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Medicine

快速,准确的呼出气测量氨

Published: June 11, 2014 doi: 10.3791/51658

Introduction

氨是蛋白质代谢1无处不在的副产品。因此,氨测量可以帮助医生评估各种疾病和健康状态2。然而,氨是很难精确测量,通过血液或呼气,因为它是非常活泼。虽然常用,血液化验有许多缺点,包括约3精度基本问题。但随着血液化验的主要问题是,他们永远只能收集幕的现实。这是重要的,因为氨的生理,就像血糖和其他许多代谢过程,是流动的和不断变化4。相比之下,呼吸分析是完全非侵入性,快速,从而容易使重复测量。因此,呼气氨测量是有吸引力的,因为它可能会解决一个严重的未满足的需要以独特的方式。

呼气收集,然而,提出了独特的顾虑。而放血天生携带JEO错误的几种不可预知的方式pardy( 例如 ,止血带的时间,汗水污染,血细胞溶血,延误实验室测量等5),呼吸测量研究者必须与不同组新的挑战:变异呼吸,污染与口腔黏膜或细菌氨,周围空气和装置的湿度和温度的影响,等6。事实上,这是不可低估的任务中使用的实验程序,以发现未知生物实验设备连接到人类。在由于这些障碍的一部分,呼气氨尚未达到其潜力。

在此,我们提出我们的呼吸氨测量协议进行快速,准确的结果。我们的协议有实力在三个方面:显示器,接口采样,并注意人类活动的影响。该显示器是由赖斯大学的同事建立如前面所述7。 MEA的基础几种常用的是石英增强的光声光谱法(QEPAS)技术,它采用一个压电石英音叉作为声换能器。当声波通过调制激光辐射的目标痕量气体物质的吸收发生产生光声效应。使用声电池,它是声学谐振的调制频率被检测出的微量的气体。吸收波长为氨被选中,是免费的从呼吸中干扰物质的光谱干扰。人类呼出气体测量的目的,显示器的主要功能包括广泛的测量范围(从50〜十亿分之,ppb到至少5000 PPB)和速度(1秒测量的)。显示器的速度使得时间分辨率在整个呼吸周期。

该显示器被连接到专门设计的呼吸采样器。该采样器包括一个压力传感器和二氧化碳监测仪的。它显示和归档实时测量口压力和二氧化碳以及由传感器测定的氨浓度。该取样器,因此,使技术人员来评估呼吸努力的质量为呼吸是收集。这使我们能够超越,分析呼吸一氧化氮(NO铁),提出由美国胸科协会/欧洲呼吸学会的特别工作组(ATS / ERS)8的建议。对于所有的呼吸气体取样,一次性单向管式阀​​被用在呼气采样口口。

因为采样器提供显示器和质量控制的速度,我们可以仔细评估人类影响9。大多数受试者,例如,最初强力呼吸时指示呼吸。其他重要的影响,如口服pH和口腔冲洗液,温度的取样器,显示器和所有相关联的管道,和呼吸模式,随后的研究,并且是依据FOř下面的说明实验。

最后,也许是最显著,但必须强调的是多个经验丰富的组采用完全不同的传感器和测量程序测量呼气氨。这可能有重要的优势和有效性。一个完整的比较超出了目前的工作10,11,12的范围。

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Protocol

工具1。准备

  1. 打开外部电源向氨光学传感器平台,激光二极管控制器,定制的电子控制单元(CEU),呼吸采样器,空气泵,和笔记本电脑。
  2. 检查氨气传感器的两个排气和冷却风扇是否工作。注意:一个是位于传感器的后面,第二个是传感器,它是方便内发现的。
  3. 确保声波检测模块和针阀温度是在38.0℃下通过检查数字显示位于氨传感器盒子的侧面上。等待大约35分钟从传感器提供电源的稳定温度的时间。
  4. 通过点击一个图标名称“ChangeT”呼吸采样器的桌面上找到设置入口管路和喉舌温度为55℃。温度就可以通过单击向上或向下箭头依次点击“欠电位沉积而改变吃温度“。点击“退出”返回到桌面。允许该系统中至少5分钟至温度稳定。保持采样器和管路的在55℃的温度下最小化氨的表面损失。
  5. 于控制氨气传感器的笔记本电脑打开软件。该程序可以命名桌面上的“NH 3呼吸传感器程序”文件夹中进行访问。在此文件夹中,用户必须选择图标“主LabVIEW软件”。此文件夹包含多个应用程序,但用户必须选择“Mainsequence.vi”访问所需的接口。在屏幕的左上角选择“运行”。注:这将开始行锁定校准序列。该QEPAS监视器的激光运行在一个最佳电流,这是一个自动化的线锁紧过程中选定的。这个过程大约需要25分钟。
  6. 创建采样器一个新的会话,使得EACH主题会话都有被保存到一个附加的闪存驱动器它自己的文件。注:这是打开程序“呼吸取样”的取样器的桌面上找到执行。有空间,适当识别会话。在会话期间生成的所有数据都将根据该标识符被保存在闪存驱动器。实验的时间是通常用来作为文件名的一部分。进样口和喉舌温度必须进入呼吸取样程序之前进行调整。
  7. 插入一个新的一次性吹嘴进入进气管。戴上一次性手套,以避免污染喉舌与手指氨。

