort antall av holmen isoleringer utført av kollagenase fordøyelsen og LMD enten fra organdonorer eller delvis pancreatectomized pasienter, slik som de på-går i multisenter Innovativ Medisin Initiative for Diabetes (IMIDIA) med mål om "Bedre beta-celle funksjon og identifisering av diagnostiske biomarkører for behandling overvåking i Diabetes" ( http://www.imidia.org ).

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Disclosures

Ingen interessekonflikter erklært.

Acknowledgments

Vi ønsker å takke alle våre kolleger som bidro med hjelp, råd og kritisk innspill i forskjellige trinn i dette prosjektet. Produksjon av denne videoen artikkelen ble støttet med midler fra IMIDIA ( http://www.imidia.org ), den tyske departementet for utdanning og forskning (BMBF) til den tyske senter for Diabetes Research (DZD, http://www.dzd -ev.de ) og Universitetssykehuset Carl Gustav Carus ved University of Technology Dresden. Arbeidet fører til denne publikasjonen har fått støtte fra Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Undertaking henhold tilskuddsavtalen n ° 155005 (IMIDIA), ressurser som er sammensatt av økonomiske bidrag fra EUs sjuende rammeprogram (FP7/2007-2013) og EFPIA selskapers tingsinnskudd.

Materials

Name Company Catalog Number Comments
2-Methylbutane (isopentane) ROTH 3927.1
AdhesiveCap (opaque, 500 μl) ZEISS 415190-9201-000
Cellstar Tubes (50 ml) greiner bio-one 210 261 with support skirt
Cellstar Tubes (50 ml) greiner bio-one 227.261
Diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC) SIGMA D 5758
Dry ice
Ethanol absolute VWR 20821.310
Liquid nitrogen
Paint brush
PALM MicroBeam ZEISS
Peel-a-Way embedding moulds (truncated), 12 x 12 mm ProSciTech RR12 Top internal 22x22 mm, depth 21 mm
Arcturus PicoPure Frozen RNA Isolation Kit Applied Biosystems KIT 0204
Plastic clamp
Razor
RNase-Free DNase Set Qiagen 79254
RNaseZAP SIGMA R 2020
Scalpel / surgical blade Techno Cut 2800111
SuperFrost Plus adhesion microscope slides Thermo Scientific J1800AMNZ 25x75x1.0 mm
Tissue-Tek O.C.T Compound Sakura 4583 or 0807000022
Tweezers BRAUN BD168R
Xylene VWR 28975.291

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References

  1. Bonner, R. F., Emmert-Buck, M., et al. Laser capture microdissection: molecular analysis of tissue. Science. 278, 1481-1483 (1997).
  2. Suarez-Quian, C. A., Goldstein, S. R., et al. Laser capture microdissection of single cells from complex tissues. Biotechniques. 26 (2), 328-3235 (1999).
  3. Espina, V., Wulfkuhle, J. D., et al. Laser-capture microdissection. Nature Protocols. 1, 586-603 (2006).
  4. Mikulowska-Mennis, A., Taylor, T. B., et al. High-quality RNA from cells isolated by laser capture microdissection. Biotechniques. 33 (1), 176-179 (2002).
  5. Bötticher, G., Sturm, D., Ehehalt, F., Knoch, K. P., Kersting, S., Grützmann, R., et al. Isolation of Human Islets from Partially Pancreatectomized Patients. J. Vis. Exp. (53), e2962 (2011).
  6. Marselli, L., Sgroi, D. C., et al. Laser capture microdissection of human pancreatic beta-cells and RNA preparation for gene expression profiling. Methods in Molecular Biology. 560, 87-98 (2009).
  7. Marselli, L., Thorne, J., et al. Gene Expression of Purified {beta}-Cell Tissue Obtained from Human Pancreas with Laser Capture Microdissection. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 93, 1046-1053 (2008).
  8. Bottino, R., Balamurugan, A. N., et al. Response of human islets to isolation stress and the effect of antioxidant treatment. Diabetes. 53 (10), 2559-2568 (2004).
  9. Abdelli, S., Ansite, J., et al. Intracellular stress signaling pathways activated during human islet preparation and following acute cytokine exposure. Diabetes. 53 (11), 2815-2823 (2004).
  10. Negi, S., Jetha, A., et al. Analysis of beta-cell gene expression reveals inflammatory signaling and evidence of dedifferentiation following human islet isolation and culture. PLoS One. 7 (1), e30415 (2012).

