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Medicine

EEG Mu Rhythm i Typisk og atypisk udvikling

Published: April 9, 2014 doi: 10.3791/51412

Summary

Vurdering af EEG mu rytme giver en unik metode til at undersøge hjernens aktivitet og når det kombineres med adfærdsmæssigt baserede assays, kan være et effektivt redskab til at belyse aspekter af social kognition, såsom imitation, i kliniske populationer.

Abstract

Electroencefalografi (EEG) er en effektiv, effektiv og ikke-invasiv metode til vurdering og registrering hjernens aktivitet. I betragtning af den fremragende tidsmæssige opløsning, kan EEG bruges til at undersøge de neurale respons relateret til specifikke adfærd, stater eller eksterne stimuli. Et eksempel på dette værktøj er vurderingen af ​​spejlet neuron systemet (MNS) i mennesker gennem undersøgelse af EEG mu rytme. EEG mu rytme, oscillerende aktivitet i 8-12 Hz frekvensområde optaget fra centralt placerede elektroder, er undertrykt, når en person udført, eller blot bemærker, instrueret mål handlinger. Som sådan har det været foreslået at afspejle aktiviteten af ​​MNS. Det er blevet teoretiseret, at dysfunktion i spejlet neuron systemet (MNS) spiller en medvirkende rolle i de sociale underskud autisme spektrum forstyrrelse (ASF). MNS kan derefter noninvasively undersøgt i kliniske populationer ved hjælp af EEG mu rytme dæmpning som et indeks for aktiviteten. Den beskrevne protocol giver en mulighed for at undersøge de sociale kognitive funktioner teoretisk knyttet til MNS i individer med typisk og atypisk udvikling, som ASF.

Introduction

Electroencefalografi (EEG) er en effektiv, effektiv og ikke-invasiv metode til vurdering og registrering hjernens aktivitet. Neuroner brand i hjernen, kan den resulterende spænding skal forstærkes, registreres og grafisk. Den tidsmæssige opløsning af EEG giver mulighed for analyse af selv kortvarige ændringer i svingningsmønstre i hjernen, såvel som analyse af hjernens respons på specifikke stimuli.

På trods af at den ældste brain imaging teknik, der går tilbage til slutningen af det 19. århundrede, EEG stadig har bred anvendelighed. Mens funktionel magnetisk resonans (fMRI) har fremragende rumlig opløsning, har det relativt dårlige tidsmæssige opløsning. Dette udgør en væsentlig begrænsning af fMRI vurdering givet den utrolige hastighed, hvormed processer forekommer i hjernen. EEG har evnen til at vurdere hjernens elektriske aktivitet på millisekund niveau, hvilket giver potentiale insight i faserne i hjernens forarbejdning.

Udviklende teknologier har også udvidet anvendeligheden af ​​EEG. En stigning i tætheden af ​​registreringssystemer har muliggjort udviklingen af ​​kilde lokaliserings teknikker afbøde nogle af EEG begrænsninger med hensyn til rumlig opløsning. Derudover har moderne systemer reduceret den enkelte deltager set-up tid betydeligt, giver mulighed for vurdering af tidligere utilgængelige befolkningsgrupper, såsom spædbørn og kliniske prøver 1-3,28-30.

I betragtning af den fremragende tidsmæssige opløsning, kan EEG bruges til at undersøge de neurale respons relateret til specifikke adfærd, stater eller eksterne stimuli. Et eksempel på dette værktøj er vurderingen af ​​spejlet neuron systemet (MNS) hos mennesker. Spejlneuroner blev oprindeligt identificeret i aber anvendes enkelt neuron optagelse 4, der dokumenterer en gruppe afneuroner, der responderede på både udførelse og observation af motoriske handlinger. Denne direkte optagelse metode til at placere elektroder i hjernen er sjældent brugt i mennesker, og kun i alvorlige kliniske tilfælde. EEG har givet en metode til vurdering af de MNS ved at overvåge EEG mu rytme. Denne svingning mønster i 8-12 Hz har vist sig at dæmpe EEG magt som svar på udførelse og observation af motoriske handlinger, svarende til aktivering mønster observeret i aber 5-7. Ligeledes stimulering af formodede MNS hjerneregioner gennem Transcranial magnetisk stimulation (f.eks ringere frontal gyrus) afskaffer EEG mu rytme 8 og EEG mu rytme undertrykkelse korrelerer med BOLD signaler fra fMRI i formodede spejl neuron regioner i fag 9, yde ekstra støtte, at denne rytme indekser, i det mindste delvist, MNS aktivitet. Vurdering af EEG mu rytme har tilladt for en noninvasiv vurdering af spejl neuron handlingivity hos mennesker.

