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Medicine

State of the Art Kranie Ultrasound Imaging hos nyfødte

Published: February 2, 2015 doi: 10.3791/52238

Protocol

BEMÆRK: Denne protokol følger retningslinjerne i den lokale menneskelige videnskabsetisk komité.

1. Generelle overvejelser

BEMÆRK: Generelle betragtninger med hensyn til udstyr, datalagring og sikkerhed behandles i diskussionen.

  1. Anskaf billeder ved hjælp af en høj opløsning, real-time, mobil 2D ultralyd maskine med flere transducere med et bånd af frekvenser (se diskussion). Typisk opnå billeder af god kvalitet ved anvendelse af en probe med en frekvens på 7,5 til 8,5 MHz.

2. Forberedelse af CUS eksamen

  1. Planlæg CUS undersøgelse, så den ikke falder sammen med andre procedurer såsom blodprøvetagning.
  2. Sørg for, at en sundhedspleje arbejdstager eller en forælder til at understøtte og / eller komfort den nyfødte under eksamen, ved hjælp af strategier som dem i henhold til principperne i Newborn Individualiseret Developmental Care and Assessment Program 6 </ Sup>.

3. Undersøgelse Gennem Anterior Fontanel

  1. Installer ultralyd maskine langs inkubatoren eller barneseng.
  2. Påfør transducer gel til sonden for at sikre god kontakt mellem proben og huden. Overvej opvarmning af gelen før brug.
  3. Start billeddannelse gennem den forreste fontanelle med en konveks probe i B-mode. Placer sonden i midten af ​​fontanel med markøren på proben drejes til højre side af den nyfødte. Den venstre side af hjernen vil blive vist i højre side af skærmen.
    BEMÆRK: Imaging gennem den forreste fontanelle kan udføres med den nyfødte i enhver position 3. Til forskningsformål kan det være nødvendigt at stræbe efter en standard hoved position.
    1. Optag billeder i mindst fem koronale og fem sagittale planer. I det første billede justere dybde, forstærkning og tidsindstillinger gain compensation at producere et billede fylde sektoren, der indeholder de kraniale konturer undgåing for lyse eller mørke billeder, og sigter mod en ligevægt mellem refleksioner fra nærliggende og dybere strukturer.
    2. Koronale fly
      BEMÆRK: Prøv at opnå perfekt symmetriske billeder. Når læsioner nær frontallappen konveksitet er mistanke, overveje at optage specifikke skrå koronale sektioner, således at den ene halvkugle vises i bedre detaljer (figur 1).
      1. For koronale præfrontale billedet, at vinkle probe fremad visualisere pandelapperne, forreste til frontal horn de laterale ventrikler på niveau med det olfaktoriske sulci.
      2. For koronale billedet på niveau med Monro, vinkel sonden for at visualisere den koronale sektion forreste til tela choroidea at skildre de forreste horn de laterale ventrikler, cavum septi pellucidi, corpus callosum, sulcus cinguli. Bemærk ekkogenicitet af dele af basalganglierne.
      3. For den koronale billede på niveauet for thalamus, vinkel sonden bagud for at identificere den seneRAL revner, tela choroidea i taget af den tredje ventrikel og tindingelapperne. Bemærk ekkogenicitet thalamus (især ventrolaterale kerner) i forhold til de basale ganglier. Bemærk, at netværket skade i pulvinar kan visualiseres i en ekstra koronalt sektion lige foran atrierne.
      4. For den koronale billede på niveau med atria, visualisere de laterale ventrikler på niveau choroid plexus. Identificer tindingelapperne og cerebellare halvkugler. Bemærk ekkogenicitet periventricular hvide substans i forhold til choroid plexus. Sammenlign optisk stråling med de normale hyperekkoiske områder over og laterale til atrierne hos præmature nyfødte.
      5. For den koronale parieto-occipital billedet, for at vinkel sonden bagud til niveauet af parieto-occipital sulcus identificere parietal og occipital lapper.
