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Medicine

肌肉骨骼超声成像的一种新应用

Published: September 17, 2013 doi: 10.3791/50595

Summary

我们描述了一个新的基于超声波的载体组织多普勒成像技术测量肌肉收缩速度,应变和应变率在动态活动亚毫秒级的时间分辨率。这种方法提供的动态肌肉功能互补的测量,并可能导致更好的了解相关肌肉骨骼疾病的机制。

Abstract

超声检查是一个有吸引力的方式,在动态影像的任务肌肉和肌腱的运动,并能提供生物力学研究互补方式方法在临床或实验室设置。为了实现这一目标,从超声图像肌肉运动的定量方法是基于图像处理的正在开发中。这些方法的时间分辨率通常是不足够的高度动态的任务,比如下拉式菜单着陆。我们建议,利用量化的肌肉运动的多普勒方法的新方法。我们已经开发了一种新的矢量组织多普勒成像可用于测量肌肉骨骼收缩速度,应变和应变率与期间使用超声动态活动亚毫秒级的时间分辨率(VTDI)技术。这一初步研究的目的是调查的重复性和VTDI技术的潜在应用在测量肌肉骨骼veloc在下降着陆任务伊蒂埃斯,在健康受试者。该VTDI测量可以同时与其它生物力学技术,如3D动作捕捉关节运动学和动力学,肌电图肌肉活化和测力板的地面反作用力的时间来执行。这些互补的技术整合可能会导致更好地理解动态肌肉功能和肌肉骨骼功能障碍疾病的发病机制和病理生理基础。

Introduction

肌肉骨骼疾病是广泛流行在成年1。他们是在美国2领先的慢性疾病,并呈报影响全世界3人25%。肌肉骨骼疾病都与日常生活能力(ADL),功能限制和生活4质量较低的活动功能下降有关。他们的经济负担,是因为失去了工作效率和高医疗费用4显著。几个这些疾病的病理生理机制仍然不充分的理解。例如,骨关节炎(OA)4下重建前交叉韧带(ACL)损伤的发病机制已被链接到改建股四头肌肌力和功能5,但其机制尚不清楚。为了阐明其机制,有必要更好地了解动态肌肉功能。

功能个别肌肉的评估,部分或整个任务涉及到日常生活和积极的生活方式( 运动)的性能时可以提供约肌功能及其在这些疾病的发病机制和病理生理作用的潜力进一步了解。另外肌肉功能改善的康复过程中的量化可以作为衡量的结果。测量肌肉和关节功能在临床上的常规技术包括身体检查,如运动范围,肌力和/或肌肉群的耐力。目前在临床上,肌电图(EMG)来评估肌肉激活/助活化,频率和肌肉活动的振幅。然而,肌电图是在肌肉电活动的措施,并不一定提供有关的肌肉力量,收缩能力和肌肉的功能等因素的信息。其他复杂的生物力学评估,如三维运动捕捉系统F或关节动力学和运动学和力板的地面反作用力可以在步态实验室6-9进行。由这些技术所进行的测量是在关节水平,动态或功能性活动过程中不一定能直接了解个别肌肉功能。同时进行肌肉的成像,同时进行动态活动的能力,可能会导致在肌水平更好和更逼真的功能评估。

大多数研究都在静态俯卧位集中在肌肉功能,并且这种方法可以开辟新的途径,进一步加强在实时情况下,我们的肌肉行为的理解。

超声诊断可以使肌肉和肌腱的直接成像,实时的,因此是日常生活中测量肌肉骨骼动力学和功能有吸引力的选择。超声为基础的定量措施肌肉形态学和体系结构,如肌肉厚度,长度,宽度,横截面面积(CSA),纤维羽状角和肌束长度已被广泛使用10-12。近年来,图像处理的方法已被采用时的动态任务13-14评估和量化这些定量度量。这些进步使体内的肌肉功能的新方法学角度来理解。然而,这些方法都主要依赖于使用传统的灰度(或B型),超声成像,并因此还没有完全利用超声波的可能性,以测量组织速度,应变和利用多普勒原理应变率,已被证明是有价值的在评价心肌功能15-16。