Tags

Medisin fysiologi anatomi biokjemi cellebiologi molekylær biologi immunologi kirurgi Diabetes mellitus type 2 laser mikrodisseksjon disseksjon menneskelige beta-cellene iboende autofluorescens bukspyttkjertel delvis reseksjon Diabetes type 2 transcriptomic studier RNA-analyse holme
Forbedret protokoll For Laser mikrodisseksjon Of Human bukspyttkjertelen holmer Fra Kirurgiske prøver
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Cite this Article

Sturm, D., Marselli, L., Ehehalt,More

Sturm, D., Marselli, L., Ehehalt, F., Richter, D., Distler, M., Kersting, S., Grützmann, R., Bokvist, K., Froguel, P., Liechti, R., Jörns, A., Meda, P., Baretton, G. B., Saeger, H. D., Schulte, A. M., Marchetti, P., Solimena, M. Improved Protocol For Laser Microdissection Of Human Pancreatic Islets From Surgical Specimens. J. Vis. Exp. (71), e50231, doi:10.3791/50231 (2013).

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    Measurement of Carotenoids in Perifovea using the Macular Pigment Reflectometer
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Static Graviceptive Perception in the Roll-Plane using the Subjective Visual Vertical Paradigm
  • Research • Medicine
    Learning Modern Laryngeal Surgery in a Dissection Laboratory
  • Research • Medicine
    DIPLOMA Approach for Standardized Pathology Assessment of Distal Pancreatectomy Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    A Computerized Functional Skills Assessment and Training Program Targeting Technology Based Everyday Functional Skills
  • Research • Medicine
    Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Integrating Augmented Reality Tools in Breast Cancer Related Lymphedema Prognostication and Diagnosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasonographic Assessment During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of the Hepatic Venous Pressure Gradient and Transjugular Liver Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Patient Directed Recording of a Bipolar Three-Lead Electrocardiogram using a Smartwatch with ECG Function
  • Research • Medicine
    Traditional Trail Making Test Modified into Brand-new Assessment Tools: Digital and Walking Trail Making Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Biopsy Data to Guide Sampling Procedures for Prostate Cancer Biobanking
  • Research • Medicine
    A Fluorescence-based Assay for Characterization and Quantification of Lipid Droplet Formation in Human Intestinal Organoids
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Non-invasive Method for the Detection of Elevated Intra-compartmental Pressures of the Leg
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Mapping of Specific Ventilation in the Human Lung using Proton Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Oxygen as a Contrast Agent
  • Research • Neuroscience
    Portable Thermographic Screening for Detection of Acute Wallenberg's Syndrome
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of MRI-ultrasound Fusion to Achieve Targeted Prostate Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Testing of all Six Semicircular Canals with Video Head Impulse Test Systems
  • Research • Medicine
    Protocol and Guidelines for Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Diagnosing Neonatal Pulmonary Diseases Based on International Expert Consensus
  • Research • Neuroscience
    Bilateral Assessment of the Corticospinal Pathways of the Ankle Muscles Using Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
  • Research • Medicine
    Targeting Gray Rami Communicantes in Selective Chemical Lumbar Sympathectomy
  • Research • Medicine
    Multi-Modal Home Sleep Monitoring in Older Adults
  • Research • Medicine
    Cardiac Magnetic Resonance for the Evaluation of Suspected Cardiac Thrombus: Conventional and Emerging Techniques
  • Research • Medicine
    Observational Study Protocol for Repeated Clinical Examination and Critical Care Ultrasonography Within the Simple Intensive Care Studies
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurements of Motor Function and Other Clinical Outcome Parameters in Ambulant Children with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of the Efficacy of An Osteopathic Treatment in Infants with Biomechanical Impairments to Suckling
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantification of Levator Ani Hiatus Enlargement by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Males and Females with Pelvic Organ Prolapse
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative [18F]-Naf-PET-MRI Analysis for the Evaluation of Dynamic Bone Turnover in a Patient with Facetogenic Low Back Pain