    3. Isseplanerne
      1. Drej sonden 90 ° med markøren på proben vender mod nyfødte ansigt. The forreste del af hjernen vil blive vist i venstre side af skærmen. Optag billeder på niveau med følgende strukturer (figur 2).
      2. For midsagittal billede, visualisere hjernebjælken, cavum septi pellucidi (CSP), tredje og fjerde ventrikel, vermis, Cisterna Magna, pons og mesencephalon. Bemærk tilstedeværelsen af cavum Vergae og cavum Veli interpositi 7.
      3. For parasagittal billede gennem en gangliothalamic ægformede (f.eks højre), vinkel sonden sidelæns for en parasagittal udsyn gennem den laterale ventrikel. Identificer chorioideus plexus og bemærk ekkogenicitet af thalamus og basalganglierne. Det scannede side for parasagittal fly bør det angives tydeligt med tekst-værktøjer.
      4. For parasagittal ø billede, vinkel sonden yderligere sideværts gennem insula. Identificer den laterale revne og frontal-, temporal-, parietal- og occipital lapper.
      5. Gentag parasagittal billeder til than kontralaterale side (dvs. til venstre).
    4. Color Doppler
      1. Fortsæt billeddannelse gennem den forreste fontanelle med en konveks sonde hjælp farve Doppler. Overvej evaluering strømningshastigheder i cerebrale arterier og vener og opnåelse afledte indeks.
        BEMÆRK: Modstandsindeks (RI) er defineret som maksimal systolisk hastighed - slutdiastolisk hastighed / maksimale systoliske hastighed. RI er vinkel-uafhængig absolutte hastighed værdier ikke 8-10. RI er ikke ens i arterierne i forskellig kaliber. Serielle målinger er kun nyttig, hvis udført i nøjagtig samme placering af samme fartøj.
    5. Optag billeder i koronale planer for følgende fartøjer (Figur 3):
      1. Pletterne af tværgående bihuler på niveauet for cerebellum. Hvis kun én eller ingen er den tværgående bihuler visualiseret, kan du prøve at sænke pulsrepetitionsfrekvens (PRF). Hvis så stadig kun én eller ingen af ​​de tværgående bihulerkan identificeres gennem den forreste fontanelle, bruge en høj frekvens lineær sonde til visualisering gennem mastoid fontanel (se afsnit 4.4.2).
      2. Visualiser kredsen af ​​Willis med interne halspulsårer, midterste cerebrale arterier og forreste cerebrale arterier på niveau med de følehorn af de laterale ventrikler. Skelne de venstre og højre anterior cerebrale arterier er ofte en udfordring, men er sædvanligvis unødvendig. Identificer de striatale kandelabre af arterierne.
      3. Vinkel sonden bagud for at visualisere basilararterien med tilstødende halsvener.
      4. Vinkel endnu mere bagud for at visualisere de indre cerebrale og thalamostriate vener.
    6. Optage et billede i det sagittale plan af en anterior cerebral arterie (figur 4). Vurdering strømningshastighed og RI på en bestemt del af denne beholder (sædvanligvis under ægt af corpus callosum). I nærheden af ​​midterlinjen hastigheder i det indre cerebral vene kan værelet måles.
    7. Ved hjælp af en højfrekvent lineær sonde i en koronale plan i den forreste fontanelle, identificere den overlegne sagittale sinus. Hvis det skulle svigte, reducere mængden af ​​tryk, der påføres med sonden til fontanel.
      BEMÆRK: lineære sonde kan bruges til detaljeret visualisering af overfladiske strukturer (meninges, arachnoid og subdural rum, cortex). Tangentielle skibe er i subarachnoidealrummet. Ideelt set vil dopplerbilledbehandling som beskrevet i de foregående trin skal udføres i løbet af første CUS undersøgelse af den nyfødte. Under opfølgende undersøgelse nogle af trinnene kan springes over. I tilfælde af mistanke om cerebral sinovenous trombose dopplerbilledbehandling som beskrevet i trin 3.3.5.1, 3.3.7 og 4.4.2 skal udføres.

