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Medicine

小梁响应压升高在活的人类眼睛

Published: June 20, 2015 doi: 10.3791/52611

Summary

小梁网(TM)迁移进入施累姆氏管的空间可以由急性压力上升来诱导由ophthalmodynamometer,并通过谱域光学相干断层扫描观察。该方法的目标是要量化活流出道急性压力升高的在生物体组织的原位的形态反应。

Abstract

小梁网(TM)的机械特性都与流出阻力和眼内压(IOP)调节。这种技术背后的基本原理是直接观察以旧换新急性眼压升高的机械反应。在扫描之前,眼压测量在基线和在IOP升高。角膜缘是在基线和在高眼压扫描谱域光学相干断层扫描(ophthalmodynamometer(ODM)施加于30挤压力g)。扫描处理,以提高使用ImageJ房水外流通路的可视化。血管地标被用于识别在基线和高眼压扫描体积相对应的位置。 Schlemm管(SC)的截面积(SC-CSA)和由前向沿其长轴后路SC长度手动在SC的1毫米段内10个位置测量。平均数内到外壁上的距离(短轴长度)计算为SC的由划分区域其长轴长度。为了检查邻近组织的效果的IOP升高的贡献,重复测量不具有和具有平滑肌松弛与托滴注。 TM迁移进入SC由TM刚度抵抗,但由它附着到相邻的平滑肌睫状体内的支持增强。这种技术是在第一测量生理条件下,人眼内的活的人类TM响应于压力上升的原位

Introduction

青光眼是全球第二大不可逆转的失明1的原因。升高的眼内压(IOP)是用于青光眼2-7的存在和发展的主要致病危险因素。  眼压是由房水8的形成和流出之间的平衡调节。最大流出阻力的位置是juxtacanicular组织和Schlemm管(SC)的内壁,SC和小梁网(TM)9-11之间的接口。而TM刚度可以在IOP升高的脸向预防SC崩溃,奥弗等人 12最近证明在青光眼基因表达被改变,从而提高SC内皮变硬,妨碍形成气孔,导致高眼压中青光眼13。 TM形态和刚度与相关设施的流出14,15,强调牛逼他需要测量其生物力学特性。

以旧换新的原子力显微镜测量表明高架刚度眼青光眼患者(81千帕)捐赠的眼睛捐助者无青光眼(4.0千帕)16相比,但这些测量是在解剖离体组织进行。后TM被锚定到经由纵肌细胞中插入到外lamellated和cribiform TM 17的前肌腱睫状肌。睫状肌(CM)的活动可能会增加TM绷紧,酷似TM升高17的刚度。观察改建耐诱导的平滑肌扰动SC崩溃的能力已经显示出在动物模型18。我们已经证明了能够非侵入性图像的主房水外流系统在活的人的眼睛的远端并包括SC使用谱域光学相干断层扫描(OCT)<SUP> 19-21。使用这种技术,我们已经证明,量化TM和SC急性IOP升高22的形态反应的能力。

本文所描述的方法的总体目标是量化活流出道急性IOP升高的在生物体组织中原位形态响应。这种技术具有检查在生理条件下对TM,其中既包括收缩纤维活性的T M和CM以TM刚度内贡献相比,在解剖组织制成公布的测量的优点。背后采用这种技术来观察机械TM响应的理由是,它为我们提供了其他原因无法分析上市公司以旧换新,我们现在知道被直接链接到水流出阻力,眼压第13条的力学性能。辨别收缩组织对整体刚度,小的银的贡献受试者室温进行了检查,并没有与抑制平滑肌的活动由托的管理。