  • Research • Medicine
    Generation of Human 3D Lung Tissue Cultures (3D-LTCs) for Disease Modeling
  • Research • Medicine
    Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
  • Research • Medicine
    Combining Volumetric Capnography And Barometric Plethysmography To Measure The Lung Structure-function Relationship
  • Research • Medicine
    Two-Dimensional X-Ray Angiography to Examine Fine Vascular Structure Using a Silicone Rubber Injection Compound
  • Research • Medicine
    Preparation, Procedures and Evaluation of Platelet-Rich Plasma Injection in the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis
  • Research • Medicine
    Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging at 7 Tesla
  • Research • Medicine
    Semi-quantitative Assessment Using [18F]FDG Tracer in Patients with Severe Brain Injury
  • Research • Medicine
    Handheld Metal Detector Screening for Metallic Foreign Body Ingestion in Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Conducting Maximal and Submaximal Endurance Exercise Testing to Measure Physiological and Biological Responses to Acute Exercise in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    A Metadata Extraction Approach for Clinical Case Reports to Enable Advanced Understanding of Biomedical Concepts
  • Research • Medicine
    Autonomic Function Following Concussion in Youth Athletes: An Exploration of Heart Rate Variability Using 24-hour Recording Methodology
  • Research • Medicine
    Hydra, a Computer-Based Platform for Aiding Clinicians in Cardiovascular Analysis and Diagnosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Objective Nociceptive Assessment in Ventilated ICU Patients: A Feasibility Study Using Pupillometry and the Nociceptive Flexion Reflex
  • Research • Medicine
    'Boden Food Plate': Novel Interactive Web-based Method for the Assessment of Dietary Intake
  • Research • Medicine
    Anogenital Distance and Perineal Measurements of the Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) Quantification System
  • Research • Medicine
    Bedside Ultrasound for Guiding Fluid Removal in Patients with Pulmonary Edema: The Reverse-FALLS Protocol
  • Research • Medicine
    Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation of Primary Human Decidual Cells from the Fetal Membranes of Term Placentae
  • Research • Medicine
    Skeletal Muscle Neurovascular Coupling, Oxidative Capacity, and Microvascular Function with 'One Stop Shop' Near-infrared Spectroscopy
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting Hair Samples for Hair Cortisol Analysis in African Americans
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vivo Morphometric Analysis of Human Cranial Nerves Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Menière's Disease Ears and Normal Hearing Ears
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (Cf-PWV) to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness
  • Research • Medicine
    Standardized Measurement of Nasal Membrane Transepithelial Potential Difference (NPD)
  • Research • Medicine
    Taste Exam: A Brief and Validated Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Absorption of Nasal and Bronchial Fluids: Precision Sampling of the Human Respiratory Mucosa and Laboratory Processing of Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Methodology for Sputum Induction and Laboratory Processing
  • Research • Medicine
    Electrophysiological Measurement of Noxious-evoked Brain Activity in Neonates Using a Flat-tip Probe Coupled to Electroencephalography
  • Research • Medicine
    A Detailed Protocol for Physiological Parameters Acquisition and Analysis in Neurosurgical Critical Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Oral Biofilm Sampling for Microbiome Analysis in Healthy Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia
  • Research • Medicine
    Application of an Amplitude-integrated EEG Monitor (Cerebral Function Monitor) to Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    3D Ultrasound Imaging: Fast and Cost-effective Morphometry of Musculoskeletal Tissue
  • Research • Medicine
    The 4-vessel Sampling Approach to Integrative Studies of Human Placental Physiology In Vivo
  • Research • Medicine
    A Component-resolved Diagnostic Approach for a Study on Grass Pollen Allergens in Chinese Southerners with Allergic Rhinitis and/or Asthma
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
  • Research • Medicine
    A Method for Quantifying Upper Limb Performance in Daily Life Using Accelerometers
  • Research • Medicine
    Non-invasive Assessments of Subjective and Objective Recovery Characteristics Following an Exhaustive Jump Protocol