4. Undersøgelse gennem alternative Acoustic Windows

  1. Dernæst fortsætter undersøgelse gennem alternative akustiske vinduer.
  2. Overvej optagelse af billeder gennem lambdoid (posTERIOR) Fontanel ved hjælp af en konveks probe (figur 5). Den bageste fontanel er placeret ved krydset af de sagittale og lambdoid suturer 3,11. Billede gennem den bageste fontanel ved at placere den nyfødte i lateral decubitus position.
    BEMÆRK: I mange for tidligt fødte spædbørn kan også opnås tilfredsstillende billeder gennem den bageste del af det sagittale sutur med spædbarnet i rygleje 3.
    1. Placer sonden i midten af ​​den bageste fontanel en sagittal visning. Vinkel sonden smule off midterlinjen at identificere kroppen af ​​den laterale ventrikel og occipital horn. Drej sonden ca. 90 ° for at opnå en koronal visning. Identificere de occipital horn de laterale ventrikler.
  3. Overvej optagelse af billeder gennem den laterale (tidsmæssige) vinduet med en konveks eller lineær sonde over øret (figur 6).
    1. Hvis det er nødvendigt, få billeder via den laterale vindue for at tillade endetaljeret billede af hjernestammen 12. Placer sonden vandret over og lidt foran øret. Flyt sonden, indtil cerebrale stilke visualiseres.
      BEMÆRK: Andre strukturer, der kan identificeres, er den tredje ventrikel, akvædukt og tindingelapperne. Brug af farve Doppler, kan kredsen af ​​Willis visualiseres.
  4. Optag billeder gennem mastoid fontanel (figur 7). Mastoid fontanel er placeret bag øret, ved krydset af den tidsmæssige, parietal og occipital knogler 4. Billede gennem mastoid fontanel ved at placere den nyfødte i en lateral decubitus position 3.
    BEMÆRK: Det er vores erfaring, nyfødte viser ofte tegn på ubehag, når billeder gennem mastoid fontanel opnås. Derfor ville det være bedst at gøre dette efter billeddannelse gennem den forreste fontanelle og andre akustiske vinduer. Vi hypotesen, at dette ubehag kan skyldes mekanismen for auditive reaktion på pulses af radiofrekvens energi 13.
    1. Billede gennem mastoid fontanel ved hjælp af en konveks probe. Placer sonden parallel til øret for at opnå en koronal visning. Fej sonden frem og tilbage for at identificere de cerebellare halvkugler, vermis, tredje og fjerde ventrikel, pons og Cisterna magna. I små preterms den kontralaterale cerebellar hemisfære kan godt afbildet.
    2. Billede gennem mastoid fontanel anvendelse af en lineær sonde. Hvis (en af) ikke kan identificeres de tværgående bihuler gennem den forreste fontanelle, bruge en høj frekvens lineær sonde til visualisering gennem mastoid fontanelle. Placer sonden parallelt med øreflippen at opnå en koronal visning.
      1. Identificer cerebellar hemisfære og fjerde ventrikel. Brug af farve Doppler, identificere tværgående og sigmoid sinus, tentorial sinus og udsending vener.
  5. Overveje yderligere visualisering af posterior fossa gennem foramen magnum 14.