我们已经开发出一种载体组织多普勒成像(VTDI)技术,可以测量收缩速度,应变和应变率与高时间分辨率(子millisecond)在动态活动17-18。具体地说,VTDI技术可以在高度动态的任务( 例如,下拉式着陆,步态 )以高帧频使肌肉和肌腱的测量。该VTDI技术是一种改进了传统多普勒超声,它估算沿超声波束的速度的唯一组分,并因此依赖于声波作用角度。 VTDI估计使用转向以不同的角度两个不同的超声波束的肌肉和腱的速度,因此是独立于成像平面的声波作用的角度。然而,由于肌肉的收缩发生在三维中,成像平面的角度仍然是重要的。我们已经实施这种方法对市售的超声系统具有界面的研究,使这些测量在临床上作出。

调查重复性和VTDI系统·潜在的适用性时间在过程中的动态任务测量股直肌肌肉速度,我们进行了对健康成人志愿者进行了初步研究。本文演示的方法和实验装置估算的收缩速度,应变和腹直肌的应变率在下降着陆任务, 股二头肌肌肉与亚毫秒级的时间分辨率。

Protocol

1。仪器仪表

矢量TDI是基于估算从两个或多个独立的方向取多普勒速度测量得到的速度矢量。超声系统具有界面研究用于开发VTDI。该研究的接口允许水平低的波束形成和脉冲序列控制使用的软件开发工具包(SDK)。 5-14 MHz的线阵探头,由128换能器元件,并与视图一个38毫米的领域被使用。研究接口被用来将阵列传感器分成两个发射和接收孔,并通过与相对于法线15°转向的接收波束。发射波束集中在感兴趣的区域( 腹部肌肉)。发送和接收孔径分别设置为32个元素。

八个科目,4男4女(29.7±6.5岁)被招募了这项研究。从该对象运动的措施右下肢被使用八位相机运动捕捉系统具有高速性能和200Hz的采样率捕获。在实验过程中地面反作用力的数据通过两个力板采样在2000赫兹获得。

一个高速相机安装在三脚架上,并放置在离被摄对象2 M,用于捕获下降着陆在500帧/秒。

2。主题准备

  1. 要求受试者穿一条短裤,运动内衣或短T恤和跑鞋。
  2. 指导受试者进行10分钟自导热身和拉伸前的数据集合。这是为了避免不正常的肌肉收缩,并减少任何肌肉痉挛的范围。
  3. 在热身环节后,将反光标记对身体特定的地标。具体而言,在更大trochanters,双侧内侧和外侧膝处校准标记和内侧和雷特拉升踝关节。放置跟踪标记上的后部和髂前上嵴和地方集群上的每个脚19-20大腿和小腿,并且五种标志物。
  4. 指导受试者的立场的3D摄像机的对焦区域中心获得一个静态试验。与会者必须站在测力板与他们的武器在他们的肩膀上,获得静态3D动作捕捉数据。
  5. 然后,将超声换能器中的换能器保持器,并确保良好的玩意儿,避免从换能器保持器的超声换能器的脱离。换能器支架用LEXEN聚碳酸酯和可模制的塑料制成。
  6. 为了确保与皮肤和超声换能器接触良好,适用于超声换能器发射凝胶大方量。
  7. 将超声换能器一起就此事向图像的大腿传感器支架股直肌在纵向斧是。该传感器必须放置在半路前髂上棘横向epicondoyle图像直肌腹部肌肉的股二头肌之间。前固定超声换能器和换能器持有人的腿,得到股四头肌肌肉群的轴向切片。以此为指导,确保超声换能器现在成像股直肌和不动更多的外侧或内侧,以避免成像vastii肌肉群。
  8. 现在,使用一个有凝聚力的自粘绷带到传感器​​支架固定到主体的大腿。让这个程序上的步骤不阻止或覆盖反射标记。自粘绷带不能松懈或过于紧张。包扎不严将风险超声换能器落在下拉登陆任务中和过度紧张的包扎会引起不适,浅表性破坏血流量,并可能改变下降着陆动态。
  9. 要将它放在他的高速相机至少有2米的距离在矢状面的主题,收集视频在500帧/秒。对焦相机镜头,以确保受试者的整个下降着陆序列可被抓获。