  • Research • Medicine
    Experimental Protocol of a Three-minute, All-out Arm Crank Exercise Test in Spinal-cord Injured and Able-bodied Individuals
  • Research • Medicine
    Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Pulmonary Capillary Blood Volume, Membrane Diffusing Capacity, and Intrapulmonary Arteriovenous Anastomoses During Exercise
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Child Anthropometry in a Large Epidemiologic Study
  • Research • Medicine
    Video Movement Analysis Using Smartphones (ViMAS): A Pilot Study
  • Research • Medicine
    Network Analysis of Foramen Ovale Electrode Recordings in Drug-resistant Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Induction and Assessment of Exertional Skeletal Muscle Damage in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    A Detailed Protocol for Perspiration Monitoring Using a Novel, Small, Wireless Device
  • Research • Medicine
    Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
  • Research • Medicine
    Integrated Compensatory Responses in a Human Model of Hemorrhage
  • Research • Medicine
    Transthoracic Speckle Tracking Echocardiography for the Quantitative Assessment of Left Ventricular Myocardial Deformation
  • Research • Medicine
    Impression Cytology of the Lid Wiper Area
  • Research • Behavior
    A Protocol of Manual Tests to Measure Sensation and Pain in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    Unbiased Deep Sequencing of RNA Viruses from Clinical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    A Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cell-based Model of the Human Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier to Study Bacterial Infection from the Basolateral Side
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Profiling of MicroRNA-containing Exosomes from Human Bile
  • Research • Medicine
    Generation of Microtumors Using 3D Human Biogel Culture System and Patient-derived Glioblastoma Cells for Kinomic Profiling and Drug Response Testing
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Using a Laminating Technique to Perform Confocal Microscopy of the Human Sclera
  • Research • Medicine
    Intravenous Endotoxin Challenge in Healthy Humans: An Experimental Platform to Investigate and Modulate Systemic Inflammation
  • Research • Medicine
    Modeling and Simulations of Olfactory Drug Delivery with Passive and Active Controls of Nasally Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols
  • Research • Medicine
    Exosomal miRNA Analysis in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Patients' Plasma Through qPCR: A Feasible Liquid Biopsy Tool
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multimodal Imaging- and Stimulation-based Method of Evaluating Connectivity-related Brain Excitability in Patients with Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges
  • Research • Medicine
    Using Saccadometry with Deep Brain Stimulation to Study Normal and Pathological Brain Function
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Fundus Autofluorescence for the Evaluation of Retinal Diseases
  • Research • Medicine
    Diagnosis of Musculus Gastrocnemius Tightness - Key Factors for the Clinical Examination
  • Research • Medicine
    Stereo-Electro-Encephalo-Graphy (SEEG) With Robotic Assistance in the Presurgical Evaluation of Medical Refractory Epilepsy: A Technical Note
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Transcutaneous Microcirculatory Imaging in Preterm Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    Using an Ingestible Telemetric Temperature Pill to Assess Gastrointestinal Temperature During Exercise
  • Research • Medicine
    Design, Fabrication, and Administration of the Hand Active Sensation Test (HASTe)
  • Research • Medicine
    MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder
  • Research • Medicine
    Functional Human Liver Preservation and Recovery by Means of Subnormothermic Machine Perfusion
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multicenter MRI Protocol for the Evaluation and Quantification of Deep Vein Thrombosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Determining The Electromyographic Fatigue Threshold Following a Single Visit Exercise Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of Electromagnetic Navigational Transthoracic Needle Aspiration (E-TTNA) for Sampling of Lung Nodules
  • Research • Medicine
    Trabecular Meshwork Response to Pressure Elevation in the Living Human Eye