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Protocol

伦理声明:批准从医学匹兹堡大学的大学机构审查委员会获得的对象招募开始之前。参与研究之前提供所有受试者签署知情同意书。

1.数据采集

  1. 压力上升
    1. 取基线测量(眼压和OCT测量)灌输一滴0.5%丙美卡因的入眼睛。等待3分钟的疗效。
    2. 轻轻施加压力的时间巩膜与ophthalmodynamometer,将30g在第1组,和5,然后用10克队列2。然后取所需的(眼压及OCT)测量如下
      1. 眼压测量
        1. 测量基线眼压。如第1.1节所述升高的压力。
        2. 在第1组灌输一滴0.5%丙美卡因的,允许3分钟为疗效,并应用将30克的压力来巩膜。当压力被应用,测量眼压使用眼压计厂家专业如下cturer的说明。
        3. 在第2组,灌输一滴0.5%丙美卡因的,允许3分钟为疗效,并使用ophthalmodynamometer申请将5g巩膜压力。期间使用眼压计根据制造商的说明压力上升测量眼压。
          1. 等待5克测定后5分钟。
          2. 应用将10克巩膜压力ophthalmodynamometer,并使用以下制造商的说明在眼压计中压力上升测量眼压。记录在研究记录中的IOP和条件( 基准或10克)。
      2. 华侨城扫描
        1. 座位在OCT扫描仪的主题。输入病人的人口统计数据为新的科目,或者从先前扫描的科目华侨城数据库回忆人口统计数据。
        2. 选择的前部部分512×128的扫描协议。居中眼在视频图像的窗口。降低扫描器之间的距离和眼睛直到角膜断层图像显示在扫描窗口
        3. 利用口头指令通过引导病人注视在鼻方向定位颞缘到扫描窗口的中心
        4. 获得基线扫描,并查看质量扫描。如果可以接受,保存,如果不能接受,重复此步骤。
          1. 接受扫描如果没有闪烁,并且角度被可视化在整个体积而不漂流断图像的边缘或翻转顶部。
        5. 灌输一滴0.5%丙美卡因的,允许3分钟的疗效,并重复步骤1.3.2至1.3.5。
        6. 为1组,应用将30克巩膜压力ophthalmodynamometer,并获得扫描的同时施加压力的状态。卸下压力和审查质量的扫描。如果可以接受,保存,如果不能接受,重复此步骤。
        7. 对于队列2,加5克巩膜压力ophthalmodynamomETER,并且获得在扫描的同时施加压力的状态。卸下压力和审查质量的扫描。如果可以接受,保存,如果不能接受,重复此步骤。
        8. 等待5分钟,让眼睛从5克压力扰动中恢复过来。
        9. 为第2组,应用将10克巩膜压力ophthalmodynamometer,并获得扫描的同时施加压力的状态。卸下压力和审查质量的扫描。如果可以接受,保存,如果不能接受,重复此步骤。
        10. 记录扫描时间,条件在研究记录( 即,基线或10克)和位置。

