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Medicine

Anvendelse af elektromagnetisk Navigational Transtorakal Needle Aspiration (E-TTNA) for Sampling af Lung Knuder

Published: May 23, 2015 doi: 10.3791/52723

Introduction

En ensom pulmonal knude (SPN) er en hyppig klinisk scenarie, der er stigende på grund af antallet af radiografiske brystet undersøgelser og gennemførelse af lungekræft screeningsprogrammer. En lunge knude per definition er mindre end 3 cm i diameter og en, der typisk ligger over det bronchoscopically visualiseret segmenter bronkier. En læsion større end 3 cm betragtes som en lunge masse. De ætiologier for de fleste lunge knuder er godartede tilstande (infektioner, inflammatoriske, vaskulære) og i en mindre procentdel er forårsaget af lungekræft og andre maligniteter. Evaluering af et SPN starter med vurdering af risikofaktorer, radiografiske karakteristika, størrelse, vækst, placering, kirurgisk risiko osv Risk lagdeling er med til at vælge den mest hensigtsmæssige individuel forvaltning, der spænder fra radiologisk overvågning til primær kirurgisk resektion. Diagnostiske modaliteter omfatter bronkoskopiske teknikker: (bronchoalveolær lavage (BAL), cytologi pensel, transbronchial biopsi (TBBx), transbronkial nål aspiration (TBNA), radial sonde endobronkial ultralyd (R-eBUS), elektromagnetisk navigation (EMN), ultratynde bronkoskopi, virtuel bronkoskopi navigation) og ikke-bronkoskopisk: billede guidet transtorakal nål biopsi og kirurgisk resektion.

Den bronkoskopisk udbytte ved hjælp af simple konventionelle teknikker for læsioner mindre <3 cm spænder fra 14 -. 50% 1,2 Lung cancer stadig den førende årsag til kræft dødsfald. Den repræsenterer 14% af alle invasive kræftformer diagnosticeret hvert år, og 28% af alle kræftdødsfald i USA. 3 Prognose og behandling management bestemmes af scenen. Iscenesættelsen af ​​ikke-småcellet lungekræft (NSCLC) er defineret ved TNM-systemet. Bestemmelse af N eller nodal status kræver streng vurdering af de mediastinale og hilar lymfeknuder.

Endobronkial ultralyd (eBUS) er en minimalt invasiv bronkoskopisk teknik, der brugers ultralyd til at identificere strukturer sammenhængende til luftvejene lette transbronkial nål aspiration (TBNA). For lungekræft iscenesættelse en nylig metaanalyse rapporterede en median følsomhed på 89% med værdier fra 46% til 97%, og en median negativ prædiktiv værdi PV på 91% for eBUS-TBNA. 4 Radial eBUS er en anden bronkoskopisk værktøj, der kan være anvendes til at lokalisere parenchymale lungelæsioner. Det er et instrument diameter 1,4 mm med en 20-MHz ultralydssonde på spidsen, der genererer 360 graders billeder med en penetration på 5 cm. For nylig rapporteret data for denne teknik viste en følsomhed på identifikation neoplasi af 73% (95% CI, 0,70 til 0,76) for knuder af enhver størrelse og 71% (95% CI, 0,66-0,75) for læsioner mindre end 2,5 cm 5.

Elektromagnetisk Navigational bronkoskopi (ENB) er en teknologi, der skaber et magnetfelt omkring patienten tillader bestemmelse af den rumlige placering af en sensor enhed inden magnetfeltet. Thans oplysninger overlejres på tidligere opnåede computertomografi (CT) billeder, som tillader en visning af sensorens placering i forhold til anatomien. En virtuel bronkoskopi rekonstruktion af patientens luftveje letter navigation til målet læsion. Én gang i målet udtages prøver direkte ved hjælp af en af ​​de to tilgængelige teknologier; sporbare bronkoskopiske instrumenter eller gennem et udvidet arbejde kanal. Samlet diagnostisk nøjagtighed var 73,9% (95% CI 68.0% - 79,2%) og negative prædiktive værdi 52,1% (95% CI 43,5% - 60,6%), og når der anvendes mindst en af ​​de andre teknologier (virtuel bronkoskopi, ENB, Radial- eBUS, guide kappe, ultratynde bronchoscope) det diagnostiske udbytte var 70,0% med en 95% CI på 67,1% til 72,9% 6 7 En af de kommercielt tilgængelige systemer har den ekstra funktion til at supplere bronkoskopisk navigation med evnen til at konvertere fra en bronkoskopisk tilgang til en transtorakal nål fremgangsmåde i tilfældes, hvor læsionen ikke er i stand til at få adgang bronchoscopically. Dette system bruger et elektromagnetisk navigation guidet 19 G sporing nål, der giver mulighed for prøveudtagning af centrale lunge biopsier ved hjælp af en 20 G automatisk biopsi enhed.