3。实验协议

  1. 一旦所有的标记和超声换能器是安全的,要求受试者站在身高30厘米地方的平台,在50厘米的测力板。确保周围的平台(约2.5米)的面积显然会妨碍下降着陆任务或伤害问题的任何对象。这包括超声换能器线。
  2. 指示对象把他们的手放在臀部前开始下降着陆任务和整个下降着陆序列。
  3. 启动数据收集超声,三维运动捕捉,力板,并开始下降着陆任务之前的高速摄像机。不同的仪器之间的同步功能,可以实现ð通过使用一个单一的按键来启动所有的数据采集。连接到键盘的压力传感器可以用于产生当一个特定的键被按下时的同步触发信号。
  4. 直接受到从平台和土地用两条腿进行降着陆任务,同时进行。确保受试者从箱子掉落,而不是从它跳跃。提供有关着陆技术没有具体说明。
  5. 停止收集数据,一旦问题已完全稳定,并完成了降着陆序列。
  6. 重复此协议每科五次。

4。超声数据分析

  1. 出口和从超声波系统的原始数据存储到计算机上。
  2. 从各原射频(RF)的超声数据接收光束被数字化,在40兆赫。利用MATLAB处理数据。
  3. 对RF数据进行正交解调,以除去所述载波频率。删除统计ionary和低频杂波通过使用20赫兹的高通滤波器的滤波从每个接收波束和每个深度的正交数据。
  4. 估计沿两个速度接收使用传统的自相关速度估计器21的光束。
  5. 结合各个速度波形,以获得横向(沿换能器)和轴向(垂直于换能器)的速度波形的整个下降着陆序列, 如图1所示。
  6. 取得所得的速度向量的大小从利用公式1如先前所描述的22个人的速度分量:
    式(1)
    其中,β为光束转向角,f 1和f 2分别是两个接收到的频率分量和f t为发射频率。
  7. 计算横向和轴向应变速率解/ dt的使用空间梯度已废除的横向和轴向速度。
    公式2
    其中V 2和V1 估计在由距离L隔开的两个空间位置的瞬时速度
  8. 计算轴向和侧向应变,E,由轴向和横向应变率分别整合。
    式(3)

5。三维运动捕捉数据分析

  1. 三维运动捕捉数据导出到计算机作进一步分析。
  2. 使用静态站立试验中,创建一个使用3D动作捕捉软件用最小二乘优化23运动学模型(骨盆,大腿,小腿和足部)。
  3. 使用此运动学模型来量化运动在髋关节,膝关节和踝关节。
  4. 过滤器使用的是四阶低通Butterwor的反射标记轨迹和地面反作用力个滤波器的7赫兹和25赫​​兹,分别使用3D动作捕捉软件的截止频率。
  5. 计算的3-D接头的力和力矩使用标准的逆动力学分析,采用估计每个参与者按照Dempster组合方法段惯性特征的运动学和地面部队的数据。分部间关节力矩被定义为内部的时刻( 例如膝盖内部分机时刻将抵制应用于膝关节屈曲载荷)。

6。高速摄像机数据分析

  1. 从高速相机数据导出视频到电脑进行分析,并与超声和三维运动捕捉运动数据进行比较。
  2. 播放电影15帧/秒,并观察降着陆动态。
  3. 然后,量化的换能器支架的运动和超声波换能器的整个滴着陆试验通过跟踪可见标记的anatomi中的位移使用高速的视频数据CAL标志性建筑。评估降着陆动态,也可以同时进行,以便更好地了解不同的发射和着陆的风格。

Representative Results

从我们以前的工作表明了方法的代表性结果介绍如下。而在我们目前的研究使用的方法整合成像和动作捕捉,下面提出的有代表性的结果是从那里分别进行这些测量的研究。

一,超声(VTDI)

使用从3D动作捕捉和高速摄影机,拍摄对象的跳转的模式的数据,着陆和稳定阶段进行了研究每个审判。轴向和横向股直肌的速度从VTDI进行了比较,从3D动作捕捉和高速摄像机采集到的数据。使用此数据,在整个降着陆序列的轴向和横向股直肌肌肉速度的时间特性进行了研究。正面横向速度对应股直肌肌肉离心收缩时膝关节屈曲,而在膝关节伸直负侧向速度对应的肌肉向心收缩。这示于图2。所有受试者在整个下降着陆序列历时约1.45±0.27秒。