2.数据处理

  1. 插头的高容量的USB存储设备插入十月从华侨城记录菜单中选择“ 导出 ”。指定一个文件位置为USB驱动器上的导出文件。取消选择“.ZIP”选项。输入SC患者姓名答要出口,并选择扫描出口。启动出口。
  2. 当导出完成后,卸载USB驱动器,并从华侨城删除。请将包含导出图像到图像处理工作站的高容量USB驱动器。
  3. 在这种情况下的ImageJ推出的图像处理程序。
  4. 导入原始图像数据;选择“ 文件- >导入- >原始 ”从文件菜单中。选择与结尾的“_cube_raw.img”被从USB驱动器处理的文件。
  5. 保存使用新名称导入的文件,使原来的图象数据被保存不变(http://www.ori.dhhs.gov/education/products/RIandImages)。
  6. 进入导入参数如下,图片类型:8位,宽度:512,高度:1,024偏移:0;图片数:128。
  7. 从插件菜单中选择“> StackReg插件- - >研究egistration”。然后选择“ 刚体“选项。然后选择“ 文件- >另存为- > TIFF”保存对齐堆栈。
  8. 选择“ 过程- >过滤器- > 3D平均 ”从过程菜单。输入参数X = 1,Y = 1和Z = 1作为过滤器选项。重复此步骤两次。
  9. 选择“ 文件- >另存为- > TIFF”,保存平均堆栈。旋转鼠标滚轮移动到活动的堆栈帧1。
  10. 选择“ 过程- >增强局部对比度(CLAHE)”,从处理菜单。使用参数块大小:31,直方图箱:256,最大坡度:5,面膜:没有,勾选“快速”选项。使用右箭头键前进到下一帧。
  11. 移动到活动堆栈帧2和重复流程 - >增强局部对比度(CLAHE)。重复,直到所有的帧有对比增强。
  12. 选择“ 文件- >另存为- > TIFF”;保存对比增强栈。然后选择“ 图像- >调整- >大小 ”从图像菜单。取消选择“ 约束纵横比 ”选项,然后输入宽:2048,高:1024值。
  13. 选择“ 图像- >变换- >垂直翻转 ”从图像菜单。然后选择“ 分析- >设置比例 ”,从分析菜单。以像素为单位输入距离:2048,已知的距离:4000,而像素长宽比:1,然后单击确定。选择“ 文件- >另存为- > TIFF”,保存校准1:1宽高比堆栈。
  14. 慢慢转动鼠标滚轮来直观地检查扫描,以确定一个鲜明的船只穿越作为一个点的扫描范围内引用。记录在分析电子表格中的图像数目和参考帧号。
  15. 按左方向键15次赴第一次测量框架。选择“写意SelectionsR21;从工具栏。
  16. 鼠标放置在SC的中心,按向上箭头。重复此步骤,直到SC充满屏幕。
  17. 手动段SC由盘旋的边界用鼠标。按住控制(Ctrl)键,然后按D当前图像帧。按住Ctrl键,然后按M.转录SC截面积和测量帧数的测量分析电子表格。取消选择的轮廓区域。按右箭头键3次。直到SC已经在10帧为单位重复此步骤。
  18. 按左方向键30次返回到第一测量框架。
  19. 从工具栏中选择直线段工具。
  20. 借鉴SC上最前到最靠后的位置的直线。按住Ctrl键,然后按D仅当前帧。按住Ctrl键,然后按M.抄表SC长度和帧数来分析电子表格。取消选择的轮廓区域。按下右箭头键3次。直到SC长度已在相同的10帧作为对SC截面积被测量重复此步骤。
  21. 插入公式SC-IOWD = SC-CSA /轴向长度到电子表格分析除以面积测量的长度测量计算平均SC内壁至外壁的距离(SC-IOWD)。
  22. 按左方向键30次返回到第一测量框架。
  23. 从工具栏中选择直线段工具。
  24. 从画一条直线最前的​​SC到小梁网和前室的边界。确保线垂直于边界。按住Ctrl键,然后按D,然后M.
  25. 绘制从SC的最靠后的位置和TM的边界和前房的线。确保垂直于边界线。按住控制并按下D,则M.
  26. 绘制从SC的中心和TM的边界和前房的线。确保林Ë垂直边界。按住Ctrl键,然后按D仅当前帧。
  27. 录制三个TM厚度测量和帧号到分析电子表格。要做到这一点按右箭头键3次。直到TM厚度已经在相同的10帧作为对SC截面积被测量重复此步骤。

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Representative Results

利用这些数据采集和图像分析技术,对流出道形态学参数眼压小和大的变化,如SC截面积的影响,获得( 图1)。我们可以看到,水平高的眼压增加产生的SC的可观察到的塌陷,因为由大的减少的截面面积表示。眼睛看来是能够容纳小增加眼压,就证明了缺乏变化的SC-CSA的( 图1)。这些结果表明,该技术能够定量流出道的锐角眼压挑战的形态反应。技术或技术没有其他家庭既提供有关流出道生物力学的视觉和定量信息。

整个研究过程中,观察到在TM厚度没有显著变化。响应于一个23毫米汞柱眼压升高,SC内到外壁距离减少了5.03微米。 W¯¯ithout和抑制平滑肌的活动,一个6毫米汞柱增加眼压造成SC内外壁的距离由0.18微米和2.34微米的下降分别。此外,基线的SC-CSA从4597±2503微米2下降到3588±1198微米2(平均值±标准差)与平滑肌的活性抑制。一起,与来自睫状肌其中插入到外lamellated和cribiform TM 17前肌腱的插入,这意味着一个控制系统,以保持涉及平滑肌SC通畅。进一步的研究是值得。

图1
图1. Schlemm管区域与在活的眼睛的眼内压。Schlemm管(SC)提供从受试者的两个队列横截面积。在我误差线目前1标准误差ntraocular压(IOP)上的X轴和SC面积上的Y轴。

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Discussion

本技术利用非侵入性的观察软组织的机械响应量化的SC崩溃。利用人类尸体的眼睛今后的工作中,需要解剖后校准组织变形实际组织硬度。但是,这样的研究将遭受先前流出模型的相同的限制;具体地,该活肌到组织张力的贡献将不存在。在哺乳动物活眼模型进一步校准可以让影像和TM的刚度直接测量校准。