Transtorakal nål aspiration (TTNA) er en ikke bronkoskopisk diagnostisk tilgang til lunge knuder og masser. TTNA af en perifer lunge læsion kan udføres under ultrasonografi, fluoroskopi, CT-scanning eller elektromagnetisk vejledning. I en opdateret meta-analyse af Rivera et al den poolede følsomhed TTNA til diagnosticering af perifere bronchogent karcinom var 0,90 (95% CI, 0,88-0,91). 8 I en undersøgelse fra Wiener RS, der omfattede 15.865 patienter med en rapporteret risiko for pneumothorax efter TTNA på 15% (95% CI, 14% - 16%) med 7% (95% CI, 6% - 7,2%). kræver ledelse med en kiste rør 9 Kliniske forsøg undersøger brugen af E-TTNA er i øjeblikket gang.

CASE PRESentation

En 83 årig ​​kvindelig tidligere ryger med oxygen afhængige kronisk obstruktiv lungesygdom blev i øvrigt fundet med en PET fluorodeoxyglukose ivrig 1,6 x 1,3 cm spiculated højre øvre lap (RUL) knuden (figur 1). Selvom hendes sandsynlighed for malignitet var høj, at patienten nægtede kirurgiske indgreb og valgt en diagnostisk procedure før overvejer andre behandlinger. Den typiske scenarie, der kan bede hensynet til en evaluering for biopsi ville være et tilfælde af mellemliggende sandsynlighed for malignitet eller med en høj sandsynlighed for malignitet med en kontraindikation for kirurgisk resektion.

Protocol

En protokol blev godkendt af den lokale Institutional Review Board (IRB). Deltagerne giver underskrevet informeret samtykke før de har afsluttet protokollen.

1. Pre-procedure

  1. Sørg for, at kandidaterne til det elektromagnetiske navigations transtorakal nål aspiration har en perifer pulmonal knude. Bestem pulmonal knude brug af forestille studier.
    BEMÆRK: Den mest almindelige én og nødvendige for denne protokol er ved at vurdere tidligere opnåede brystet CT.
  2. På dagen for proceduren vedhæfte de elektroniske referencepunkt pads til den kontralaterale hemithorax af målet læsion at minimere pad overlap med TTNA biopsi indgangspunkt. Anskaf en baseline inspiratorisk og eksspiratorisk ikke-kontrast brystet tomografi med 0,5 mm intervaller og 0,67-0,75 mm tykkelse.
  3. Overfør digitale billedbehandling og kommunikation i medicin (DICOM) data fra CT-scanner til planlægning software. Hvis DICOM er utilgængelig, en kompakt disk (CD) kopi af CT kan læsses direkte på systemet for planlægning. Digitalt vælge target læsion og rekonstruere et tredimensionelt virtuelle luftveje kort.
  4. Transportere patienten ved båren fra CT-scanner til bronkoskopi suite med elektroniske referencepunkter på plads.
  5. Vurdere patienten til anæstesi, etablere IV adgang og vedhæfte standard bedøvelsesmiddel overvågning.

class = "jove_title" 2. Procedure (bronkoskopisk Phase)