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vivo, Percutaneous, Needle Based, Optical Coherence Tomography of Renal Masses
  • Research • Medicine
    Establishment of Human Epithelial Enteroids and Colonoids from Whole Tissue and Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Human Brown Adipose Tissue Depots Automatically Segmented by Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography and Registered Magnetic Resonance Images
  • Research • Medicine
    Preparation and Respirometric Assessment of Mitochondria Isolated from Skeletal Muscle Tissue Obtained by Percutaneous Needle Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    A Methodological Approach to Non-invasive Assessments of Vascular Function and Morphology
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Immortalization of Patient-derived Cell Lines from Muscle Biopsy for Disease Modeling
  • Research • Medicine
    State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
  • Research • Medicine
    The Supraclavicular Fossa Ultrasound View for Central Venous Catheter Placement and Catheter Change Over Guidewire
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of the Brachial Artery in Clinical Research
  • Research • Medicine
    Tracking the Mammary Architectural Features and Detecting Breast Cancer with Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes
  • Research • Medicine
    DTI of the Visual Pathway - White Matter Tracts and Cerebral Lesions
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection, Isolation, and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Human Endocervical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multi-Modal Approach to Assessing Recovery in Youth Athletes Following Concussion
  • Research • Medicine
    Clinical Assessment of Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Patients and Older Adults
  • Research • Medicine
    Multi-electrode Array Recordings of Human Epileptic Postoperative Cortical Tissue
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection and Extraction of Saliva DNA for Next Generation Sequencing
  • Research • Medicine
    Fast and Accurate Exhaled Breath Ammonia Measurement
  • Research • Medicine
    Developing Neuroimaging Phenotypes of the Default Mode Network in PTSD: Integrating the Resting State, Working Memory, and Structural Connectivity
  • Research • Medicine
    Two Methods for Establishing Primary Human Endometrial Stromal Cells from Hysterectomy Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Coordinate Mapping of Hyolaryngeal Mechanics in Swallowing
  • Research • Medicine
    Network Analysis of the Default Mode Network Using Functional Connectivity MRI in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    EEG Mu Rhythm in Typical and Atypical Development
  • Research • Medicine
    The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT): An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Functional Characterization of Human Ventricular Cardiomyocytes from Fresh Surgical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Primary Culture of Human Vestibular Schwannomas
  • Research • Medicine
    Utility of Dissociated Intrinsic Hand Muscle Atrophy in the Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Lesion Explorer: A Video-guided, Standardized Protocol for Accurate and Reliable MRI-derived Volumetrics in Alzheimer's Disease and Normal Elderly
  • Research • Medicine
    Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Culture, and Imaging of Human Fetal Pancreatic Cell Clusters
  • Research • Medicine
    3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Computerized Dynamic Posturography for Postural Control Assessment in Patients with Intermittent Claudication
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting Saliva and Measuring Salivary Cortisol and Alpha-amylase in Frail Community Residing Older Adults via Family Caregivers
  • Research • Medicine
    Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Analysis of Neurodegenerative Diseases
  • Research • Medicine
    Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Retinal Surgical Specimens Using jouRNAl
  • Research • Medicine
    Improved Protocol For Laser Microdissection Of Human Pancreatic Islets From Surgical Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Respiratory Muscle Activation Using Respiratory Motor Control Assessment (RMCA) in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury
  • Research • Medicine
    Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting And Measuring Wound Exudate Biochemical Mediators In Surgical Wounds
  • Research • Medicine