有几个限制的技术。它尚待证实在其他平台华侨城。该文献表明,相同的结构可被可视化在其他的OCT设备,然而灵敏度与急性眼压升高在这些设备相关的尚未被证明在人眼的变化。本装置采用了方便,因为没有额外的光学是所需的眼前段扫描。最大的挑战这项工作是扫描识别范围内的SC。这是不可能的一个片内肯定识别SC。体积的询问需要首先找到的含有组织SC的区域。其身份,然后通过观察收集渠道窦口,和互连SC的各个环节中出现一片切片证实。根据我们的经验,SC将呈现为可合并成单一的大开口附近的一个收藏家通道口,或折叠到完全关闭的捏段内缘0〜4开口之间。

这种突破技术的最大意义在于,有没有其他的选择TM刚度原位的评估。以旧换新的形态和刚度与相关设施的流出14,15,强调需要测量的流出途径的生物力学特性。在未来,这样的测量可以提供深入了解当前在青光眼的管理不可用。

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Disclosures

舒曼博士收到版权费知识产权由美国麻省理工学院和马萨诸塞州眼耳医院蔡司公司许可

Materials

Name Company Catalog Number Comments
Spectral Domain OCT Zeiss Cirrus
Imaging Workstation Apple iMac
Ophthalmodynamometer Baillairt Matalene Ophthalmodynamometer, Surgical instruments CO., Inc. New York, NY
Image Processing Program rsb.info.nih.gov/ij ImageJ, FIJI

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References

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  18. Li, G., et al. Pilocarpine-induced dilation of Schlemm's canal and prevention of lumen collapse at elevated intraocular pressures in living mice visualized by OCT. Investigative ophthalmolog., & visual scienc. 55, 3737-3746 (2014).
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  20. Kagemann, L., et al. 3D visualization of aqueous humor outflow structures in-situ in humans. Experimental eye researc. 93, 308-315 (2011).
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Tags

医药,100期,光学相干断层扫描,小梁,生物力学,眼压,调节,房水外流
小梁响应压升高在活的人类眼睛
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Cite this Article

Kagemann, L., Wang, B., Wollstein,More

Kagemann, L., Wang, B., Wollstein, G., Ishikawa, H., Mentley, B., Sigal, I., Bilonick, R. A., Schuman, J. S. Trabecular Meshwork Response to Pressure Elevation in the Living Human Eye. J. Vis. Exp. (100), e52611, doi:10.3791/52611 (2015).