2,呼气样品采集

注:有关机构审查委员会(伦理委员会)必须批准,涉及人类受试者的任何研究。有许多因素会极大地影响呼吸氨。这些因素可以通过直接修改一个呼吸测量氨ffecting全身氨的水平或影响呼吸代谢的旅程从肺输送到仪器。

  1. 确保受试者到达实验室在空腹状态下,有没有消费的食品抵达后约12小时,他们已经行使上午前测试忍住了。
  2. 确保没有物质已被引入口至少1小时前的数​​据收集。确保受试者刷比试验前1小时大于他们的牙齿。
  3. 座位在氨气传感器的前面的主题。指示须持有进水管,并确保他们不碰的喉舌,以避免氨气污染。
  4. 点击采样界面上的“开始”。已受试者呼气对着话筒,只要他们能,或直到操作员认为该样品是足够的。注意:这是一个充满呼气持续至少10秒。口压力的测量是实时地作为替代为流率。颜色编码的压力表帮助主题产生和保持10厘米的水所需的呼气压力,它表示为50毫升/秒呼气流速。该流量设定,因为它已经通过了ATS / ERS的协议来确定铁NO。本呼气流速是可以实现的儿童和成人。同样该相差小于10%,3重现的呼气应获得。
  5. 时呼气样品完成后,单击“停止”采样器接口。

3,呼气样本测试

  1. 一旦呼气样本进行了分析,实验室技术人员操作监视器,那么有分析认为呼吸配置文件的任何部分的能力。呼吸是感兴趣的部分是第三阶段的段。这个特点是在二氧化碳的浓度的“平台”,并在中间被发现的BRE的后期ATH。
  2. 通过拖动采样器界面上的垂直线呼吸的压力降前夕,开始时的二氧化碳高原和停止选择样本的III期部分。参见图1澄清。
  3. 通过单击取样触摸屏界面的“商店”将数据保存到闪存驱动器。
  4. 一旦呼吸数据已存储,用户可以选择“开始”来启动一个新的呼气样本。

4,龙虎斗漱口水和pH值的影响在呼气氨

  1. 样品3次呼吸,以建立基线氨水平。确保呼吸采取至少5分钟彼此分开。
  2. 用30毫升一份水60秒彻底漱口。
  3. 在60秒内冲洗(第2节)的收集呼气样本。收集呼气样本在接下来的一个小时的过程中,观察氨随时间的变化。注:山姆普莱斯可以作为经常作为每一分钟,但较长的时间间隔通常使用。
  4. 用30毫升一份的碱性溶液(在水中的碳酸氢钠),彻底漱口60秒,重复4.2.1。
  5. 用30毫升一份的60秒酸性溶液彻底冲洗口腔,并重复4.2.1。

5,龙虎斗的进口和运输管温度的影响对呼吸氨

  1. 样品3次呼吸超过15分钟,与入口温度的过程中设置为低于体温约30℃。
  2. 使用呼吸采样器的触摸屏界面上的桌面图标增加进口和运输管道的温度到55°C分别。允许该系统中至少5分钟,以达到稳定状态。
  3. 样品3次呼吸,5分钟分割成加热的入口。

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Representative Results

主题可望产生广泛的基线呼吸氨的水平。健康的个体可以开始于100-1,000 ppb的呼气氨测定的日子。漂洗口与任何流体立即改变检测呼气氨的量。中性和酸性流体通常由多于一半切观察氨的量。这些水平然后返回到基线作为漂洗的效果逐渐消失。水的影响似乎在15分钟内消散,而酸可以保持呼吸检测到氨最少超过2小时。一个基本的清洗,如碳酸氢钠,回到基线在20分钟内之前将增加一倍或两倍检测呼气氨的量。值得注意的是,过氧化氢似乎不影响呼出气氨多于其他漂洗;因此,它似乎并不认为口腔细菌显著呼吸测量氨的贡献。