  1. Overfør patienten til bronkoskopi suite. Administrere dyb sedation anæstesi ved anvendelse af en infusion af propofol (100-200 mcg / kg / min). En luftvej etableres med larynx-maske luftvej (LMA) eller endotracheal trachealtube (ETT).
    BEMÆRK: Anæstesi kan kun administreres af en certificeret leverandør.
  2. Udfør et hvidt lys bronkoskopi (WLB) inspektion i standard mode undersøge tracheobronkiale træet til segmenter niveau.
  3. Udfør enn eBUS-TBNA efter den internationale sammenslutning for Studiet af lungekræft (IASLC) lymfeknude kort for lungekræft iscenesættelse. Hvis det er tilgængeligt, fin nål aspiration (FNA) prøver cytologiske analyseres på stedet. Hvis ikke, er prøven sted i formalin til senere evaluering.
  4. Brug WLB bronkoskop med EMN bronkoskopi programfase efter tidligere computer anerkendt eller manuelt høvlet endobronkial vej til målet læsion med et instrument af valg på proceduralists skøn (Cytologi pensel, kæbe biopsi kræfter, FNA Needle).
  5. Advance R-eBUS igennem arbejdskanalen og forsøger at bekræfte placeringen af ​​læsionen.
  6. Når i målet, prøve læsionen med operatøren valgte sporbar instrument, der anvendes til at navigere. (Cytologi pensel, kæbe biopsi kræfter, FNA Needle).
  7. Hvis målet ikke er i stand til at blive kontrolleret af radial eBUS eller luftvejene anatomi forbyder endobronkial navigation fjerne bronchoscope og forberede than patient til en transthoracic tilgang. Hvis læsionen ikke kan diagnosticeres bronchoscopically forberede patienten for en transthoracic tilgang.

3. Procedure (Elektromagnetisk Transtorakal Needle Aspiration)

  1. Tildele alle leverancer er nødvendige for TTNA. (Se Materiale Table)
  2. Placere patienten i rygleje på en tilsvarende måde anvendes til brystet CT-scanning imaging erhvervelse.
  3. Ved hjælp af en test elektromagnetisk navigations nål vælge indgangen punktet til brysthulen og markere det på huden overflade. Indgang punkt bør være overlegen i forhold til overfladen af ​​den nærmeste ribben og undgå ossøse strukturer og enhver vaskulær struktur.
  4. Forbered huden med 2% chlorhexidin opløsning, drapere feltet under anvendelse af sterilt teknik og bedøver lokalt (subkutan infiltration på ca. 1 til 2 cc 1% lidocain).
  5. Anbring steril elektromagnetisk navigations nål oven på indgangen punktet ogVælg den vinkel til målet baseret på observation af den tværgående og koronale visninger ses på de elektromagnetiske systemet skærme. (Crosshair markerer i mindst to forskellige planer.)
  6. Stabilisere nålen og fast frem gennem brystvæggen ind i målet læsion.
  7. Fjern vejledning nål stilet fra nålen og sørge for at undgå nål bevægelse. På dette tidspunkt ekstrem omhu skal bruge til at forhindre utilsigtet nål forskydning. Dæk kanylemuffen med fingeren. Indsæt 20 G FNA nål gennem 19 G nål. Prøve læsionen og give prøven for ROSE.
  8. Programmere automatisk nålebiopsi til den ønskede afstand eller kaste baseret på størrelsen af ​​læsionen, og derefter indsætte den gennem 19 G nål. Stabilisere både nål og biopsi pistol, udløse nålen biopsipistolen mekanisme til at udføre biopsi og fjerne fra indersiden af ​​elektromagnetiske navigations guide nål sikre, det forbliver i passende position.
  9. Forsigtigt fremføre vejledning sonden tilbage i lumen i det perkutane nål og holde den stabil.
  10. Mens nålen konstant er stabiliseret, assistenten bruger skalpelblad at forsigtigt fjerne prøven fra den indre kanyle af kernen biopsi nål og placere den på 1/2 x 1/2 tommer tidligere skære ikke klæbende pad. Fordyb puden i en formalin løsning.
  11. Bekræfte passende placering af nålen inden læsionen og derefter gentage operationen 4 til 5 gange og sørg kernen nålen drejes med eller mod uret for at prøve forskellige områder.
  12. Når tilfreds med prøverne fjernes kanylen, lægge pres og placere en lille forbinding over indstiksstedet.