EEG giver en unik metode til at undersøge hjernens aktivitet og når det kombineres med adfærdsmæssigt baserede assays, kan det være et effektivt redskab til at belyse aspekter af social kognition, såsom imitation, i kliniske populationer. Endvidere anvendeligheden af ​​EEG til brug med befolkninger med kognitive eller sprogforstyrrelser giver mulighed for indsigt i evner af personer, for hvem andre billeddiagnostiske teknikker eller adfærdsmæssige paradigmer kan være mindre held udnytte. Den beskrevne protokol giver en mulighed for at undersøge de sociale kognitive funktioner teoretisk knyttet til spejlet neuron system individer med typisk og atypisk udvikling, såsom autismespektrumforstyrrelser.

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Protocol

Følgende protokol følger retningslinjerne fra University of Washington Institutional Review Board.

1.. Elektrofysioloqisk Assessment

  1. Udarbejdelse af Session
    1. Room forberedelse: Placer manipulandum (se figur 1), en træklods med en sensor knyttet, som sender en tidsstemplet markør til erhvervelse software, når den gribes, på bordet inden gribe rækkevidde af deltageren. Aktiver EEG erhvervelse software og begynde "ny session" (Figur S1).
    2. Net forberedelse: varm opløsning af destilleret vand (1 liter), kaliumchlorid (1 spiseskefuld) og baby shampoo (1 teskefuld) til 104 ° C. Soak 128-elektrode tætte array EEG system i opvarmet saltvand.
    3. Deltager forberedelse: at sikre, at deltageren sidder komfortabelt ca 75 cm fra stimulus præsentation skærm og fuldt ud i betragtning af den video camæra. Find og markér toppunktet på deltagerens hoved med en hud markør. Mål toppunktet ved at finde skæringspunktet mellem midtpunktet mellem nasion og inion og midtpunktet mellem preauriculars.
    4. Net ansøgning: Placer EEG hætten på deltagerens hoved sådan, at toppunktet elektrode placeres direkte over vertex mærket. Kontroller impedanser og sikre, at impedanser ligger under tærsklen passende for EEG-system i brug (figur S2).
    5. Begynd video taping session.
  2. Optagelse setup: Der henvises signal til Isse elektrode. Analogt filter mellem 0,1 og 100 Hz, forstærke signalet, og digitalisere 500 samples / sek.
  3. Stimulus præsentation: til stede deltager med 3 betingelser: observere, udføre og hvile, tilpasset fra paradigmet udviklet af Muthukumaraswamy og 5 kolleger.
    1. Overhold betingelse: Instruer deltageren at sidde stille og seen video af en person, at tage fat i manipulandum. Hvert forsøg skal vare 6 sek. Gang indspillet video for observere forsøg netop for at sikre, at den observerede greb sker på præcis 3 sek. Overvåg deltagerens visuelle opmærksomhed i løbet af opgaven, og markere forsøg, hvor de ikke går til skærmen for at blive kasseret i efterbehandlingen.
    2. Udfør betingelse: Instruer deltageren til at sidde stille og roligt med højre hånd hvilende lige under manipulandum og efter at have hørt en indspillet auditiv cue, at efterligne den manipulandum grab fra observere tilstand videoklippet. Hvert forsøg skal vare 6 sek. Sørg for, at det auditive cue præsenteres på præcis 3 sek ved prerecording en auditiv spor, der fastholder en konsekvent timet eksekvere cue og inter-retssagen interval. Udnyt en sensor på manipulandum til præcist at registrere den tid, deltagerens forståelse forekommer (figur S3).
    3. Rest stand: Instruer deltageren til at sidde quietly med åbne øjne og passivt iagttage et lille trådkors på stimulus-skærmen. Optag kontinuerlig EEG under resten betingelse for 3 min.
    4. For både observere og udføre betingelser, nuværende randomiserede blokke af ti forsøg, for i alt fyrre forsøg pr tilstand. Sørg for, at billedet af manipulandum forbliver på skærmen i hele observere og udføre blokke, herunder mellem forsøg. Indgiv resten tilstand ved afslutningen af ​​de observere og udføre forhold.
  4. Databehandling
    1. Efter indsamling af data, skal du kontrollere impedanser. Bemærk eventuelle ændringer i impedans niveauer. End erhvervelse software optagelse.
    2. Efterbehandling: Rereference EEG signal til gennemsnittet. Segment kontinuerlig EEG data i fyrre 6-sec forsøg for hver tilstand (Figur S4).
    3. Foretage elektronisk artefakt opdagelse. Brug automatiske algoritmer til at inspicere segmenter for bevægelsesartefakter ved at identificere hurtige gennemsnitlige amplituder exceeding 200 μV, differential gennemsnit amplituder overstiger 100 μV, og nul varians på tværs af en given retssag (Figur S5).
    4. Udføre manuel artefakt opdagelse ved visuelt at inspicere data og bekræfter med video anmeldelse af sessionen for at fjerne alle forsøg i den observation tilstand forurenet med enhver bevægelse artefakt og alle retssager i udførelsen tilstand forurenet med enhver bevægelse artefakt relateret til forståelse gestus. Udeluk forsøg med betydelig artefakt fra analysen. Kassér alle forsøg, der blev markeret i forbindelse med købet, som ikke deltog. Undersøge og bemærk sats retssag afvisning for hver diagnostisk gruppe under analyse.
  5. Dataanalyse
    1. Per Muthukumaraswamy et al. 5, segment rengjorte forsøg i 2 sek epoker, der består af 1 sek af data, før greb og 1 sek efter for både observere (som markeret af fotocellen) og udføre (som markeret af manipulandum sensor) forhold. Segment clænede 2 sek epoker fra resten tilstand.
    2. Fast Fouriertransformation (FFT) hvert segment. Vælg en klynge af otte elektroder på hver halvkugle omkring standard C3 og C4 holdninger til statistiske analyser (følgende Muthukumaraswamy et al. 5 og Bernier et al. 3) (figur 2). For hver tilstand, gennemsnittet for magt over de medfølgende forsøg til at beregne effektspektre.
    3. Beregn mu dæmpning ved at undersøge den gennemsnitlige effekt i enten udførelse eller observation af en motorisk handling, i forhold til den gennemsnitlige effekt i den hvilende tilstand, på tværs af 8-13 Hz. Brug log af dette forhold til at bestemme graden af ​​dæmpning. Bemærk: en negativ værdi repræsenterer dæmpning under udførelse eller observation, mens en positiv værdi repræsenterer augmentation. Denne metode tager variation konto på tværs af individer, og de ikke-normalitet af værdier udtrykt i forholdet formular. <br /> Bemærk: Denne protokol blev udviklet ved hjælp af en 128-elektrode tætte array EEG-system med Net Station software version 4.1. Mens de grundlæggende trin er ens på tværs af EEG-systemer, kan indsamling og analyse af protokoller varierer.