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    Obtaining Quality Extended Field-of-View Ultrasound Images of Skeletal Muscle to Measure Muscle Fascicle Length
  • Research • Medicine
    Lung CT Segmentation to Identify Consolidations and Ground Glass Areas for Quantitative Assesment of SARS-CoV Pneumonia
  • Research • Medicine
    Electroretinogram Recording for Infants and Children under Anesthesia to Achieve Optimal Dark Adaptation and International Standards
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of Tissue Oxygenation Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Capnography Sampling Line Compatibility and Accuracy when Used with a Portable Capnography Monitor
  • Research • Medicine
    Simultaneous Laryngopharyngeal and Conventional Esophageal pH Monitoring
  • Research • Medicine
    Real-Time Monitoring of Neurocritical Patients with Diffuse Optical Spectroscopies
  • Research • Neuroscience
    Evaluating Postural Control and Lower-extremity Muscle Activation in Individuals with Chronic Ankle Instability
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Dependence in Activities of Daily Living Among Older Patients in an Acute Care Unit
  • Research • Medicine
    Validated LC-MS/MS Panel for Quantifying 11 Drug-Resistant TB Medications in Small Hair Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    International Expert Consensus and Recommendations for Neonatal Pneumothorax Ultrasound Diagnosis and Ultrasound-guided Thoracentesis Procedure
  • Research • Biology
    A Finite Element Approach for Locating the Center of Resistance of Maxillary Teeth
  • Research • Medicine
    Lower Limb Biomechanical Analysis of Healthy Participants
  • Research • Neuroscience
    Assessing Early Stage Open-Angle Glaucoma in Patients by Isolated-Check Visual Evoked Potential
  • Research • Medicine
    Oral Health Assessment by Lay Personnel for Older Adults
  • Research • Medicine
    Determining and Controlling External Power Output During Regular Handrim Wheelchair Propulsion
  • Research • Medicine
    A Whole Body Dosimetry Protocol for Peptide-Receptor Radionuclide Therapy (PRRT): 2D Planar Image and Hybrid 2D+3D SPECT/CT Image Methods
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of Carotenoids in Perifovea using the Macular Pigment Reflectometer
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Static Graviceptive Perception in the Roll-Plane using the Subjective Visual Vertical Paradigm
  • Research • Medicine
    Learning Modern Laryngeal Surgery in a Dissection Laboratory
  • Research • Medicine
    DIPLOMA Approach for Standardized Pathology Assessment of Distal Pancreatectomy Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    A Computerized Functional Skills Assessment and Training Program Targeting Technology Based Everyday Functional Skills
  • Research • Medicine
    Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Integrating Augmented Reality Tools in Breast Cancer Related Lymphedema Prognostication and Diagnosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasonographic Assessment During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of the Hepatic Venous Pressure Gradient and Transjugular Liver Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Patient Directed Recording of a Bipolar Three-Lead Electrocardiogram using a Smartwatch with ECG Function
  • Research • Medicine
    Traditional Trail Making Test Modified into Brand-new Assessment Tools: Digital and Walking Trail Making Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Biopsy Data to Guide Sampling Procedures for Prostate Cancer Biobanking
  • Research • Medicine
    A Fluorescence-based Assay for Characterization and Quantification of Lipid Droplet Formation in Human Intestinal Organoids
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Non-invasive Method for the Detection of Elevated Intra-compartmental Pressures of the Leg
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Mapping of Specific Ventilation in the Human Lung using Proton Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Oxygen as a Contrast Agent
  • Research • Neuroscience
    Portable Thermographic Screening for Detection of Acute Wallenberg's Syndrome
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of MRI-ultrasound Fusion to Achieve Targeted Prostate Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Testing of all Six Semicircular Canals with Video Head Impulse Test Systems
  • Research • Medicine
    Protocol and Guidelines for Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Diagnosing Neonatal Pulmonary Diseases Based on International Expert Consensus
  • Research • Neuroscience
    Bilateral Assessment of the Corticospinal Pathways of the Ankle Muscles Using Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
  • Research • Medicine
    Targeting Gray Rami Communicantes in Selective Chemical Lumbar Sympathectomy
  • Research • Medicine
    Multi-Modal Home Sleep Monitoring in Older Adults
  • Research • Medicine
    Cardiac Magnetic Resonance for the Evaluation of Suspected Cardiac Thrombus: Conventional and Emerging Techniques
  • Research • Medicine
    Observational Study Protocol for Repeated Clinical Examination and Critical Care Ultrasonography Within the Simple Intensive Care Studies
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurements of Motor Function and Other Clinical Outcome Parameters in Ambulant Children with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of the Efficacy of An Osteopathic Treatment in Infants with Biomechanical Impairments to Suckling
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantification of Levator Ani Hiatus Enlargement by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Males and Females with Pelvic Organ Prolapse
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative [18F]-Naf-PET-MRI Analysis for the Evaluation of Dynamic Bone Turnover in a Patient with Facetogenic Low Back Pain
  • Research • Medicine
    Generation of Human 3D Lung Tissue Cultures (3D-LTCs) for Disease Modeling
  • Research • Medicine
    Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
