Modelado de las mucosas Candidiasis en larvas de pez cebra por inyección de Swimbladder
Summary
In vivo spatio-temporal interactions of pathogen and immune defenses at the mucosal level are not easily imaged in existing vertebrate hosts. The method presented here describes a versatile platform to study mucosal candidiasis in live vertebrates using the swimbladder of the juvenile zebrafish as an infection site.
Abstract
Defensa temprana contra los agentes patógenos de la mucosa consiste tanto en una barrera epitelial y células inmunes innatas. La inmunocompetencia de ambos, y su intercomunicación, son de suma importancia para la protección contra las infecciones. Las interacciones de las células inmunes innatas epiteliales y con un patógeno están mejor investigados en vivo, donde el comportamiento complejo se desarrolla en el tiempo y el espacio. Sin embargo, los modelos existentes no permiten una fácil imágenes espacio-temporal de la batalla con los patógenos a nivel de la mucosa.
El modelo desarrollado aquí crea una infección de las mucosas por inyección directa del patógeno fúngico, Candida albicans, en la vejiga natatoria del pez cebra juvenil. La infección resultante permite imágenes de alta resolución de comportamiento de la célula epitelial y inmune innata en todo el desarrollo de la enfermedad de la mucosa. La versatilidad de este método permite la interrogación del huésped a la sonda la secuencia detallada de los eventos inmunológicos que conducen a phreclutamiento agocyte y examinar el papel de los tipos particulares de células y vías moleculares en la protección. Además, el comportamiento del patógeno como una función de ataque inmune se pueden obtener imágenes de forma simultánea mediante el uso de la proteína fluorescente que expresan C. albicans. El aumento de la resolución espacial de la interacción huésped-patógeno también es posible usando la técnica de disección vejiga natatoria rápido descrito.
El modelo de infección de la mucosa se describe aquí es sencillo y altamente reproducible, por lo que es una valiosa herramienta para el estudio de la candidiasis mucosa. Este sistema también puede ser ampliamente traducible a otros patógenos de la mucosa tales como microbios micobacterianas, bacterianas o virales que normalmente infectan a través de las superficies epiteliales.
Introduction
Mucosal infections can lead to life threatening bloodstream infections due to the damage of the epithelial barrier, which allows pathogens access to the systemic environment1,2. In addition, mucosal infections can also cause significant immunopathology even when contained externally3-5. The commensal unicellular fungus Candida albicans is present in the majority of the population in the oral cavity and other mucosal sites6-9. Although normally contained by innate and adaptive immune responses, innate immune defects and medical interventions can lead to severe mucosal candidiasis. The assault on the epithelial barrier results in an increased risk of life threatening disseminated disease as well as immunopathology, as in the case of vulvo-vaginal candidiasis, additionally C. albicans colonization has been linked with lung immune homeostasis10,11. Disseminated candidiasis is now the fourth most common bloodstream infection in intensive care units12 and mortality as high as 40% makes it a major concern. Due to the increase in immunomodulatory treatments for patients with autoimmune diseases, cancer or organ transplants, it is imperative to understand the interaction between this pathogen and the mucosal immune compartment.
The majority of cell biological advances regarding C. albicans-cell interactions at the mucosal level come from in vitro13-15 and murine models16-18. Both these approaches have distinct advantages, but the ability to image live cells at high resolution in an intact host has limited the temporal and spatial characterization of the infection. For these studies, there is the need for an in vivo model where the interaction of pathogen, innate immune and epithelial cells can be visualized in an intact vertebrate host.
The zebrafish has emerged as an invaluable tool for the understanding of human disease, mainly due to its transparency and amenability to genetic manipulation. Cell and organ development have been imaged in exquisite detail, which has led to the description of novel immune cell behaviors, such as T cell behavior in the developing thymus19 or the battle between intracellular mycobacteria and phagocytes20-22. Recent work has described intestinal microbe-host interactions in zebrafish and shown that microbial colonization of the intestinal tract affects host intestinal physiology and resistance to other infections23,24. Furthermore, infection through the gut epithelium has been described for several pathogens.
In contrast to the intestinal tract, the swimbladder represents a more isolated and complementary mucosal model. This organ is an extension of the developing gut tube and forms anteriorly to the liver and pancreas25,26. It produces surfactant, mucus and antimicrobial peptides27,28 and anatomically, as well as ontogenetically, this organ is considered a homologue of the mammalian lung29,30. Since the pneumatic duct remains connected to the gut in the zebrafish, this allows for immersion infection to occur naturally. Remarkably, the only known naturally occurring infections of fish with Candida species are C. albicans infections in the swimbladder31. We recently described an experimental immersion infection model where C. albicans infects the swimbladder, and found that this infection recapitulates some of the hallmarks of C. albicans-epithelial interaction in vitro32,33.