对于每个受试者,在轴向和横向肌肉速度表明试验之间有很强的可重复性为0.99的斜率和R2 = 0.75( 图3)。六出八个科目速度值是在一个类似的范围48-62厘米/秒,而二级学科(均为男性)有更高的速度。男性(72.96厘米/秒)呈现比女性显著高于肌肉速度(48.71厘米/秒),P = 0.029,调整为每个主题的个性化体重和肌肉厚度时。

超声换能器的位置被跟踪使用高速摄像机以为降着陆序列。的转子和压脉袋(绿色虚线之间所作的线段之间的角度编线段)和大腿中部和压脉袋(紫色虚线段)之间的线段计算。共有16个试验,每个学科2个试验(试验1和2与受到1等)在图4中观察到。相对于解剖标志着陆过程中换能器支架的最小角度变化(0.91°±0.54°),观察在所有16项试验。超声换能器的角度变化呈高重复性以及(ICC 2,1 = 0.90,P <0.05),这表明着陆试验过程中换能器的运动是最小和速度的测量并没有因任何传感器运动的影响。

二。三维运动相机及测力板

我们主要侧重于膝关节和髋关节屈曲角度,膝关节外翻角和膝外翻的时刻。我们发现,与地面的初始接触期间,受试者有下列运动型态:髋fLEXION 41°±13°,膝关节屈曲23°±9°,膝外翻0.03°±6度。当他们在着陆阶段的进展,取得的最大角度为:髋关节屈曲58°±19度,膝关节屈曲54°±24°,膝外翻-4°±8度( 图5)。膝外翻的时刻呈现减少从0.03±0.03到0.1±0.1标准立方米/公里从初始接触地面到其最大在着陆阶段( 图6)。

图1
图1。 腹直肌的VTDI速度测量的代表性股二头肌肌肉。灰色光束代表两个单独的发射和接收波束,红色线表示的横向速度分量(沿膝盖的近端-远端方向)和蓝色线表示轴向速度组分(沿着肌肉的厚度)。

<P类=“j​​ove_content”> 图2
图2。在跌落着陆轴向和侧向速度进行比较,以视频帧的序列(上图)。下面板是在轴向和横向运动速度,其中A对应于初始膝屈曲,B对应于膝伸展,C对应的脚趾敲击地面,D对应于脚跟撞击地面,E对应于膝关节屈曲post登陆和F对应于伸膝和稳定。

图3
图3。所有8个科目(每科2项试验)产生的速度矢量的幅值可重复性。男人都用红色表示的钻石和妇女在蓝色圆圈。

图4
图4。图A中的错误线段由超声换能器保持器制成,并在大腿中部(紫色虚线段)的标记物和由超声换能器取得的线段并在转子的标记之间的角度(绿色虚线段)。面板B.在大腿中部和由超声换能器和在转子的标记所作的线段由超声换能器保持器和所述标记的线段之间的角度的绝对误差。

图5
图5。图显示了降着陆任务在3D动作捕捉。 A对应于初始膝关节屈曲用于从平台上推出,B对应于脚趾撞击地面,C对应于脚跟撞击地面,D对应于膝关节屈曲后的着陆和E对应于连护膝护肘e扩展和稳定。 点击此处查看大图。

图6
图6。图为代表膝外翻时刻变化过程中的下拉式跳跃的立场相。膝外翻瞬间呈现同比增长0.03±0.03至0.1±0.1牛米/从最初接触地面,其最大在着陆阶段公里。 点击这里查看大图。