正如一波夫,耦合到所述氨传感器的采样器提供连续的数据,技术人员可以使用它来评估呼吸样本的质量。口压力和二氧化碳是用来验证一个呼吸试样呼气的两个特征。口压力作为替代,以空气流从肺进入取样器。技术人员必须确保被摄对象提供足够的流动肺泡的空气,其中包含利息的代谢产物,在显示器中。技术人员应该期望的水9〜10.5厘米,口正常压力范围。呼气应该是相当稳定超过10-20秒,这体现在口压力的标准偏差的过程。的呼吸质量的标准偏差应小于1厘米的水。

二氧化碳的测量也是重要的,因为它使呼气过程中仔细评估。在第一阶段,呼气开始和呼出的气体的组成是由预显性解剖死空间的空气(〜21%的氧,0.03%的二氧化碳,78%氮和0.5%水), ,,这是在以前的呼吸周期的吸气阶段吸入的空气中。在第二阶段,肺泡气体通入解剖死空间和混合残余死空间的空气,其结果是二氧化碳的浓度增加迅速。二氧化碳呼出气浓度继续上升,虽然速度比较慢,三期和呼气峰值(呼气末浓度)相当于二氧化碳的静脉血浓度时。阶段III期间,这个逐渐上升的二氧化碳浓度是由于与死空间的空气的剩余部分肺泡气体的混合,是由于缓慢的肺泡囊的排空。呼吸在III期结束时,组合物是约13%氧气,5%二氧化碳,78%氮和4%的水。在BRE的第三阶段部分中的二氧化碳水平ATH的范围可以从30至40毫米汞柱。第三阶段对应于这些的CO 2水平的高原( 图1A-D)。

图1
图1的呼吸样本,集成的呼吸数据的第三阶段的部分,用于在各种条件。 1a)的一个典型的呼气样本,集成了一口气数据的第三阶段部分。绿色和红色的垂直线设置的跨度,其中线路是待分析。呼气的第一部分将被忽略。1b)中的酸性漂洗有对呼吸氨的影响。的NH 3与NH 4 +的转换急剧降低检测的氨的量。下降气流导致肺泡氨在如1c中看到的采样呼吸的降低。减少的流量确实ÑOT让尽可能多的肺泡的空气进行采样。1D)呼气样本,集成阶段I,II和III。 I和II中的分析列入阶段降低氨和二氧化碳相当。这是系统性氨的准确反映。 请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。

大多数受试者都能够产生可以接受的气息在他们的第一次尝试。然而,有些科目需要呼吸的重演。此外,由于压力和二氧化碳被记录时,这些也可以在数据分析中考虑。

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Discussion

能够检测到微量的代谢产物进行实时一种非侵入性程序的好处是显而易见的。然而,呼吸研究领域一直在努力实现这一潜力。呼吸测量是一个动态的过程中容易受到很多干扰因素。我们的方法具有重要的优势:即,水稻QEPAS基氨显示器耦合到所述呼吸采样器的灵敏度和速度,使我们能够评估和确定有密切关系的精确测量呼气采集的因素。这种方法是非常可靠的:例如,一些初步的实验后,每收集最近的实验中几乎500个人呼吸数据点是与预期结果9号一致。

直到影响呼出气体氨的各种因素得到更好的理解,但重要的是提供彻底和均匀的指示受试者在到达之前。目前,我们一般要求受试者午夜早上集合后快,刷不到1小时前呈现较大的牙齿,并避免运动,吸烟,或填充的汽车与石油燃料。虽然我们已经评估了各种食物养生之道的前一天晚上的数据收集( 高纤维诉低纤维),我们还没有建立,饮食令人信服地影响基准数据测试的早晨。早上集合也可以减少明显的日变化特征,这似乎发生原因不明13的影响。

可能还有其他同样有效或更好的方法呼出一口气氨集合。这是可能的,例如,在设定的时间点之前的呼吸收集的标准冲洗可能导致口腔粘膜氨的有用的测量可能还反映全身水平。另一个路径可能是放弃了口腔和鼻腔测量氨或两者10,14。后一种方法可以不必FOr处的接口采样。无论如何,任何方法需要仔细考虑各种相关与这个动荡的代谢产物,包括湿度,温度,pH值,流量,以及口咽部生物技术因素。