2.. Sample karakterisering

  1. Identificer potentielle patientgruppe for deltagelse i paradigme gennem forskning registre, tidligere deltager lister, eller henvisninger fra områdets klinikker og klinikere.
  2. Screen potentielle deltagere til sandsynligheden for at møde diagnostiske kriterier til klinisk konstruktion (f.eks Autisme Spektrum Disorder), og for at identificere eventuelle ekskluderende kriterier, såsom tilstedeværelsen af kranietraume, tumor, beslaglæggelse historie eller brug af krampestillende eller barbiturat medicin, som kan forvrænge elektrofysiologiske signal.
  3. Bekræft diagnostisk status patientpopulation gennem brug af guld standard diagnostiske instrumenter (f.eks Autisme Diagnostisk Interview-Revideret (ADI-R 11) og autisme Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Generisk (ADOS-G, 12) administreres af ekspert kliniker efter Diagnostiske og Statistiske Manual - 5. udgave (DSM-5) kriterier 13.
  4. Identificer kontrolprøve matchet på relevante variabler af interesse, såsom alder, køn, kognitive evner, etc.

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Representative Results

Typiske voksne, børn og spædbørn har konsekvent demonstreret mu rytme både under udførelse og observation af handlinger på tværs af forskellige paradigmer og stimuli 5, 14-30. Dæmpning i dette frekvensbånd er konsekvent lokaliseret på tværs af centrale elektroder (figur 3), der angiver, at dette ikke er reduktion af alfa magt, som er optaget på andre hovedbund regioner. Ligeledes er dæmpning i denne frekvens under observation af bevægelse begrænset til observation af biologisk baserede bevægelse og undertrykkelse er ikke fremkaldt blot fra bevægelse, der passerer gennem det visuelle område, såsom hoppende bolde (Figur 4). Mu undertrykkelse som reaktion på en begivenhed, såsom udførelse eller observation af en mål rettet gribe handling, demonstreres af reduktionen i spektral effekttæthed efterfulgt af en tilbagevenden til baseline niveau (figur 5).