    A Research Method For Detecting Transient Myocardial Ischemia In Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome Using Continuous ST-segment Analysis
  • Research • Medicine
    Using a Chemical Biopsy for Graft Quality Assessment
  • Research • Medicine
    Characterizing Exon Skipping Efficiency in DMD Patient Samples in Clinical Trials of Antisense Oligonucleotides
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vitro Assessment of Cardiac Function Using Skinned Cardiomyocytes
  • Research • Medicine
    Normothermic Ex Situ Heart Perfusion in Working Mode: Assessment of Cardiac Function and Metabolism
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Vascular Control Mechanisms Utilizing Video Microscopy of Isolated Resistance Arteries of Rats
  • Research • Medicine
    Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) for Research; Obtaining Adequate Sample Yield
  • Research • Medicine
    Non-invasive Optical Measurement of Cerebral Metabolism and Hemodynamics in Infants
  • Research • Medicine
    Tilt Testing with Combined Lower Body Negative Pressure: a "Gold Standard" for Measuring Orthostatic Tolerance
  • Research • Medicine
    Driving Simulation in the Clinic: Testing Visual Exploratory Behavior in Daily Life Activities in Patients with Visual Field Defects
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Characterization and Comparative Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Derived from Permanent Teeth by Using Two Different Methods
  • Research • Medicine
    Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking (IPL): Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Intraoperative Detection of Subtle Endometriosis: A Novel Paradigm for Detection and Treatment of Pelvic Pain Associated with the Loss of Peritoneal Integrity
  • Research • Medicine
    The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection Protocol for Human Pancreas
  • Research • Medicine
    The α-test: Rapid Cell-free CD4 Enumeration Using Whole Saliva
  • Research • Medicine
    The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Donor Tissue Preparation for Endothelial Keratoplasty
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantification of Atherosclerotic Plaque Activity and Vascular Inflammation using [18-F] Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (FDG-PET/CT)
  • Research • Medicine
    Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography of Retinal Circulation
  • Research • Medicine
    Utilizing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Study the Human Neuromuscular System
  • Research • Medicine
    Detection and Genogrouping of Noroviruses from Children's Stools By Taqman One-step RT-PCR
  • Research • Medicine
    Method to Measure Tone of Axial and Proximal Muscle
  • Research • Medicine
    The Trier Social Stress Test Protocol for Inducing Psychological Stress
  • Research • Medicine
    Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Multifocal Electroretinograms
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation of Human Islets from Partially Pancreatectomized Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quantification of Pulmonary Perfusion using Calibrated Arterial Spin Labeling
  • Research • Medicine
    Manual Muscle Testing: A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department
  • Research • Medicine
    A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
  • Research • Medicine
    An Investigation of the Effects of Sports-related Concussion in Youth Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Head Impact Telemetry System
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Confocal Microscopy: A Novel Non-invasive Technique to Quantify Small Fibre Pathology in Peripheral Neuropathies
  • Research • Medicine
    Methods to Quantify Pharmacologically Induced Alterations in Motor Function in Human Incomplete SCI
  • Research • Medicine
    Multispectral Real-time Fluorescence Imaging for Intraoperative Detection of the Sentinel Lymph Node in Gynecologic Oncology
  • Research • Medicine
    Technique to Collect Fungiform (Taste) Papillae from Human Tongue
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessing Endothelial Vasodilator Function with the Endo-PAT 2000
  • Research • Medicine
    Making Sense of Listening: The IMAP Test Battery
  • Research • Medicine
    An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)
  • Research • Biology
    Bioelectric Analyses of an Osseointegrated Intelligent Implant Design System for Amputees
  • Research • Biology
    Demonstration of Cutaneous Allodynia in Association with Chronic Pelvic Pain
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