Discussion

超声显像必须提供肌肉运动的直接评估,动态的研究,可以补充常规的措施,如3D动作捕捉,测功,肌电图,和地面反作用力测量的能力。这种方法可以广泛地适用于基本的生物力学研究与临床评价。主要有三种方法使用超声估计组织运动:(1)使用互相关的原始射频(RF)超声数据或包络检波灰度(或B模式)的图像数据斑点跟踪方法。这些技术已被广泛用于在两个骨骼24-25和心脏26肌肉运动跟踪和估算,(2)用于跟踪肌肉束状或特征27-28和(3)在两个心脏29中使用组织多普勒成像技术的图像处理方法-30和骨骼31运动估计。基于空间交叉-C斑点追踪orrelation已被广泛地用于跟踪组织的运动,并且可以具有子像素分辨率的跟踪运动。然而,散斑图中较大的去相关议案很快。运动出了图像平面的也构成为斑点追踪的一个挑战。方法跟踪肌束长度有更好的适用性所在的整个分册的动态任务中可视化的形象。依赖于处理图像数据的方法具有有限的成像帧率较低的时间分辨率,因此在高的速度无法跟踪运动。此外,这些肌束跟踪方法是向平面外的运动非常敏感。从而探针运动相对于肌肉可能会导致跟踪失败。从传统的组织多普勒成像(TDI)速度估计可以有更高的时间分辨率,以及更强大的小探头的动作。多普勒方法可以估算的速度分量仅沿超声束,从而多普勒估计可能是不准确的杜E要声波作用的不同角度与肌肉的运动。我们提出的VTDI方法通过利用转向以不同的角度两种不同的超声波束克服了这个问题,因此速度估计是独立于成像平面的声波作用的角度。此外,VTDI的有效时间分辨率可以约0.1毫秒,因此这种方法可以在动态活动跟踪骨骼肌的运动( 降着陆,步态和跑步)。

我们的方法的其他优点包括使用基于用于执行矢量组织多普勒成像临床超声系统的线性阵列的成像传感器。我们的电控发射/接收波束控制,光圈的大小和焦点的位置,用于扫描的大视场。此外,这种方法可以扩展到执行双面VTDI和同步实时成像。我们的系统还允许我们进行常规B模式成像升ocate感兴趣的区域的组织应变和运动学定量。由于这种方法在临床上的扫描仪实现,我们已经能够在一个步态实验室进行生物力学研究部署此VTDI方法。

这种技术的局限性必须承认。各种因素影响多普勒测量的准确性。在2维(沿与横过肌纤维)VTDI基于速度估计需要的线性阵列换能器被分成两个发射/接收子孔径(32个元素宽),并通过15°转向的光束。操纵超声发射和接收波束,以更高的角度会影响由于栅瓣速度的措施。此外,光束的重叠区域中VTDI的区域具有不同的光束聚焦改变深度32,有可能影响速度的估计。多普勒估计的方差取决于吨(1)在分析的时间范围内加速和组织的减速(2)方差多普勒范围内浇口速度的问题(3)用于宽带的孔径内的不同多普勒角谱法发送和接收的超声波束,也被称为几何扩大33和发射的超声波脉冲(4)的带宽,由于多普勒频移正比于载频34。几种方法可以被用于限制的方差。根据相速度估计器,如自相关,通常利用相比谱估计器更小的分析时间窗,但他们估计平均多普勒频移,而不是峰值偏移。宽带频谱估计类似的2D傅立叶变换35能减少方差由于脉冲带宽。在VTDI,它采用了两个转向多普勒束的情况下,组织速度的光束重叠区域相对于该肌肉的中的方差是另一个要考虑的因素。 股直肌肌肉收缩是在3D和收缩veloc性在空间上变化沿肌肉。因此,要慎重选择该地区的利益是很重要的。

在这项研究中,我们在使用VTDI八个健康志愿者下 ​​降着陆任务调查的股直肌肌肉运动的重复性。尽管试验是独立的,我们观察到高度相关的和可重复的峰值收缩速度进行试验之间的个人。目前,我们正在招募在我们的研究更多科目,进一步研究这种模式。这项研究提供了非侵入性和腹直肌的收缩速度的实时测量过程中忽略着陆股二头肌肌肉。下降着陆任务( 图2)的各个阶段,观察收缩速度以下模式:1。肌肉的收缩速度的膝关节屈曲(发射阶段)和延伸期间支配在横向方向相对于轴线方向(在这方面的风PHASE)。这是意料之中的,因为股直肌肌肉时期间在空中阶段发射阶段和向心收缩进行离心收缩。 2。在第三阶段(脚趾触地),用小到可以忽略轴向肌肉速度低外侧肌肉速度。这相当于在这个阶段3,以降低股直肌肌肉收缩。脚后跟接触地面刚过大幅增加轴向和横向肌肉速度。这可能是由于肌肉的形状由于压缩经历两个偏心收缩和变化,从而导致增加沿着肌肉纤维和正常的肌肉纤维,分别速度。尽管事实是下降着陆任务是一种高冲击任务,VTDI证明重复股直肌速度。这种超声技术能有临床意义,因为这肌肉,主要负责保护膝关节的过度负荷。因此,患者的ACL重建股直肌肌肉的进一步评估是必要的了解,导致早期和发病加速OA的机制。