4. Indlæg Procedure

  1. Hvis det er tilgængeligt, skal du udføre sengelamper ultralydsscanning for at vurdere for tilstedeværelsen af ​​lunge glidende (fravær af pneumothorax), eller bruge andre imaging modalitet (fluoroskopi, etc).
  2. Overførpatient til inddrivelse området og observere under standard ambulante kirurgiske enhed protokoller indtil helt vågen.
  3. Anskaf en røntgenundersøgelse af thorax for at udelukke komplikationer.
  4. Aflade patient hjem efter undervisning tilbydes med hensyn til de potentielle indlæg procedure komplikationer, herunder blødning og pneumothorax.

Representative Results

Alle vævsprøver opnået ved eBUS-TBNA og E-TTNA behandles af den centrale patologi laboratorium for yderligere analyse. Patologisk evaluering af prøverne omfatter cytologiske og histologiske vurdering. Hurtig on-site evaluering (ROSE) bruger en modificeret Romanowsky plet, der giver tilstrækkelig evaluering og en cytomorphological diagnostisk vurdering af de patologiske prøver. En foreløbig vurdering intra procedure ved hjælp ROSE af eBUS-TBNA biopsier taget fra mediastinale lymfeknude stationer 4L, 4R og 7 var unrevealing af indlysende neoplasma. Navigations bronkoskopisk fase, støttet med radial eBUS, undlod at lokalisere den rigtige øvre lap læsion pga anatomiske begrænsninger. Proceduren blev hurtigt omdannet til e-TTNA. E-TTNA blev positivt resultat, og det opnåede væv var tilstrækkeligt for yderligere patologisk og genetisk analyse. Den endelige patologi af E-TTNA core prøve biopsier var diagnostisk og i overensstemmelse med adenocarcinom. Ingen umiddelbare komplikationer blev noteret.

Figur 1
Figur 1. Chest Computed Tomography (Panel A) og Positron Emission Tomography (PET) (Panel B). Højre øvre lap knude med en PET negativ mediastinum. Skala i cm.

Discussion

Elektromagnetisk vejledning letter perkutan transtorakal biopsi teknik. Det er afgørende under proceduren for at verificere passende udstyr kalibrering. Under indføring af kanylen opretholde en konstant vinkel og holde visuel tilpasning under anvendelse af mindst to forskellige planer er afgørende for effektivt at nå målet læsion.

Kan ændres nål indsættelse dybde mellem biopsier at maksimere dækslet området. Fortrinsvis vil proceduren bistås af en anden operatør, især på tidspunktet for biopsi pistol operation, men en enkelt operatør procedure er mulig.

Kendskab til de instrumenter og teknik tager ca 2 til 3 nål indrykninger. Hvis tilgængelig træning på fantom modeller eller kadaver modeller under direkte tilsyn af en erfaren operatør er tilrådeligt. Elektromagnetisk navigations transtorakal nål aspiration (E-TTNA) er en ny teknologi, der supplerer curleje armamentarium til diagnosticering af perifere pulmonære knuder. Potentielle begrænsninger af proceduren er uløseligt forbundet med den elektromagnetiske navigations teknologi, ligesom CT til kroppen divergens og relateret til den dynamiske karakter af luftvejene. Vi anbefaler forventning til forvaltningen af ​​komplikationer som pneumothorax og blødning bør tages under enhver perkutan procedure.

I denne artikel vil vi beskrive, hvordan E-TTNA udføres af interventionel pulmonologist og indarbejdelse af teknikken til de nuværende tilgængelige bronkoskopiske metoder til evaluering af lunge knuder.

E-TTNA potentielt kan reducere behovet for andre billede guidet perkutane transtorakal procedurer giver fuld integration af bronkoskopisk og ikke-bronkoskopiske teknikker i én enkelt procedure potentielt stigende diagnostisk udbytte, forbedre sikkerheden og mindske det samlede antal procedurer. Yderligere undersøgelser er brug fored at bestemme kliniske anvendelighed af denne moderne biopsi teknik.

Disclosures

Forfatterne fik forskningsmidler, der blev leveret af Veran Medical Technologies Inc., som producerer EM og TTNA instrumenter, der anvendes i denne publikation.