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Representative Results

Eksempler på billeddannelse fremstillet ifølge den beskrevne protokol er vist i figur 1 - 7. Billeder bør nøje fortolket af en erfaren iagttager. Symmetrisk billeddannelse er nødvendige for en tilstrækkelig fortolkning af koronale billeder lavet gennem det forreste fontanelle (figur 1). Enhver mistanke om læsion skal visualiseres i både en koronale og (midten) sagittalplan eller ved visualisering gennem en anden virksomhed end den forreste fontanelle akustiske vindue. Brug Color Doppler til visualisering af intracerebrale skibe (figur 3, 4, 6 og 7). Nogle eksempler på intracerebrale læsioner er vist i figur 5 (højre posterior cerebral arterie slagtilfælde, blodprop i laterale ventrikel) og 6 (striatal venøs overtrædelse, tredje ventrikel størkne). Pålidelig måling med lineære, elliptoid og gratis tracing værktøjer er en del af den rutinemæssige imaging (figur 7

Figur 1
Figur 1:. Kronafsnit Imaging gennem anterior fontanelle ved standard koronale fly.
Forkortelser:
L = venstre
R = højre
VL = ventrolaterale kerner af thalamus
Klik her for at se en større udgave af dette tal.

Figur 2
Figur 2: (Para) sagittale sektioner billeder via anterior fontanelle på standard (para) sagittale sektioner..
Forkortelser: <br /> CSP = cavum septi pellucidi
V3 = tredje ventrikel
Klik her for at se en større udgave af dette tal.

Figur 3
Figur 3: Supragingival Doppler Koronale farve Doppler billeder via anterior fontanelle..
Forkortelser:
Basilar en. = Basilar arterie
ICA = intern halspulsåre
ICV = intern carotis vene
L = venstre
MCA = midterste cerebralarterie
R = højre
Klik her for at se en større udgave af dette tal.

Figur 4
Figur 4: (Para) sagittalt Doppler. (Para) sagittale farve Doppler billeder via anterior fontanelle.
Forkortelser:
ACA = anterior cerebral arterie
Basilar en. = Basilar arterie
Klik her for at se en større udgave af dette tal.

Figur 5
Figur 5:. Lambdoid view Imaging gennem lambdoid fontanel.
Forkortelser:
PCA = posteriore cerebrale arterie
Klik her for at se en større udgave af dette tal.

Figur 6
Figur 6: Temporal (lateral) visning. Imaging gennem lateral fontanel.
Forkortelser:
ACA A1 = A1 segment af anterior cerebral arterie
Acha = forreste choroidal arterie
MCA = midterste cerebralarterie
PCA = posteriore cerebrale arterie
V3 = tredje ventrikel
V4 = fjerde ventrikel
Klik her for at se en større udgave af dette tal.

Figur 7
Figur 7:. Mastoid view Imaging gennem mastoid fontanel.
Forkortelser:
V4 = fjerde ventrikel
Klik her for at se en større udgave af dette tal.

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Discussion

Vi beskriver og demonstrere en state-of-the-art tilgang til neonatal Doppler CUS. I erfarne hænder, dette er et fremragende værktøj til sikker, seriel bedside neonatal hjernescanning. I mange Nicus ikke anvendes optimalt de beskrevne muligheder. Tilføjelse Doppler undersøgelser giver mulighed for screening af åbenheden af ​​intrakranielle arterier og vener. Strømningshastigheder kan evalueres og indekser opnået. Doppler CUS tillader påvisning af cerebral sinovenous trombose på et tidligt tidspunkt i den skrøbelige tværs sigmoid sinus vinkel, så terapeutisk intervention før slagtilfælde 2. Anvendelse af supplerende akustiske vinduer forøger påvisning af hjerneskade.

En anden meget anvendt teknik til Neuroimaging i kritisk syge nyfødte børn er MR. MR giver fremragende billedkvalitet og anses bedre CUS identificere cerebellare læsioner og hvid substans skade 15. Men MRI er dyrt og dets kliniske anvendelse i Nicus er begrænsetpå grund af logistiske og sikkerhedsmæssige spørgsmål 1. CUS på den anden side er forholdsvis billig, direkte tilgængelige og tillader serielle bedside billeddannelse. En lokal protokol for sekventiel CUS billeddannelse er ønskelig. Brugen af supplerende akustiske vinduer, farve Doppler imaging, højere transducer frekvenser og omhyggelig tolkning af billeder af en erfaren observatørgrupper resultater i høj nøjagtighed at identificere hjernelæsioner (Plaisier, et al., Upublicerede data).