  • Research • Medicine
    Combining Volumetric Capnography And Barometric Plethysmography To Measure The Lung Structure-function Relationship
  • Research • Medicine
    Two-Dimensional X-Ray Angiography to Examine Fine Vascular Structure Using a Silicone Rubber Injection Compound
  • Research • Medicine
    Preparation, Procedures and Evaluation of Platelet-Rich Plasma Injection in the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis
  • Research • Medicine
    Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging at 7 Tesla
  • Research • Medicine
    Semi-quantitative Assessment Using [18F]FDG Tracer in Patients with Severe Brain Injury
  • Research • Medicine
    Handheld Metal Detector Screening for Metallic Foreign Body Ingestion in Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Conducting Maximal and Submaximal Endurance Exercise Testing to Measure Physiological and Biological Responses to Acute Exercise in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    A Metadata Extraction Approach for Clinical Case Reports to Enable Advanced Understanding of Biomedical Concepts
  • Research • Medicine
    Autonomic Function Following Concussion in Youth Athletes: An Exploration of Heart Rate Variability Using 24-hour Recording Methodology
  • Research • Medicine
    Hydra, a Computer-Based Platform for Aiding Clinicians in Cardiovascular Analysis and Diagnosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Objective Nociceptive Assessment in Ventilated ICU Patients: A Feasibility Study Using Pupillometry and the Nociceptive Flexion Reflex
  • Research • Medicine
    'Boden Food Plate': Novel Interactive Web-based Method for the Assessment of Dietary Intake
  • Research • Medicine
    Anogenital Distance and Perineal Measurements of the Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) Quantification System
  • Research • Medicine
    Bedside Ultrasound for Guiding Fluid Removal in Patients with Pulmonary Edema: The Reverse-FALLS Protocol
  • Research • Medicine
    Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation of Primary Human Decidual Cells from the Fetal Membranes of Term Placentae
  • Research • Medicine
    Skeletal Muscle Neurovascular Coupling, Oxidative Capacity, and Microvascular Function with 'One Stop Shop' Near-infrared Spectroscopy
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting Hair Samples for Hair Cortisol Analysis in African Americans
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vivo Morphometric Analysis of Human Cranial Nerves Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Menière's Disease Ears and Normal Hearing Ears
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (Cf-PWV) to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness
  • Research • Medicine
    Standardized Measurement of Nasal Membrane Transepithelial Potential Difference (NPD)
  • Research • Medicine
    Taste Exam: A Brief and Validated Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Absorption of Nasal and Bronchial Fluids: Precision Sampling of the Human Respiratory Mucosa and Laboratory Processing of Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Methodology for Sputum Induction and Laboratory Processing
  • Research • Medicine
    Electrophysiological Measurement of Noxious-evoked Brain Activity in Neonates Using a Flat-tip Probe Coupled to Electroencephalography
  • Research • Medicine
    A Detailed Protocol for Physiological Parameters Acquisition and Analysis in Neurosurgical Critical Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Oral Biofilm Sampling for Microbiome Analysis in Healthy Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia
  • Research • Medicine
    Application of an Amplitude-integrated EEG Monitor (Cerebral Function Monitor) to Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    3D Ultrasound Imaging: Fast and Cost-effective Morphometry of Musculoskeletal Tissue
  • Research • Medicine
    The 4-vessel Sampling Approach to Integrative Studies of Human Placental Physiology In Vivo
  • Research • Medicine
    A Component-resolved Diagnostic Approach for a Study on Grass Pollen Allergens in Chinese Southerners with Allergic Rhinitis and/or Asthma
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
  • Research • Medicine
    A Method for Quantifying Upper Limb Performance in Daily Life Using Accelerometers
  • Research • Medicine
    Non-invasive Assessments of Subjective and Objective Recovery Characteristics Following an Exhaustive Jump Protocol
  • Research • Medicine
    Experimental Protocol of a Three-minute, All-out Arm Crank Exercise Test in Spinal-cord Injured and Able-bodied Individuals
  • Research • Medicine
    Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Pulmonary Capillary Blood Volume, Membrane Diffusing Capacity, and Intrapulmonary Arteriovenous Anastomoses During Exercise
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Child Anthropometry in a Large Epidemiologic Study
  • Research • Medicine
    Video Movement Analysis Using Smartphones (ViMAS): A Pilot Study
  • Research • Medicine
    Network Analysis of Foramen Ovale Electrode Recordings in Drug-resistant Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Induction and Assessment of Exertional Skeletal Muscle Damage in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    A Detailed Protocol for Perspiration Monitoring Using a Novel, Small, Wireless Device
  • Research • Medicine
    Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
  • Research • Medicine
    Integrated Compensatory Responses in a Human Model of Hemorrhage
  • Research • Medicine
    Transthoracic Speckle Tracking Echocardiography for the Quantitative Assessment of Left Ventricular Myocardial Deformation
  • Research • Medicine
    Impression Cytology of the Lid Wiper Area
  • Research • Behavior
    A Protocol of Manual Tests to Measure Sensation and Pain in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    Unbiased Deep Sequencing of RNA Viruses from Clinical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    A Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cell-based Model of the Human Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier to Study Bacterial Infection from the Basolateral Side