当然,假设和信念的测量方法对数据分析的关键轴承。我们认为,压力和二氧化碳是质量控制的关键方面。然而,这不是一定的,例如,无论是作为测定氨应报告,或二氧化碳调节,以单位为ppb的或皮摩尔。随着越来越多的经验和信心都获得了错误的各种技术资源,在复杂的考虑现任的数据分析来为更大的重点和将推动更好地理解这个非常具有挑战性的生物。 ( 图2:随机和非随机误差测量真实的生物学变异而非生物附带现象 B异常呼吸。和口腔/鼻腔因素或C和 D。设备性能。)

图2
图病人2。图一口气接口氨显示器。 a)病人进行测试,也是一口气收集过程中最不可预测的部分。患者的饮食,运动,吸烟习惯,可以对数据收集大的影响。 二)呼吸呼气是可变的,从人到人,所以一个方法,以规范的呼吸是很重要的。提供视觉提示,以提供空气从肺部理想流量能够很好地保持呼气均匀的。C)呼吸接口装置被紧密地在呼气一致性相关的B是在比较对象的重要因素。呼气采样器集成rface使得用户可以看到实时的各种呼吸试样参数D)氨显示器可以表现出来的不同的技术。石英增强的光声光谱有认为是理想的呼吸分析许多固有优势。 请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。

重要的限制本发明的方法必须被确认。而采样器是相对便宜和轻便,氨显示器,使用目前的配置,是两者都不是。因此,受试者需要来我们的专用呼吸的研究空间,因为我们不能轻易地我们的装备移动到诊所。这个因素,连同受试者的呼气吐气一个长吸一口气的要求,哪些题目可以研究( 患病肝硬化患者,一个关键的目标人群,影响往往PRACtically除外)。此外,因为我们只有一个显示器,我们在可切实研究在给定的协议对象的数量限制。反过来,这会影响样品的尺寸和功率。

如上所述,一氧化氮的收集标准化是由美国胸科协会和欧洲呼吸学会的共同努力。目前并呼吸氨气没有对等的协议,尽管多组正在为呼吸测量氨的进步做出重要贡献。作为一般的一丝气息代谢物的测量和氨,特别是文学的不断发展15肯定会有很多修改和改进的到来。显示器的体积更小,更轻便,更便宜是成功的多中心临床试验中是至关重要的。

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Acknowledgments

作者承认从美国国家科学基金会(NSF)的财政支持给予EEC-0540832,题为“中红外技术用于健康和环境(MIRTHE)”

Materials

Name Company Catalog Number Comments
Rice Ammonia Monitor System N/A N/A Not available for commercial purchase
Loccioni Breath Sampler Loccioni Humancare N/A Single breath version
Disposable Mouth Piece WestPrime Healthcare G011-200 Manufacturer is AlcoQuant
Laptop Lenovo N/A Old model no longer sold by manufacturer
Acid Rinse N/A N/A Household acidic drink (coffee, soft drink, citrus juices, etc)
Base Rinse N/A N/A Water mixed with a nonexact amount of sodium bicarbonate (Arm & Hammer Baking Soda)
Neutral Rinse N/A N/A Water

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  9. Solga, S. F., et al. Factors influencing breath ammonia determination. Journal of breath research. 7 (3), (2013).
  10. Schmidt, F. M., et al. Ammonia in breath and emitted from skin. Journal of breath research. 7 (1), (2013).
  11. Spaněl, P., Dryahina, K., Smith, D. A quantitative study of the influence of inhaled compounds on their concentrations in exhaled breath. Journal of breath research. 7 (1), (2013).
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  14. Wang, T., Pysanenko, A., Dryahina, K., Spaněl, P., Smith, D. Analysis of breath, exhaled via the mouth and nose, and the air in the oral cavity. Journal of breath research. 2 (3), (2008).
  15. Amann, A., Smith, D. Volatile Biomarkers. 1st Edition. , (2013).

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Solga, S. F., Mudalel, M. L.,More

Solga, S. F., Mudalel, M. L., Spacek, L. A., Risby, T. H. Fast and Accurate Exhaled Breath Ammonia Measurement. J. Vis. Exp. (88), e51658, doi:10.3791/51658 (2014).

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