虽然在本研究的参与者都要求从30厘米高的平台上执行一个自然下降着陆任务,我们发现在跳跃或发射的高度差异。此外,使用高速摄像机数据,有人指出,所有科目都有不同的下降着陆的风格。这可以解释在腹直肌的峰值得到的速度值主体之间的细微差别股二头肌肌肉作为任务期间在激活模式可能存在的差异造成的。另一可能的因素是在股直肌肌肉,这可能导致不同程度的肌肉收缩,并迫使生产截面积的差异。

Disclosures

没有作者的任何财务披露或利益与冲突研究批准本机构的内部评级法。

Acknowledgments

这项工作是由授权号码0953652来自美国国家科学基金会和部分由乔治·梅森大学图书馆开放获取出版基金的部分资助。我们要感谢约翰·罗伯特·克雷斯曼金博士提供接入高速摄像机。

Materials

Name Company Catalog Number Comments
Ultrasound System Ultrasonix Sonix RP
3D Motion Capture System Vicon Motion Systems Vicon T-20
Force Plates Bertec Corporation Bertec 4060-10
High Speed Camera Photron Photron 512 PCI 32K

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Tags

医药,79期,解剖学,生理学,关节疾病影像诊断,肌肉收缩,超声波应用,多普勒效应(声学),肌肉骨骼系统,生物力学,骨骼肌肉运动学,动态功能,超声成像,矢量多普勒,应变,应变率
肌肉骨骼超声成像的一种新应用
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Cite this Article

Eranki, A., Cortes, N.,More

Eranki, A., Cortes, N., Ferenček, Z. G., Sikdar, S. A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging. J. Vis. Exp. (79), e50595, doi:10.3791/50595 (2013).