In the method presented here, the original immersion infection model is improved by directly injecting C. albicans into the swimbladder of 4 days post fertilization (dpf) zebrafish. This allows for precise temporal control of infection as well as a highly reproducible inoculum. It permits detailed intravital imaging, coupled with the versatility of the zebrafish model. As an example of what can be done with this method, we present the spatio-temporal dynamics of C. albicans growth along with neutrophil recruitment to the site of infection. Because zebrafish swimbladder tissue is challenging to image intravitally, we also present a rapid swimbladder dissection technique that improves fluorescence signal and microscopic resolution. These methods expand the toolbox for fungal, immunological, and aquaculture research as well as describing a novel infection route that may be translated to model other fungal, bacterial or viral infections of mucosal surfaces.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
Avances y limitaciones del modelo de enfermedad microinyección vejiga natatoria
El modelo que se presenta aquí es una extensión del modelo de inmersión candidiasis mucosa se describe en Gratacap et al (2013).; que añade las ventajas de un tiempo de infección controlada, una dosis infección altamente reproducible, y por lo tanto mejora de la eficiencia. Se demuestra aquí nuevos métodos que permitan la documentación temporal no invasiva de la dinámica de la infección en…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
Los autores agradecen al Dr. Le Trinh y el Dr. Tobin generosamente para proporcionar la α-catenina: línea de peces citrino y Bill Jackman para permitirnos hacer el rodaje en su laboratorio. Los autores reconocen las fuentes de financiación Institutos Nacionales de la Salud (Becas 5P20RR016463, 8P20GM103423 y R15AI094406) y USDA (Proyecto # ME0-H-1-00517-13). Este manuscrito se publica como principal Agricultura y Silvicultura Experimento Estación publicación número 3371.
Materials
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| 1.7 mL tubes | Axygen | MCT-175-C | |
| Deep Petri dishes | Fisher Scientific | 89107-632 | |
| Transfer pipettes | Fisher Scientific | 13-711-7M | |
| Yeast Extract | VWR Scientific | 90000-726 | |
| Peptone | VWR Scientific | 90000-264 | |
| Dextrose | Fisher Scientific | D16-1 | |
| Agar | VWR Scientific | 90000-760 | |
| Fine tweezers (Dumont Dumoxel #5) | Fine Science Tools | 11251-30 | |
| Wooden Dowels | VWR Scientific | 10805-018 | |
| Low Melt Agarose | VWR Scientific | 12001-722 | |
| Flaming Brown Micropipette Puller | Sutter Instruments | P-97 | |
| Borosilicate capillary | Sutter Instruments | BF120-69-10 | |
| MPPI-3 Injection system | Applied Scientific Instrumentation | MPPI-3 | |
| Back Pressure Unit | Applied Scientific Instrumentation | BPU | |
| Micropipette Holder kit | Applied Scientific Instrumentation | MPIP | |
| Foot Switch | Applied Scientific Instrumentation | FSW | |
| Micromanipulator | Applied Scientific Instrumentation | MM33 | |
| Magnetic Base | Applied Scientific Instrumentation | Magnetic Base | |
| Tricaine methane sulfonate | Western Chemical Inc. | MS-222 | |
| Dissecting Scope | Olympus | SZ61 top SZX-ILLB2-100 base | |
| Confocal Microscope | Olympus | IX-81 with FV-1000 laser scanning confocal system | |
| 20x microscope objective | Olympus | UPlanSApo 20x/0.75 | |
| Roller drum | New Brunswick Scientific | TC-7 | |
| Microloader pipette tips | Eppendorf | 930001007 | |
| Glass culture tubes (16 x 150 mm) | VWR Scientific | 60825-435 | |
| NaCl | VWR Scientific | BDH4534-500GP | |
| KCl | VWR Scientific | BDH4532-500GP | |
| MgSO4 | VWR Scientific | BDH0246-500GP | |
| HEPES (Corning) | VWR Scientific | BDH4520-500GP | |
| Children clay (Play-Doh) | Hasbro | ||
| CaCl2 | Fisher Scientific | C69-500 | |
| Methylene Blue | VWR Scientific | VW6276-0 | |
| PTU | Sigma | P7629-10G | |
| Petri dishes | Fisher Scientific | FB0875712 | |
| Hemocytometer (Hausser scientific) | VWR Scientific | 15170-172 | |
| Type A immersion oil | Blue Marble Products | 51935 | |
| Centrifuge | Eppendorf | 5424 | |
| Vortex Genie | VWR Scientific | 14216-184 | |
| Agarose (Lonza) | VWR Scientific | 12001-870 | |
| Na2HPO4 | Fisher Scientific | S374-500 | |
| KH2PO4 | Fisher Scientific | P285-500 | |
| Fishing wire | Stren | ||
| 96 well imaging plate (Sensoplate) | Greiner Bio-One | 655892 | |
| High vacuum grease (Dow Corning) | VWR Scientific | 59344-055 | |
| Microslide (25 x 75 mm) | VWR Scientific | 48300-025 | |
| Cover slips (18 x 18 mm), No 1.5 | VWR Scientific | 48366-045 | |
| 15 cm Petri dish (Olympus plastics) | Genesee Scientific | 32-106 | |
| Glycerol (EMD chemicals) | VWR Scientific | EMGX0185-5 | |
| 24-well culture dish (Olympus plastics) | Genesee Scientific | 25-107 | |
| Weight boats (8.9 cm) | VWR Scientific | 89106-766 | |
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