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Medicine

艺术颅超声成像在新生儿的状态

Published: February 2, 2015 doi: 10.3791/52238

Protocol

注:此协议遵循当地人类研究伦理委员会的指导方针。

1.一般注意事项

注:有关设备,数据存储和安全性一般考虑得到解决的讨论。

  1. 获得使用一个高分辨率,实时,移动二维超声机具有多个换能器与频率(见讨论)的频带图像。通常情况下,获得使用探针的良好品质的图像与7.5至8.5兆赫的频率。

2.制备CUS考试

  1. 调度CUS检查,以便它不与其他程序,例如血液采样重合。
  2. 确保医护人员或家长可支持和/或舒适新生儿的检查过程中,使用的策略,如根据新生儿的个性化发展护理和评估计划6原则的</ SUP>。

3.审查通过前囟

  1. 沿着孵化器或婴儿床安装超声波机。
  2. 适用传感器凝胶到探针,以确保探头与皮肤之间的良好接触。考虑使用前凝胶升温。
  3. 通过前囟与凸探头在B模式开始成像。将探头与上转向右侧新生儿的探针的标记物的囟的中间。大脑的左侧将被显示在右侧的显示器。
    注:成像通过前囟可与新生儿在任何位置3来执行。用于研究目的,可能有必要争取一个标准头位置。
    1. 至少在五个冠状五矢状面图像记录。在第一图像调整深度,增益和时间增益补偿的设置,以产生一个图像填充该扇区,含有颅轮廓,避免荷兰国际集团太亮或太暗的图像和目标是从附近的,更深层次的思考结构之间的平衡。
    2. 冠状面
      注:试图获得完全对称的图像。当病灶附近额叶凸怀疑,考虑记录特定斜冠状切片,使得一个半球中显示更好的细节( 图1)。
      1. 为冠状前额图像,角探头转发形象化额叶,前向侧脑室的前角在嗅脑沟的水平。
      2. 用于在室间的水平,角度探针可视化冠状部分前向截图脉络膜描绘侧脑室,空腔透明隔,胼胝体,沟扣带的正面角冠状图像。注意基底节份的回声。
      3. 对于在丘脑水平冠状图像,角探头向后识别已故拉尔裂隙,在第三脑室和颞叶的屋顶截图脉络膜。注意相对于基底节丘脑(特别是腹外侧核)的回声。注意枕该网络损伤可能会显现在一个额外的冠状切面只是在心房的前面。
      4. 对于在心房的水平冠状图像,可视侧脑室的脉络丛的水平。确定颞叶和小脑半球。需要注意的脑室周围白质回声相比,脉络丛。与正常的强回声区的上方和侧面,以早产儿心房比较视辐射。
      5. 为冠状顶枕形象,角探头向后的顶枕沟的水平,以确定壁层和枕叶。
    3. 矢状面
      1. 旋转探头90°,上朝向新生儿的脸朝向探针的标记物。日脑部电子前部,将显示在监视器的左边。在下列结构中的水平( 图2)记录图像。
      2. 对于矢状图像,可视化的胼胝体,空腔透明隔(CSP),第三和第四脑室,小脑蚓部,小脑延髓池,脑桥和中脑。注意空腔Vergae的存在和空腔帆interpositi 7。
      3. 对于通过一个gangliothalamic卵形的矢状图像( 例如 ,右侧),角探头侧身通过侧脑室一个矢状图。确定脉络丛,并注意丘脑和基底节的回声。扫描的侧旁矢状平面应适当地表示与文本的工具。
      4. 对于矢状窦旁孤立的图像,角度探头进一步横向穿过岛。确定外侧裂和frontal-,temporal-,parietal-和枕叶。
      5. 重复矢状图像在t他对侧( 左)。
    4. 彩色多普勒
      1. 通过前囟使用彩色多普勒凸探头继续成像。考虑评估流速脑动脉和静脉,并获得派生指标。
        注:阻力指数(RI)被定义为收缩期峰值速度 - 舒张末期速度/收缩期峰值速度。 RI为角度无关,绝对速度的值是不8-10。 RI是不是在不同口径的动脉相似。如果在同一个容器中的精确相同的位置进行的连续测量是只用。
    5. 在下面的血管( 图3)冠状面图像记录:
      1. 可视化的横窦在小脑的水平。如果只有一个或没有一个横窦被可视化,尝试降低脉冲重复频率(PRF)。如果当时仍然只有一个或没有横向鼻窦可以通过前囟确定,通过乳突囟使用高频线阵探头的可视化(见第4.4.2节)。
      2. 可视威利斯与颈内动脉,大脑中动脉的圆圈和大脑前动脉在侧脑室的前角的水平。区分左,右侧前脑动脉往往具有挑战性的,但通常是不必要的。确定动脉纹状体烛台。
      3. 角头向后以可视化的基底动脉与相邻的颈静脉。
      4. 角度更倒退到可视化的内部脑和丘纹脉。
    6. 记录的图像在一个前脑动脉( 图4)的矢状面。评估流速和RI在该容器(通常低于胼胝体膝部)的特定部分。在附近的内部大脑大静脉中线速度可容易测量。
    7. 在前囟冠状面使用高频线性探针,鉴定上矢状窦。如果此失败,降低施加的压力与探针的囟的量。
      注:线性探针可用于浅表结构(脑膜,蛛网膜和硬膜下腔,皮质)的详细可视化。切向血管是在蛛网膜下腔。理想的情况下,如在前面的步骤中所述多普勒成像将新生儿的第一CUS检查期间进行。随访期间检查一些步骤可以跳过。如果怀疑脑静脉窦血栓形成多普勒成像步骤3.3.5.1,3.3.7和4.4.2应进行描述。