Kort sagt, CUS er en velrenommeret værktøj til neonatal hjernescanning. For optimal udnyttelse af teknikken, der er aspekter med hensyn til udstyr, datalagring og sikkerhed, som skal løses. Sørg specielle indstillinger for neonatal hjerne er programmeret på ultralyd maskine. Brug flere transducere med et bånd af frekvenser. Overvej hvilke sonde er bedst egnet til det område af interesse. I almindelighed kan billeder af god kvalitet opnås ved anvendelse af en probe med en frekvens på 7,5 til 8,5 MHz. En højere freformere medfører tab af penetration. En lavere frekvens giver mulighed for bedre indtrængning og dermed et bedre overblik over dybere strukturer, såsom dyb grå substans. Ulempen ved en lavere transducerfrekvens er tab af opløsning. Dette kan løses ved at tilpasse fokus eller ved hjælp af flere fokuspunkter. Ultralydsstrålen har den smalleste bredde ved dybden af ​​fokuspunktet. Tilpasning af fokuspunkt derfor forbedrer opløsning, hvilket giver et mere detaljeret billede af området af interesse. Brug af flere fokuspunkter giver en bedre visualisering af området mellem disse punkter. For standard CUS er fokuspunkt fortrinsvis rettet mod den ventrikulære eller periventrikulære områder 16. Flere fokuspunkter kan forårsage artefakter. Overvej hvilke sonde størrelse er mest egnet til billeddannelse. Prober er tilgængelige i forskellige former og størrelser. Ideelt set bør fodaftryk være lille nok til at passe i den forreste fontanelle, hvilket nødvendiggør en konveks scanhead. I de mindste præmature spædbørn, kunfasede probe kan være lille nok til at passe i den forreste fontanelle: i denne probe ultralydsstrålen afviger fra ét punkt. Fasede konvekse sonder producerer pie-formede (sektor) billeder. I en lineær transducer, er krystal elementer anbragt parallelt med hinanden, der producerer et rektangulært billede med høj billedkvalitet. Dog vil de højfrekvente medfører tab af penetration og på grund af sin størrelse den lineære transducer ikke optimalt passer i den forreste fontanelle.

Erhvervelse billeder af god kvalitet ikke kun afhænger af kvaliteten af ​​det anvendte udstyr, men også på de færdigheder af eksaminator. Sørg operatører er uddannet i neonatal CUS. Operatører bør være bekendt med funktioner som forstærkning, tid gain kompensation, dynamikområde, filtre speckle reduktion.

Sørg kvalificeret teknisk personale er til rådighed for betjeningsudstyr. Prober indeholder fine komponenter, som let kan blive beskadigethvis den ikke håndteres med omhu. Lav en bevidst indsats for at beskytte udstyr under daglig brug. Overvej, hvordan til at gemme de opnåede billeder. De kan digitalt lagret eller udskrives og opbevares med patientens journal.

Man bør være opmærksom på de potentielle risici og byrder for CUS for kritisk syge nyfødte børn. Den ekstra håndtering involveret i behandlingen og anvende pres og kold gel til fontanel (er) kunne føre til respiratorisk ustabilitet. Også, der er en potentiel risiko for at gribe forstyrrende rør eller intravenøse indretninger, indføre mikroorganismer fra udstyr, der ikke er behørigt rengjort eller fra eksaminator, og eventuelle skadelige virkninger af ultralyd bølger 17. Disse spørgsmål kan forebygges eller reduceres med temmelig enkle forholdsregler. Som nævnt tidligere, skal barnet blive understøttet af en sundhedspleje arbejdstager eller forælder i overensstemmelse med principperne i Newborn Individualiseret Developmental Care and Assessment Program 6. Mens hÅNDTERING proben holde det påførte tryk til et minimum. Cold gel kan opvarmes før eksamen. Ultralyd udstyr skal rengøres regelmæssigt. Efter hver undersøgelse sonden skal tørres rene. Rådfør dig med producenten om sonder er velegnede til tørre den af ​​med desinfektionsmiddel.