Materials

Name Company Catalog Number Comments
20 G x 15 cm Programmable automatic biopsy needle SuperCore Argon Medical devices 701120150
Non Adherent Pads Telfa 
Sterile scissor
2% chlorhexidine gluconate pad
Surgical Blade #11
Sterile surgical drape
1% lidocaine
Sterile gowns
Sterile gloves
Mask
Scrub hair cap
Electronic reference points  vPAD2 (Veran Medical Technologies) INS-0049
Planning software  SPiNDrive 2.0 (Veran Medical Technologies) 
Eelectromagnetic navigation platform SPiNView (Veran Medical Technologies)
19 G x 105 mm Electromagnetic navigational needle SPiNPerc  Veran Medical Technologies INS-0029
Standard diagnostic Fiberoptic Bronchoscope
EBUS Bronchoscope
Radial EBUS probe UM-S20-17S Olympus
Formaldehyde-based fixative solution.
Ethanol based fixative

DOWNLOAD MATERIALS LIST

References

  1. Govert, J. A., Dodd, L. G., Kussin, P. S., Samuelson, W. M. A prospective comparison of fiberoptic transbronchial needle aspiration and bronchial biopsy for bronchoscopically visible lung carcinoma. Cancer. 87, 129-134 (1999).
  2. Gasparini, S. Bronchoscopic biopsy techniques in the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 52, 392-398 (1997).
  3. United States cancer statistics: 1999-2010 incidence and mortality web-based report. US Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and National Cancer Institute. , U. C. S. W Group. Atlanta, GA. (2014).
  4. Silvestri, G. A., et al. Methods for staging non-small cell lung cancer: Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 143, e211S-e250S (2013).
  5. Steinfort, D. P., Khor, Y. H., Manser, R. L., Irving, L. B. Radial probe endobronchial ultrasound for the diagnosis of peripheral lung cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. The European respiratory journal. 37, 902-910 (2011).
  6. Gex, G., et al. Diagnostic yield and safety of electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy for lung nodules: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Respiration; international review of thoracic diseases. 87, 165-176 (2014).
  7. Wang Memoli, J. S., Nietert, P. J., Silvestri, G. A. Meta-analysis of guided bronchoscopy for the evaluation of the pulmonary nodule. Chest. 142, 385-393 (2012).
  8. Lee, K. A., Raval, A. A., Amir, L. Cost-effectiveness of endobronchial percutaneous biopsy compared with transthoracic biopsy for diagnosis of peripheral lung lesions. Lung Cancer Management. 3 (2), 135-148 (2014).
  9. Rivera, M. P., Mehta, A. C. American College of Chest, P. Initial diagnosis of lung cancer: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition). Chest. 132, 131S-148S (2007).
  10. Wiener, R. S., Schwartz, L. M., Woloshin, S., Welch, H. G. Population-based risk for complications after transthoracic needle lung biopsy of a pulmonary nodule: an analysis of discharge records. Annals of internal medicine. 155, 137-144 (2011).

Tags

Medicin Lung knude elektromagnetisk navigations bronkoskopi Transtorakal nål aspiration.
Anvendelse af elektromagnetisk Navigational Transtorakal Needle Aspiration (E-TTNA) for Sampling af Lung Knuder
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Cite this Article

Arias, S., Lee, H., Semaan, R.,More

Arias, S., Lee, H., Semaan, R., Frimpong, B., Ortiz, R., Feller-Kopman, D., Oakjones-Burgess, K., Yarmus, L. Use of Electromagnetic Navigational Transthoracic Needle Aspiration (E-TTNA) for Sampling of Lung Nodules. J. Vis. Exp. (99), e52723, doi:10.3791/52723 (2015).