4.考试通过替代隔声窗

  1. 接下来,继续审议通过替代隔声窗。
  2. 考虑通过人字记录影像(POSterior)囟用凸探针( 图5)。后囟位于矢状面和人字缝3,11的交界处。图像穿过后囟通过将新生儿在侧卧位。
    注意:在许多早产儿了良好的图像,也可以通过在矢状缝与婴儿的后方面在仰卧位置3获得。
    1. 定位探针在后囟的中间一个矢状图。角头稍微偏离中线识别侧脑室的身体和枕角。将探头大致90°,得到冠状图。识别侧脑室的枕骨角。
  3. 考虑使用耳上方的凸形或线性探针通过横向(颞)窗口记录图像( 图6)。
    1. 如果需要的话,通过横向窗获取的图像,以允许一个脑干12的详细视图。把探头水平以上和稍微在耳朵的前面。移动探头,直至脑梗的可视化。
      注:其他结构,可以识别是第三脑室,导水管和颞叶。采用彩色多普勒,Willis环可以可视化。
  4. 通过乳突囟门( 图7)记录图像。乳突囟门位于耳后,在颞,顶叶及枕骨骨4的交界处。图像通过乳突囟通过将新生儿的侧卧位3。
    注:根据我们的经验,新生儿经常表现出不适的迹象,通过乳突囟图像时获得。因此,这将是最好的通过前囟和其他声学Windows映像后,要做到这一点。我们推测,这种不适可以通过以PULS听觉反应的机制造成的射频能量13上课。
    1. 使用凸探头通过乳突囟门的形象。将平行探头耳朵获得冠状图。扫探头来回识别小脑半球,小脑蚓部,第三和第四脑室,桥脑和小脑延髓池。在小preterms对侧小脑半球可以得到很好的描述。
    2. 使用线性探针通过乳突囟门的形象。如果(之一)的横窦无法通过前囟鉴定,通过乳突囟使用高频线性探针可视化。放置平行探头耳垂,得到冠状图。
      1. 确定小脑半球和第四脑室。采用彩色多普勒,确定横向和乙状窦,小脑幕窦导静脉。
  5. 考虑后颅窝通过枕骨大孔14个可视化。