På vævsniveau, er ultralyd energi omdannes til varme, som kan øge den lokale temperatur. Mængden af ​​energi, der absorberes, afhænger af vævstype, varighed af eksponering og ultralyd tilstand eller rute. Dopplerbilledbehandling dog har højere potentiel produktion i forhold til standard B-mode billeddannelse, på grund af dens intensitet og det lille område af væv, der undersøges 18. Derfor holder varigheden af ​​eksponeringen til et minimum, især i dopplerbilledbehandling. Regulerende organer såsom American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM), British Medical Ultrasound Society (BMus), European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine og biologi (EFSUMB), og World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine og biologi (WFUMB), har offentliggjort retningslinjer for mekaniske og termiske indeks for diagnostisk ultralyd. Termiske og mekaniske indeks mindre end en er generelt accepteret som sikre 18. Standard indstillinger bør holdes inden for det interval angives i disse retningslinjer, og når justering af indstillinger under behandlingen bør man sørge for at overholde disse retningslinjer, især i farve Doppler undersøgelse. Sørg for at slukke for Doppler-mode fra og skifte tilbage til normal billedbehandlingstype så snart Doppler undersøgelse er afsluttet. Til dato er der ingen tegn på bivirkninger af ultralydsundersøgelse hos nyfødte. Der har været rapporter om en mildt øget risiko for forsinket tale, forlod håndethed hos drenge og intrauterin vækst begrænsning efter føtal eksponering for ultralyd 18. En nylig systematisk gennemgang konstateret, at ultralydsscanning under graviditet ikke var forbundet med negativ perinatal eller barndom OutCome 19. Men i de fleste af de gennemgåede studier ultralyd maskiner blev brugt med mindre output potentiale end øjeblikket 18.

Holde de førnævnte sikkerhedsspørgsmål i tankerne, vil yderligere fremskridt i ultralyd teknologi føre til forbedring af billedkvalitet og vil udvide mulighederne for CUS billeddannelse. Eksempler omfatter bærbare håndholdte enheder, trådløse transducere, 3D-billeder, funktionel ultrasonography og ShearWave elastografi.

Afslutningsvis Doppler CUS er en fremragende, forholdsvis billig værktøj til seriel neonatal bedside Neuroimaging i erfarne hænder. Optimal udnyttelse af de foreliggende udstyr og teknikker giver en bedre billedkvalitet og forbedrer diagnostiske værdi af CUS.

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Materials

Name Company Catalog Number Comments
MyLab 70 Esaote (Genoa, Italy) Ultrasound system

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References

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  15. Rutherford, M. A., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of white matter diseases of prematurity. Neuroradiology. 52 (6), 505-521 (2010).
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  18. Houston, L. E., Odibo, A. O., Macones, G. A. The safety of obstetrical ultrasound: a review. Prenatal Diagnosis. 29 (13), 1204-1212 (2009).
  19. Torloni, M. R., et al. Safety of ultrasonography in pregnancy: WHO systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology. 33 (5), 599-608 (2009).

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Medicine Medicin nyfødte Preterm Imaging Ultralyd Doppler
State of the Art Kranie Ultrasound Imaging hos nyfødte
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Ecury-Goossen, G. M., Camfferman, F. More

Ecury-Goossen, G. M., Camfferman, F. A., Leijser, L. M., Govaert, P., Dudink, J. State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates. J. Vis. Exp. (96), e52238, doi:10.3791/52238 (2015).

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