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Profiling of MicroRNA-containing Exosomes from Human Bile
  • Research • Medicine
    Generation of Microtumors Using 3D Human Biogel Culture System and Patient-derived Glioblastoma Cells for Kinomic Profiling and Drug Response Testing
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Using a Laminating Technique to Perform Confocal Microscopy of the Human Sclera
  • Research • Medicine
    Intravenous Endotoxin Challenge in Healthy Humans: An Experimental Platform to Investigate and Modulate Systemic Inflammation
  • Research • Medicine
    Modeling and Simulations of Olfactory Drug Delivery with Passive and Active Controls of Nasally Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols
  • Research • Medicine
    Exosomal miRNA Analysis in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Patients' Plasma Through qPCR: A Feasible Liquid Biopsy Tool
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multimodal Imaging- and Stimulation-based Method of Evaluating Connectivity-related Brain Excitability in Patients with Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges
  • Research • Medicine
    Using Saccadometry with Deep Brain Stimulation to Study Normal and Pathological Brain Function
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Fundus Autofluorescence for the Evaluation of Retinal Diseases
  • Research • Medicine
    Diagnosis of Musculus Gastrocnemius Tightness - Key Factors for the Clinical Examination
  • Research • Medicine
    Stereo-Electro-Encephalo-Graphy (SEEG) With Robotic Assistance in the Presurgical Evaluation of Medical Refractory Epilepsy: A Technical Note
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Transcutaneous Microcirculatory Imaging in Preterm Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    Using an Ingestible Telemetric Temperature Pill to Assess Gastrointestinal Temperature During Exercise
  • Research • Medicine
    Design, Fabrication, and Administration of the Hand Active Sensation Test (HASTe)
  • Research • Medicine
    MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder
  • Research • Medicine
    Functional Human Liver Preservation and Recovery by Means of Subnormothermic Machine Perfusion
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multicenter MRI Protocol for the Evaluation and Quantification of Deep Vein Thrombosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Determining The Electromyographic Fatigue Threshold Following a Single Visit Exercise Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of Electromagnetic Navigational Transthoracic Needle Aspiration (E-TTNA) for Sampling of Lung Nodules
  • Research • Medicine
    Trabecular Meshwork Response to Pressure Elevation in the Living Human Eye
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vivo, Percutaneous, Needle Based, Optical Coherence Tomography of Renal Masses
  • Research • Medicine
    Establishment of Human Epithelial Enteroids and Colonoids from Whole Tissue and Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Human Brown Adipose Tissue Depots Automatically Segmented by Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography and Registered Magnetic Resonance Images
  • Research • Medicine
    Preparation and Respirometric Assessment of Mitochondria Isolated from Skeletal Muscle Tissue Obtained by Percutaneous Needle Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    A Methodological Approach to Non-invasive Assessments of Vascular Function and Morphology
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Immortalization of Patient-derived Cell Lines from Muscle Biopsy for Disease Modeling
  • Research • Medicine
    State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
  • Research • Medicine
    The Supraclavicular Fossa Ultrasound View for Central Venous Catheter Placement and Catheter Change Over Guidewire
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of the Brachial Artery in Clinical Research
  • Research • Medicine
    Tracking the Mammary Architectural Features and Detecting Breast Cancer with Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes
  • Research • Medicine
    DTI of the Visual Pathway - White Matter Tracts and Cerebral Lesions
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection, Isolation, and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Human Endocervical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multi-Modal Approach to Assessing Recovery in Youth Athletes Following Concussion
  • Research • Medicine
    Clinical Assessment of Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Patients and Older Adults
  • Research • Medicine
    Multi-electrode Array Recordings of Human Epileptic Postoperative Cortical Tissue
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection and Extraction of Saliva DNA for Next Generation Sequencing
  • Research • Medicine
    Fast and Accurate Exhaled Breath Ammonia Measurement
  • Research • Medicine
    Developing Neuroimaging Phenotypes of the Default Mode Network in PTSD: Integrating the Resting State, Working Memory, and Structural Connectivity
  • Research • Medicine
    Two Methods for Establishing Primary Human Endometrial Stromal Cells from Hysterectomy Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Coordinate Mapping of Hyolaryngeal Mechanics in Swallowing
  • Research • Medicine
    Network Analysis of the Default Mode Network Using Functional Connectivity MRI in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    EEG Mu Rhythm in Typical and Atypical Development
  • Research • Medicine
    The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT): An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Functional Characterization of Human Ventricular Cardiomyocytes from Fresh Surgical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Primary Culture of Human Vestibular Schwannomas
  • Research • Medicine