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Representative Results

摄像,根据所描述的方案制备的实例列于图1 - 7。图片应该由有经验的观测仔细解释。对称成像是必要的,通过前囟( 图1)制成冠状图像的适当解释。任何可疑病灶应通过声窗比前囟其他可视化两种冠状和(中)矢状面或可视化。使用彩色多普勒进行可视化脑血管( 图3,图4,67)。脑内病灶的一些实例示于图5(右后脑动脉中风,血栓侧脑室)和6(纹状体静脉梗死,第三脑室凝块)。可靠的使用线性,elliptoid和免费跟踪测量工具是常规成像的一部分( 图7

图1
图1:冠状切片成像,通过前囟在标准的冠状面。
缩写:
L =左
R =权
VL =丘脑腹外侧核的
请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。

图2
图2:(帕拉)矢状切片通过前囟在标准(第)矢状切面图像
缩写:<BR /> CSP =空腔透明隔
V3 =第三脑室
请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。

图3
图3:冠状沟多普勒通过前囟冠状彩色多普勒图像
缩写:
基底一个。 =基底动脉
ICA =颈内动脉
ICV =颈内静脉
L =左
MCA =大脑中动脉
R =权
请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。

图4
图4: >(帕拉)矢状多普勒(帕拉)矢状通过前囟彩色多普勒图像。
缩写:
ACA =大脑前动脉
基底一个。 =基底动脉
请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。

图5
图5:人字纹观点成像通过人字囟门。
缩写:
PCA =大脑后动脉
请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。

图6
图6:温度口服(横向)视图。成像通过横向囟门。
缩写:
大脑前动脉A1 ACA = A1段
峨嵯=脉络膜前动脉
MCA =大脑中动脉
PCA =大脑后动脉
V3 =第三脑室
V4 =第四脑室
请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。

图7
图7:乳突观点成像通过乳突囟门。
缩写:
V4 =第四脑室
请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。

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Discussion

我们描述和展示国家的最先进的方法对新生儿多普勒CUS。在经验丰富的手中,这是一个很好的工具,安全,连续床边新生儿脑成像。在许多新生儿重症监护室所描述的可能性不是最佳利用。添加多普勒研究允许颅内动脉和静脉通畅的筛选。流速可以评估并得到索引。多普勒CUS允许检测脑静脉窦血栓形成的在脆弱的横向早期阶段乙状窦的角度,使治疗干预前中风2。使用补充隔声窗提高检测脑损伤。

危重新生儿另一个备受使用的技术是神经影像学检查MRI。 MRI提供出色的图像质量,被认为优于CUS识别小脑病变和脑白质损伤15。然而,MRI是昂贵且在新生儿重症监护室的临床使用受到限制因为后勤和安全问题1。 CUS,另一方面是价格相对便宜,直接可用,并允许串行床边成像。本地协议顺序CUS成像是可取的。由有经验的观测结果的高精度的使用补充声窗,彩色多普勒成像,更高的换能器的频率和小心解释图像来识别脑病变(Plaisier, 等人 ,未发表的数据)。

总之,CUS是一个有信誉的工具,新生儿脑成像。对于该技术的优化利用,有关于设备,数据存储和安全性方面需要被解决。请对新生儿脑确保特殊设​​置进行编程的超声波机器。使用多个传感器与频率的波段。考虑其中探针是针对感兴趣的区域最合适的。在一般情况下,良好的质量的图像可以使用探针以7.5至8.5兆赫的频率,从而得到。较高FRE昆西导致穿透损失。较低的频率允许更好的渗透和更深的结构,如深灰质的结果更好的视野。较低频率换能器的缺点是分辨率的损失。这可以通过调整焦点或使用多个聚焦点来解决。超声波束具有最窄宽度处的焦点的深度。适应聚焦点,因此提高了分辨率,允许感兴趣的区域的更详细的图。使用多个聚焦点允许更好的可视化这些点之间的区域。对于标准CUS,焦点是最好瞄准心室或脑室周围地区16。多个焦点可能会导致文物。考虑哪种探针大小是用于成像最合适。探针可在不同的形状和大小。理想情况下,足迹应该足够小,以适应前囟,迫使凸扫描头。在最小的早产儿中,只有一相控阵探头可以足够小,以适应前囟:在该探针的超声波束从一个点发散。相控阵探头凸制作饼形(部门)的图像。以线性阵列换能器,晶体元件被布置彼此平行,生产具有高图像质量的矩形图像。然而,高频率的结果,因为它的大尺寸的穿透损失和线性阵列换能器将不会最佳地适合于前囟。