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    Autonomic Function Following Concussion in Youth Athletes: An Exploration of Heart Rate Variability Using 24-hour Recording Methodology
  • Research • Medicine
    Hydra, a Computer-Based Platform for Aiding Clinicians in Cardiovascular Analysis and Diagnosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Objective Nociceptive Assessment in Ventilated ICU Patients: A Feasibility Study Using Pupillometry and the Nociceptive Flexion Reflex
  • Research • Medicine
    'Boden Food Plate': Novel Interactive Web-based Method for the Assessment of Dietary Intake
  • Research • Medicine
    Anogenital Distance and Perineal Measurements of the Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) Quantification System
  • Research • Medicine
    Bedside Ultrasound for Guiding Fluid Removal in Patients with Pulmonary Edema: The Reverse-FALLS Protocol
  • Research • Medicine
    Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation of Primary Human Decidual Cells from the Fetal Membranes of Term Placentae
  • Research • Medicine
    Skeletal Muscle Neurovascular Coupling, Oxidative Capacity, and Microvascular Function with 'One Stop Shop' Near-infrared Spectroscopy
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting Hair Samples for Hair Cortisol Analysis in African Americans
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vivo Morphometric Analysis of Human Cranial Nerves Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Menière's Disease Ears and Normal Hearing Ears
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (Cf-PWV) to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness
  • Research • Medicine
    Standardized Measurement of Nasal Membrane Transepithelial Potential Difference (NPD)
  • Research • Medicine
    Taste Exam: A Brief and Validated Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Absorption of Nasal and Bronchial Fluids: Precision Sampling of the Human Respiratory Mucosa and Laboratory Processing of Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Methodology for Sputum Induction and Laboratory Processing
  • Research • Medicine
    Electrophysiological Measurement of Noxious-evoked Brain Activity in Neonates Using a Flat-tip Probe Coupled to Electroencephalography
  • Research • Medicine
    A Detailed Protocol for Physiological Parameters Acquisition and Analysis in Neurosurgical Critical Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Oral Biofilm Sampling for Microbiome Analysis in Healthy Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia
  • Research • Medicine
    Application of an Amplitude-integrated EEG Monitor (Cerebral Function Monitor) to Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    3D Ultrasound Imaging: Fast and Cost-effective Morphometry of Musculoskeletal Tissue
  • Research • Medicine
    The 4-vessel Sampling Approach to Integrative Studies of Human Placental Physiology In Vivo
  • Research • Medicine
    A Component-resolved Diagnostic Approach for a Study on Grass Pollen Allergens in Chinese Southerners with Allergic Rhinitis and/or Asthma
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
  • Research • Medicine
    A Method for Quantifying Upper Limb Performance in Daily Life Using Accelerometers
  • Research • Medicine
    Non-invasive Assessments of Subjective and Objective Recovery Characteristics Following an Exhaustive Jump Protocol
  • Research • Medicine
    Experimental Protocol of a Three-minute, All-out Arm Crank Exercise Test in Spinal-cord Injured and Able-bodied Individuals
  • Research • Medicine
    Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Pulmonary Capillary Blood Volume, Membrane Diffusing Capacity, and Intrapulmonary Arteriovenous Anastomoses During Exercise
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Child Anthropometry in a Large Epidemiologic Study
  • Research • Medicine
    Video Movement Analysis Using Smartphones (ViMAS): A Pilot Study
  • Research • Medicine
    Network Analysis of Foramen Ovale Electrode Recordings in Drug-resistant Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Induction and Assessment of Exertional Skeletal Muscle Damage in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    A Detailed Protocol for Perspiration Monitoring Using a Novel, Small, Wireless Device
  • Research • Medicine
    Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
  • Research • Medicine
    Integrated Compensatory Responses in a Human Model of Hemorrhage
  • Research • Medicine
    Transthoracic Speckle Tracking Echocardiography for the Quantitative Assessment of Left Ventricular Myocardial Deformation
  • Research • Medicine
    Impression Cytology of the Lid Wiper Area
  • Research • Behavior
    A Protocol of Manual Tests to Measure Sensation and Pain in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    Unbiased Deep Sequencing of RNA Viruses from Clinical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    A Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cell-based Model of the Human Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier to Study Bacterial Infection from the Basolateral Side
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Profiling of MicroRNA-containing Exosomes from Human Bile
  • Research • Medicine
    Generation of Microtumors Using 3D Human Biogel Culture System and Patient-derived Glioblastoma Cells for Kinomic Profiling and Drug Response Testing
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Using a Laminating Technique to Perform Confocal Microscopy of the Human Sclera
  • Research • Medicine