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    A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Induction and Assessment of Exertional Skeletal Muscle Damage in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    A Detailed Protocol for Perspiration Monitoring Using a Novel, Small, Wireless Device
  • Research • Medicine
    Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
  • Research • Medicine
    Integrated Compensatory Responses in a Human Model of Hemorrhage
  • Research • Medicine
    Transthoracic Speckle Tracking Echocardiography for the Quantitative Assessment of Left Ventricular Myocardial Deformation
  • Research • Medicine
    Impression Cytology of the Lid Wiper Area
  • Research • Behavior
    A Protocol of Manual Tests to Measure Sensation and Pain in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    Unbiased Deep Sequencing of RNA Viruses from Clinical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    A Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cell-based Model of the Human Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier to Study Bacterial Infection from the Basolateral Side
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Profiling of MicroRNA-containing Exosomes from Human Bile
  • Research • Medicine
    Generation of Microtumors Using 3D Human Biogel Culture System and Patient-derived Glioblastoma Cells for Kinomic Profiling and Drug Response Testing
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Using a Laminating Technique to Perform Confocal Microscopy of the Human Sclera
  • Research • Medicine
    Intravenous Endotoxin Challenge in Healthy Humans: An Experimental Platform to Investigate and Modulate Systemic Inflammation
  • Research • Medicine
    Modeling and Simulations of Olfactory Drug Delivery with Passive and Active Controls of Nasally Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols
  • Research • Medicine
    Exosomal miRNA Analysis in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Patients' Plasma Through qPCR: A Feasible Liquid Biopsy Tool
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multimodal Imaging- and Stimulation-based Method of Evaluating Connectivity-related Brain Excitability in Patients with Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges
  • Research • Medicine
    Using Saccadometry with Deep Brain Stimulation to Study Normal and Pathological Brain Function
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Fundus Autofluorescence for the Evaluation of Retinal Diseases
  • Research • Medicine
    Diagnosis of Musculus Gastrocnemius Tightness - Key Factors for the Clinical Examination
  • Research • Medicine
    Stereo-Electro-Encephalo-Graphy (SEEG) With Robotic Assistance in the Presurgical Evaluation of Medical Refractory Epilepsy: A Technical Note
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Transcutaneous Microcirculatory Imaging in Preterm Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    Using an Ingestible Telemetric Temperature Pill to Assess Gastrointestinal Temperature During Exercise
  • Research • Medicine
    Design, Fabrication, and Administration of the Hand Active Sensation Test (HASTe)
  • Research • Medicine
    MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder
  • Research • Medicine
    Functional Human Liver Preservation and Recovery by Means of Subnormothermic Machine Perfusion
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multicenter MRI Protocol for the Evaluation and Quantification of Deep Vein Thrombosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Determining The Electromyographic Fatigue Threshold Following a Single Visit Exercise Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of Electromagnetic Navigational Transthoracic Needle Aspiration (E-TTNA) for Sampling of Lung Nodules
  • Research • Medicine
    Trabecular Meshwork Response to Pressure Elevation in the Living Human Eye
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vivo, Percutaneous, Needle Based, Optical Coherence Tomography of Renal Masses
  • Research • Medicine
    Establishment of Human Epithelial Enteroids and Colonoids from Whole Tissue and Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Human Brown Adipose Tissue Depots Automatically Segmented by Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography and Registered Magnetic Resonance Images
  • Research • Medicine
    Preparation and Respirometric Assessment of Mitochondria Isolated from Skeletal Muscle Tissue Obtained by Percutaneous Needle Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    A Methodological Approach to Non-invasive Assessments of Vascular Function and Morphology
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Immortalization of Patient-derived Cell Lines from Muscle Biopsy for Disease Modeling
  • Research • Medicine
    State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
  • Research • Medicine
    The Supraclavicular Fossa Ultrasound View for Central Venous Catheter Placement and Catheter Change Over Guidewire
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of the Brachial Artery in Clinical Research
  • Research • Medicine
    Tracking the Mammary Architectural Features and Detecting Breast Cancer with Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes
  • Research • Medicine
    DTI of the Visual Pathway - White Matter Tracts and Cerebral Lesions
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection, Isolation, and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Human Endocervical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multi-Modal Approach to Assessing Recovery in Youth Athletes Following Concussion
  • Research • Medicine
    Clinical Assessment of Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Patients and Older Adults
  • Research • Medicine
    Multi-electrode Array Recordings of Human Epileptic Postoperative Cortical Tissue
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection and Extraction of Saliva DNA for Next Generation Sequencing
  • Research • Medicine
    Fast and Accurate Exhaled Breath Ammonia Measurement
  • Research • Medicine
    Developing Neuroimaging Phenotypes of the Default Mode Network in PTSD: Integrating the Resting State, Working Memory, and Structural Connectivity
  • Research • Medicine
    Two Methods for Establishing Primary Human Endometrial Stromal Cells from Hysterectomy Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Coordinate Mapping of Hyolaryngeal Mechanics in Swallowing
  • Research • Medicine
    Network Analysis of the Default Mode Network Using Functional Connectivity MRI in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    EEG Mu Rhythm in Typical and Atypical Development