    Utility of Dissociated Intrinsic Hand Muscle Atrophy in the Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Lesion Explorer: A Video-guided, Standardized Protocol for Accurate and Reliable MRI-derived Volumetrics in Alzheimer's Disease and Normal Elderly
  • Research • Medicine
    Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Culture, and Imaging of Human Fetal Pancreatic Cell Clusters
  • Research • Medicine
    3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Computerized Dynamic Posturography for Postural Control Assessment in Patients with Intermittent Claudication
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting Saliva and Measuring Salivary Cortisol and Alpha-amylase in Frail Community Residing Older Adults via Family Caregivers
  • Research • Medicine
    Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Analysis of Neurodegenerative Diseases
  • Research • Medicine
    Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Retinal Surgical Specimens Using jouRNAl
  • Research • Medicine
    Improved Protocol For Laser Microdissection Of Human Pancreatic Islets From Surgical Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Respiratory Muscle Activation Using Respiratory Motor Control Assessment (RMCA) in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury
  • Research • Medicine
    Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting And Measuring Wound Exudate Biochemical Mediators In Surgical Wounds
  • Research • Medicine
    A Research Method For Detecting Transient Myocardial Ischemia In Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome Using Continuous ST-segment Analysis
  • Research • Medicine
    Using a Chemical Biopsy for Graft Quality Assessment
  • Research • Medicine
    Characterizing Exon Skipping Efficiency in DMD Patient Samples in Clinical Trials of Antisense Oligonucleotides
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vitro Assessment of Cardiac Function Using Skinned Cardiomyocytes
  • Research • Medicine
    Normothermic Ex Situ Heart Perfusion in Working Mode: Assessment of Cardiac Function and Metabolism
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Vascular Control Mechanisms Utilizing Video Microscopy of Isolated Resistance Arteries of Rats
  • Research • Medicine
    Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) for Research; Obtaining Adequate Sample Yield
  • Research • Medicine
    Non-invasive Optical Measurement of Cerebral Metabolism and Hemodynamics in Infants
  • Research • Medicine
    Tilt Testing with Combined Lower Body Negative Pressure: a "Gold Standard" for Measuring Orthostatic Tolerance
  • Research • Medicine
    Driving Simulation in the Clinic: Testing Visual Exploratory Behavior in Daily Life Activities in Patients with Visual Field Defects
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Characterization and Comparative Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Derived from Permanent Teeth by Using Two Different Methods
  • Research • Medicine
    Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking (IPL): Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Intraoperative Detection of Subtle Endometriosis: A Novel Paradigm for Detection and Treatment of Pelvic Pain Associated with the Loss of Peritoneal Integrity
  • Research • Medicine
    The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection Protocol for Human Pancreas
  • Research • Medicine
    The α-test: Rapid Cell-free CD4 Enumeration Using Whole Saliva
  • Research • Medicine
    The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Donor Tissue Preparation for Endothelial Keratoplasty
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantification of Atherosclerotic Plaque Activity and Vascular Inflammation using [18-F] Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (FDG-PET/CT)
  • Research • Medicine
    Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography of Retinal Circulation
  • Research • Medicine
    Utilizing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Study the Human Neuromuscular System
  • Research • Medicine
    Detection and Genogrouping of Noroviruses from Children's Stools By Taqman One-step RT-PCR
  • Research • Medicine
    Method to Measure Tone of Axial and Proximal Muscle
  • Research • Medicine
    The Trier Social Stress Test Protocol for Inducing Psychological Stress
  • Research • Medicine
    Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Multifocal Electroretinograms
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation of Human Islets from Partially Pancreatectomized Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quantification of Pulmonary Perfusion using Calibrated Arterial Spin Labeling
  • Research • Medicine
    Manual Muscle Testing: A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department
  • Research • Medicine
    A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
  • Research • Medicine
    An Investigation of the Effects of Sports-related Concussion in Youth Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Head Impact Telemetry System
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Confocal Microscopy: A Novel Non-invasive Technique to Quantify Small Fibre Pathology in Peripheral Neuropathies
  • Research • Medicine
    Methods to Quantify Pharmacologically Induced Alterations in Motor Function in Human Incomplete SCI
  • Research • Medicine
    Multispectral Real-time Fluorescence Imaging for Intraoperative Detection of the Sentinel Lymph Node in Gynecologic Oncology
  • Research • Medicine
    Technique to Collect Fungiform (Taste) Papillae from Human Tongue
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessing Endothelial Vasodilator Function with the Endo-PAT 2000
  • Research • Medicine
    Making Sense of Listening: The IMAP Test Battery
  • Research • Medicine
    An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)
  • Research • Biology
    Bioelectric Analyses of an Osseointegrated Intelligent Implant Design System for Amputees
  • Research • Biology
    Demonstration of Cutaneous Allodynia in Association with Chronic Pelvic Pain
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