Der har væretotte uafhængige undersøgelser og en samlet analyse af EEG mu rytme og social kognition i ASD befolkning. Mens resultaterne af mu undertrykkelse både under observation og udførelse af foranstaltninger er blevet konsekvent overholdes i typisk udvikle individer har konstateringer vedrørende mu rytme i ASD været variabel. En indledende undersøgelse 31 af EEG mu rytme sammenlignet personer med ASF i alderen 6-46 år til en alder og køn matchede kontrolgruppe. ASD-gruppen viste mu dæmpning kun under udførelsen af ​​handlinger, og ikke under observation. Det samme mønster blev gentaget i voksne mænd med ASF i forhold til en gruppe af alder og IQ matchede typiske jævnaldrende, og i denne gruppe graden af mu dæmpning var signifikant relateret til efterlignende evne 3.. Tilsvarende skal en tredje undersøgelse undladt at finde mu undertrykkelse under visning af menneskeskabte udførte handlinger i 5-7 år gamle børn med ASF, men gjorde i alder og køn matcHED typiske jævnaldrende 32. En anden undersøgelse fra Oberman et al. 33, fandt typisk mu undertrykkelse i en stikprøve af 13 8-12 årige børn med ASF under observation af handlinger, der vises af kendte mennesker (mødre), men ikke under observation af handlinger udført af ukendte mennesker 33. Tre undersøgelser har undladt at finde gruppe forskelle i mu undertrykkelse mellem personer med ASF og kontrolgrupper. Under iagttagelse af handlinger, der udføres af menneskehænder, fandtes der ingen forskelle i mu dæmpning mellem 8-13 år gamle børn med ASF og alder og IQ matchede typisk udvikle børn 34 eller mellem 11-26 år gamle personer med ASF og alder, køn, og IQ matchede jævnaldrende 35.

Endelig Bernier og kolleger 36 fandt ingen forskelle mellem børn med ASF, møde guld standard diagnostiske kriterier, samt alder og køn matchede jævnaldrende på mu dæmpning under observation af goal instrueret handlinger, men fandt en signifikant sammenhæng mellem EEG mu rytme og adfærdsmæssigt vurderede efterligning evner. Dette tyder på, at forskellene i EEG mu dæmpning der er blevet observeret, kan afspejle forskelle i evnen til at efterligne, snarere end at være et direkte resultat af ASD 36.

Disse eksperimenter antyder, at undersøgelse af EEG mu rytme er et brugbart redskab til at belyse mekanismer relateret til social kognition i både typiske og kliniske populationer.

Figur 1
Figur 1. Manipulandum. For nøjagtigt at undersøge observation og udførelse af en målrettet greb, er deltagerne bedt om at udføre en simpel hånd forståelse af manipulandum eller iagttage en model fat i manipulandum. Når manipulandum gribes, en tidlåst signal sendes til datafangst computer til senere, off-line segmentering af hvert forsøg.

Figur 2
Figur 2.. Dense elektrode cap bly udvælgelse til at opfange mu rytme aktivitet.

Figur 3
Figur 3. Karakteristisk topografi dæmpning af mu rytme som påvist af de enkelte med typiske udvikling (mand, alder 9,2 år) under iagttagelse mål rettet gribe handling. Mu rytme dæmpning afspejles i hovedbunden topografi reduceret amplitude i centralt beliggende elektroder.

Figur 4 . Figur 4 Spectral strøm under observation af biologisk bevægelse og ikke-biologiske bevægelse i 11 børn (gennemsnitsalder 10,8 år (range = 8-15 år. 3 hanner, 8 hunner) i gennemsnit spektral effekttæthed i mu frekvens (8-13 Hz) optaget fra centralt placerede elektroder under observation af biologiske bevægelse (en animeret danser) er svækket i forhold til baseline, mens mu magt ikke dæmpes under observation af ikke-biologiske bevægelse (en animeret bold). Loggen transformation af forholdet mellem magt (microvolts 2 ) for hver tilstand i forhold til baseline indikerer større reduktion af magten i den biologiske bevægelse tilstand gennem den mere negative effekt værdi.

Figur 5
Figur 5.. Event-remulerede effektspektraltæthed dæmpning. Mu effekt (8-13 Hz fra de centrale ledninger) dæmper i forhold til baseline i løbet af udførelsen (gennemsnit magt over 20 begribe forsøg) og observation (gennemsnit magt over 30 observere forsøg) handlinger i en typisk udvikling 6-årige han.

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Discussion

Den vellykkede køb, forarbejdning, og analyse af elektrofysiologiske data relateret til mu rytme og ansøgningen til kliniske populationer kræver 1) anvendelsen af ​​EEG metodiske redskaber, 2) omhyggelig artefakt opdagelse og reduktion af data, 3) nøjagtig identifikation af mu rytme, og 4) nøjagtig karakterisering af kliniske befolkning og identifikation af egnede kontrolgrupper.