  • Research • Medicine
    The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT): An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Functional Characterization of Human Ventricular Cardiomyocytes from Fresh Surgical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Primary Culture of Human Vestibular Schwannomas
  • Research • Medicine
    Utility of Dissociated Intrinsic Hand Muscle Atrophy in the Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Lesion Explorer: A Video-guided, Standardized Protocol for Accurate and Reliable MRI-derived Volumetrics in Alzheimer's Disease and Normal Elderly
  • Research • Medicine
    Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Culture, and Imaging of Human Fetal Pancreatic Cell Clusters
  • Research • Medicine
    3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Computerized Dynamic Posturography for Postural Control Assessment in Patients with Intermittent Claudication
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting Saliva and Measuring Salivary Cortisol and Alpha-amylase in Frail Community Residing Older Adults via Family Caregivers
  • Research • Medicine
    Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Analysis of Neurodegenerative Diseases
  • Research • Medicine
    Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Retinal Surgical Specimens Using jouRNAl
  • Research • Medicine
    Improved Protocol For Laser Microdissection Of Human Pancreatic Islets From Surgical Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Respiratory Muscle Activation Using Respiratory Motor Control Assessment (RMCA) in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury
  • Research • Medicine
    Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting And Measuring Wound Exudate Biochemical Mediators In Surgical Wounds
  • Research • Medicine
    A Research Method For Detecting Transient Myocardial Ischemia In Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome Using Continuous ST-segment Analysis
  • Research • Medicine
    Using a Chemical Biopsy for Graft Quality Assessment
  • Research • Medicine
    Characterizing Exon Skipping Efficiency in DMD Patient Samples in Clinical Trials of Antisense Oligonucleotides
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vitro Assessment of Cardiac Function Using Skinned Cardiomyocytes
  • Research • Medicine
    Normothermic Ex Situ Heart Perfusion in Working Mode: Assessment of Cardiac Function and Metabolism
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Vascular Control Mechanisms Utilizing Video Microscopy of Isolated Resistance Arteries of Rats
  • Research • Medicine
    Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) for Research; Obtaining Adequate Sample Yield
  • Research • Medicine
    Non-invasive Optical Measurement of Cerebral Metabolism and Hemodynamics in Infants
  • Research • Medicine
    Tilt Testing with Combined Lower Body Negative Pressure: a "Gold Standard" for Measuring Orthostatic Tolerance
  • Research • Medicine
    Driving Simulation in the Clinic: Testing Visual Exploratory Behavior in Daily Life Activities in Patients with Visual Field Defects
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Characterization and Comparative Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Derived from Permanent Teeth by Using Two Different Methods
  • Research • Medicine
    Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking (IPL): Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Intraoperative Detection of Subtle Endometriosis: A Novel Paradigm for Detection and Treatment of Pelvic Pain Associated with the Loss of Peritoneal Integrity
  • Research • Medicine
    The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection Protocol for Human Pancreas
  • Research • Medicine
    The α-test: Rapid Cell-free CD4 Enumeration Using Whole Saliva
  • Research • Medicine
    The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Donor Tissue Preparation for Endothelial Keratoplasty
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantification of Atherosclerotic Plaque Activity and Vascular Inflammation using [18-F] Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (FDG-PET/CT)
  • Research • Medicine
    Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography of Retinal Circulation
  • Research • Medicine
    Utilizing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Study the Human Neuromuscular System
  • Research • Medicine
    Detection and Genogrouping of Noroviruses from Children's Stools By Taqman One-step RT-PCR
  • Research • Medicine
    Method to Measure Tone of Axial and Proximal Muscle
  • Research • Medicine
    The Trier Social Stress Test Protocol for Inducing Psychological Stress
  • Research • Medicine
    Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Multifocal Electroretinograms
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation of Human Islets from Partially Pancreatectomized Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quantification of Pulmonary Perfusion using Calibrated Arterial Spin Labeling
  • Research • Medicine
    Manual Muscle Testing: A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department
  • Research • Medicine
    A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
  • Research • Medicine
    An Investigation of the Effects of Sports-related Concussion in Youth Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Head Impact Telemetry System
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Confocal Microscopy: A Novel Non-invasive Technique to Quantify Small Fibre Pathology in Peripheral Neuropathies
  • Research • Medicine
    Methods to Quantify Pharmacologically Induced Alterations in Motor Function in Human Incomplete SCI
  • Research • Medicine
    Multispectral Real-time Fluorescence Imaging for Intraoperative Detection of the Sentinel Lymph Node in Gynecologic Oncology
  • Research • Medicine
    Technique to Collect Fungiform (Taste) Papillae from Human Tongue
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessing Endothelial Vasodilator Function with the Endo-PAT 2000
  • Research • Medicine
    Making Sense of Listening: The IMAP Test Battery
  • Research • Medicine
    An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)
  • Research • Biology
    Bioelectric Analyses of an Osseointegrated Intelligent Implant Design System for Amputees
  • Research • Biology
    Demonstration of Cutaneous Allodynia in Association with Chronic Pelvic Pain
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