获得良好的图像质量不仅取决于所使用的设备的质量,同时也对考官的技能。确保运营商适当的训练新生儿CUS。运营商应该熟悉如增益,时间增益补偿,动态范围,去斑滤镜功能。

确保合格的技术人员是提供给服务设备。探针含有精密组件,它可以很容易被损坏如果不小心处理。有意识地努力日常使用过程中保护设备。考虑如何存储所获得的图像。它们能以数字方式存储或打印,并存储与病人的文件。

之一应该意识到对危重新生儿的潜在风险CUS和负担。参与检查和施加压力和冷凝胶囟门(S)额外的处理可能导致呼吸不稳。此外,还有的超声波17的可能的有害影响脱臼从设备没有适当地清洁或从检查者引入微生物的管或静脉内的设备中,一个潜在的危险,并。这些问题是可以预防或减少与相当简单的预防措施。正如前面提到的,婴幼儿应该由医护人员或家长根据新生儿的个性化发展护理和评估计划6的原则支持。而Handling探针,保持所施加的压力为最小。冷凝胶可以在考试前进行预热。超声设备应定期清洗。每次考试之后,探头应擦拭干净。咨询与制造商的探头是否适合擦拭干净消毒。

在组织水平,超声能量被转换成热量,该热量可以增加局部温度。能量的吸收量取决于组织类型,曝光和超声模式或路由持续时间。多普勒成像,虽然,与标准B模式成像具有更高的输出电势,因为它的强度和组织的小区域被检查18。因此,保持暴露的持续时间为最小,特别是在多普勒成像。监管机构,如美国超声波医学会(AIUM),英国医学超声学会(BMUS),学会欧洲联盟为超声波在医学和生物学(EFSUMB)和世界联合会超声医学与生物学(WFUMB),发表了关于机械和热指数超声诊断的指导方针。热和机械指数小于1的普遍接受的安全18。标准设置应该保持在这些指导方针指示的范围内,考试期间调整设置时,应该确保遵守这些准则,特别是在彩色多普勒检查。确保打开多普勒模式关闭,并切换回正常成像模式,一旦多普勒检查完毕。迄今没有任何证据的超声检查新生儿的不良影响。已经有推迟讲话轻度风险增加的报道,左利手的男孩和胎儿宫内生长受限胎儿暴露于超声波18后。最近的系统评价发现,在怀孕期间超声检查没有不良围产期或儿童相关outcomË19。然而,在大多数的研究检讨超声机器被用来以较少输出电位比现有18。

记住上述安全问题,在超声技术的进一步发展将导致改善图像质量,并会扩大CUS成像的可能性。例子包括便携式手持设备,无线传感器,3D成像,功能性超声和ShearWave弹性成像。

总之,多普勒CUS是一个很好的,价格相对低廉的工具,对于有经验的串行新生儿床旁神经影像学检查。优化利用现有的设备和技术提供了更好的成像质量,提高CUS的诊断价值。

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Materials

Name Company Catalog Number Comments
MyLab 70 Esaote (Genoa, Italy) Ultrasound system

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References

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医药,第96,医学,新生儿,早产,成像,超声多普勒
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Ecury-Goossen, G. M., Camfferman, F. More

Ecury-Goossen, G. M., Camfferman, F. A., Leijser, L. M., Govaert, P., Dudink, J. State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates. J. Vis. Exp. (96), e52238, doi:10.3791/52238 (2015).

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