脑电图沐节奏典型和非典型发展
Summary
脑电图亩节奏评估为研究大脑活动的唯一方法，当与基于行为的检测相结合，可以是一个强大的工具，阐明社会认知方面，如模仿，在临床人群。
Abstract
脑电图（EEG）是评估和记录大脑活动的有效，高效，无创方法。鉴于良好的时间分辨率，脑电图可以用来检查与特定的行为，状态或外界刺激的神经反应。该实用程序的一个例子是镜像神经元系统（MNS）在人类通过脑电图亩节奏的检查评估。脑电图亩的节奏，从位于市中心的电极记录在8-12赫兹的频率范围内振动的活性，抑制当一个人执行时，或者干脆指出，目标导向行动。因此，已经提出，以反映MNS的活性。据推测，在镜像神经元系统（MNS）功能障碍中起着自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）的社会赤字贡献作用。该MNS然后可以通过使用脑电图亩节奏衰减为指标，对其活动进行无创检查在临床人群。所描述的普罗特OCOL提供了一个途径是观察社会的认知功能与典型的和非典型的发展，如房间隔缺损的个体理论上链接到MNS。
Introduction
脑电图（EEG）是评估和记录大脑活动的有效，高效，无创方法。作为神经元激发在大脑中，所产生的电压可以被放大，记录，并以图形方式表示。脑电图的时间分辨率允许在大脑的振荡模式，即使短暂的变化，以及大脑的响应特定刺激的分析的分析。
尽管是历史最悠久的大脑成像技术，其历史可以追溯到19 世纪后期，脑电图仍具有广泛的适用性。而功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）具有优良的空间分辨率，它具有相对较差的时间分辨率。这代表了功能磁共振成像评估的主要限制给出的令人难以置信的速度，发生在大脑的进程。脑电图有毫秒级评估电气大脑活动的能力，提供了潜在的Insight入脑的处理的各个阶段。
日新月异的技术也扩大了脑电图的适用性。在记录系统的密度的增加使得对源定位技术的发展，减轻对于空间分辨率的一些脑电图的局限性。另外，先进的系统已经减少了单个参与者建立时间显著，允许以前没有的人群，如婴幼儿及临床样品1-3,28-30的评估。
鉴于良好的时间分辨率，脑电图可以用来检查与特定的行为，状态或外界刺激的神经反应。该实用程序的一个例子是镜像神经元系统（MNS）在人体中的评估。镜像神经元最初在猴子身上发现使用单神经元记录4，证明一组神经元的反应既执行和观察电机动作。将电极在大脑中的这种直接记录方法，在人类中，只有在恶劣的临床病例中很少使用。脑电图已经提供了一种通过监测脑电图亩节奏评估MNS。在8-12赫兹范围该振荡模式已显示出减弱的EEG功率响应于执行和观察马达的动作，类似于在猴子5-7中观察到的激活模式。同样，通过经颅磁刺激（ 如额下回）刺激假定MNS脑区的脑电废除节奏万亩和8万亩脑电节律抑制与相关脑功能成像的科目9中公认的镜像神经元区域BOLD信号，提供额外的支持，这节奏索引，至少部分地，MNS活性。脑电图亩节奏评估允许的镜像神经元作为的无创性评估ivity在人。
脑电图为研究大脑活动的唯一方法，当与基于行为的检测相结合，它可以是一个强大的工具，阐明社会认知方面，如模仿，在临床人群。此外，脑电图与人群的认知或语言障碍使用的适用性允许洞察个人对他们来说，其他成像技术或行为范式可能不太成功运用的能力。所描述的协议提供了一个途径，研究社会认知功能理论上链接到镜像神经元系统中具有典型和非典型的发展，如自闭症的人。
Protocol
以下协议坚持华盛顿大学机构审查委员会的指导方针。 1，电生理评估会议的制备机房准备：地方manipulandum（ 见图1），附带一个传感器，它发送一个带有时间戳标记采集软件，当它被抓住，在表中抓参与者接触木块。激活脑电信号采集软件，并开始“新的会话”（ 图S1）。 扣除准备：蒸馏水（1升），氯化钾（1汤匙），和婴儿洗…
Representative Results
典型成人，儿童和婴幼儿的范式既执行和观察的行为在各种刺激和5，14-30期间一贯表现亩节奏。衰减在该频段频率一致本地化跨越中央电极（ 图3），表明这不是减少它被记录在其他的头皮区域阿尔法权力。类似地，在观察运动的衰减在这个频率被限制到观察的基于生物学的运动和抑制的是不是简单地从运动引起穿过视场，如弹跳球（ 图4）。亩抑制响应于一个事…
Discussion
成功收购，加工和分析相关的万亩节奏和应用临床人群电数据需要1个）的脑电图方法工具的应用，2）仔细神器检测和数据还原，3）准确识别亩节奏，和4）的临床群体以及确定适当的对照组的准确表征。
适当的脑电图方法需要正常运作和集成设备，适当帽的选择和布局，信号的精确放大和时序，明确，畅通，无失真的信号，适当参考的信号，适当分段（…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
这项工作是由西蒙斯基金会（SFARI＃89638到RB）的资助。
Materials
| Geodesic EEG System | EGI | N/A | Any EEG system, not only EGI based systems, is applicable for the described study |
| MATLAB software | MATLAB | N/A | Any mathematical, statistical software that can work with matrices is applicable |
| Netstation software | EGI | N/A | Any EEG acquisition software is applicable for the described study |
| Manipulandum | custom | N/A | Any object that is co-registered with data acquisition software to signal a successful grasp |
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Cite This Article
Bernier, R., Aaronson, B., Kresse, A. EEG Mu Rhythm in Typical and Atypical Development. J. Vis. Exp. (86), e51412, doi:10.3791/51412 (2014).