Passende EEG metoden kræver velfungerende og integreret udstyr, passende loft valg og placering, præcis forstærkning og timing af signalet, en klar, uhindret, artefakt-fri signal, et ordentligt refereres signal, behørigt segmenteret (hvis event-relateret) forsøg omhyggeligt beregnede effekt transformationer, opmærksom på de stimuli, og naturligvis, et paradigme og stimuli, der kan udløse den kognitive kapacitet under efterforskning.

14 selvom kan være klart og pålideligt demonstreret under event-relaterede analyser 17,37. I betragtning af den lille signal støjforhold, kan nemt obskure ændringer i spektral effekttæthed i denne rytme artefakt. Som et resultat, er det nødvendigt omhyggeligt artefakt opdagelse via automatiserede programmer eller manuel undersøgelse af de bidragydende elektrode data til identifikation af den fl rytme. Eventuelle forskelle mellem grupper i mængden af ​​artefakt observerede og fjernet skal registreres for at sikre observerede forskelle gruppe er ikke som følge af data artefakt eller artefakt fjernelse proces. Den endelige EEG-data prøve, i tilfælde af event-relaterede analyser som beskrevet i denne protokol, skal indeholde artifact gratis prøver og et tilstrækkeligt antal forsøg til præcist at indfange graden af ​​dæmpning, eller mangel på samme, for en given tilstand.

Udvikling overvejelser er vigtige for neurofysiologisk arbejde. Dæmpning af mu rytme er blevet registreret som reaktion på observation af mål rettet aktioner i personer fra 8 måneder af age til voksenalderen 28-29,38. Vigtigere er det, mens den befinder sig, er graden af dæmpning observeret i barndom og barndom meget mindre end anført i voksne 39-40. Dette mønster understreger vigtigheden af ​​at overveje udviklingsmæssige påvirkninger af neurale rytmer og matchende kontrol befolkninger til eksperimentelle grupper på udviklingsmæssige niveau.

Endelig, for at udføre dette arbejde i kliniske populationer, er nødvendig omhyggelig vurdering af den kliniske befolkning til at sikre grupper er tilstrækkeligt defineret. De inclusionary og ekskluderende kriterier for de kliniske og sammenligning grupper har brug for at være klart beskrevet og overvejes nøje. For eksempel er nødvendige for at fastslå kliniske populationer brugen af ​​guld standard diagnostiske instrumenter. Uden en klar diagnostiske protokol for heterogene kliniske populationer, kan den kognitive konstruktion under undersøgelse er meget forskellige inden for et løst defineret klinisk gruppe. TiGHT, diagnostiske definitioner reducere denne sandsynlighed. Hvis bestemte subpopulationer af en klinisk prøve, er udelukket, at der skal identificeres som det påvirker generalizability af resultaterne. For eksempel, mens udelukkelse af personer med epilepsi fra en undersøgelse af ASD hjælper med at rense EEG signal, der kan blive tilsløret af optagelsen af ​​personer med komorbide anfald, dette ændrer generalizability af resultaterne i betragtning af den høje forekomst af anfald hos personer med ASF.

Den ovenfor beskrevne protokol giver en mulighed for at undersøge en EEG-indeks af spejlet neuron systemet i kliniske populationer i en noninvasiv måde. Det kræver lidt formidlingsevne og derved giver mulighed for anvendelse til værdiforringede individer, og er invasiv, let at påføre, og giver fremragende opløsning til at forstå kognitive konstruktioner relateret til sociale evner.

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Disclosures

Forfatterne erklærer ingen konkurrerende finansielle interesser.

Acknowledgments

Dette arbejde blev støttet af en bevilling fra Simons Foundation (SFARI # 89638 til RB).

Materials

Name Company Catalog Number Comments
Geodesic EEG System EGI N/A Any EEG system, not only EGI based systems, is applicable for the described study
MATLAB software MATLAB N/A Any mathematical, statistical software that can work with matrices is applicable
Netstation software EGI N/A Any EEG acquisition software is applicable for the described study
Manipulandum custom N/A Any object that is coregistered with data acquisition software to signal a successful grasp

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Medicine Elektroencefalografi (EEG) mu rytme efterligning autisme spektrum forstyrrelse social kognition spejl neuron-system
EEG Mu Rhythm i Typisk og atypisk udvikling
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Bernier, R., Aaronson, B., Kresse,More

Bernier, R., Aaronson, B., Kresse, A. EEG Mu Rhythm in Typical and Atypical Development. J. Vis. Exp. (86), e51412, doi:10.3791/51412 (2014).

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