    Intravenous Endotoxin Challenge in Healthy Humans: An Experimental Platform to Investigate and Modulate Systemic Inflammation
  • Research • Medicine
    Modeling and Simulations of Olfactory Drug Delivery with Passive and Active Controls of Nasally Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols
  • Research • Medicine
    Exosomal miRNA Analysis in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Patients' Plasma Through qPCR: A Feasible Liquid Biopsy Tool
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multimodal Imaging- and Stimulation-based Method of Evaluating Connectivity-related Brain Excitability in Patients with Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges
  • Research • Medicine
    Using Saccadometry with Deep Brain Stimulation to Study Normal and Pathological Brain Function
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Fundus Autofluorescence for the Evaluation of Retinal Diseases
  • Research • Medicine
    Diagnosis of Musculus Gastrocnemius Tightness - Key Factors for the Clinical Examination
  • Research • Medicine
    Stereo-Electro-Encephalo-Graphy (SEEG) With Robotic Assistance in the Presurgical Evaluation of Medical Refractory Epilepsy: A Technical Note
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Transcutaneous Microcirculatory Imaging in Preterm Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    Using an Ingestible Telemetric Temperature Pill to Assess Gastrointestinal Temperature During Exercise
  • Research • Medicine
    Design, Fabrication, and Administration of the Hand Active Sensation Test (HASTe)
  • Research • Medicine
    MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder
  • Research • Medicine
    Functional Human Liver Preservation and Recovery by Means of Subnormothermic Machine Perfusion
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multicenter MRI Protocol for the Evaluation and Quantification of Deep Vein Thrombosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Determining The Electromyographic Fatigue Threshold Following a Single Visit Exercise Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of Electromagnetic Navigational Transthoracic Needle Aspiration (E-TTNA) for Sampling of Lung Nodules
  • Research • Medicine
    Trabecular Meshwork Response to Pressure Elevation in the Living Human Eye
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vivo, Percutaneous, Needle Based, Optical Coherence Tomography of Renal Masses
  • Research • Medicine
    Establishment of Human Epithelial Enteroids and Colonoids from Whole Tissue and Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Human Brown Adipose Tissue Depots Automatically Segmented by Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography and Registered Magnetic Resonance Images
  • Research • Medicine
    Preparation and Respirometric Assessment of Mitochondria Isolated from Skeletal Muscle Tissue Obtained by Percutaneous Needle Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    A Methodological Approach to Non-invasive Assessments of Vascular Function and Morphology
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Immortalization of Patient-derived Cell Lines from Muscle Biopsy for Disease Modeling
  • Research • Medicine
    State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
  • Research • Medicine
    The Supraclavicular Fossa Ultrasound View for Central Venous Catheter Placement and Catheter Change Over Guidewire
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of the Brachial Artery in Clinical Research
  • Research • Medicine
    Tracking the Mammary Architectural Features and Detecting Breast Cancer with Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes
  • Research • Medicine
    DTI of the Visual Pathway - White Matter Tracts and Cerebral Lesions
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection, Isolation, and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Human Endocervical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multi-Modal Approach to Assessing Recovery in Youth Athletes Following Concussion
  • Research • Medicine
    Clinical Assessment of Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Patients and Older Adults
  • Research • Medicine
    Multi-electrode Array Recordings of Human Epileptic Postoperative Cortical Tissue
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection and Extraction of Saliva DNA for Next Generation Sequencing
  • Research • Medicine
    Fast and Accurate Exhaled Breath Ammonia Measurement
  • Research • Medicine
    Developing Neuroimaging Phenotypes of the Default Mode Network in PTSD: Integrating the Resting State, Working Memory, and Structural Connectivity
  • Research • Medicine
    Two Methods for Establishing Primary Human Endometrial Stromal Cells from Hysterectomy Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Coordinate Mapping of Hyolaryngeal Mechanics in Swallowing
  • Research • Medicine
    Network Analysis of the Default Mode Network Using Functional Connectivity MRI in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    EEG Mu Rhythm in Typical and Atypical Development
  • Research • Medicine
    The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT): An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Functional Characterization of Human Ventricular Cardiomyocytes from Fresh Surgical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Primary Culture of Human Vestibular Schwannomas
  • Research • Medicine
    Utility of Dissociated Intrinsic Hand Muscle Atrophy in the Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Lesion Explorer: A Video-guided, Standardized Protocol for Accurate and Reliable MRI-derived Volumetrics in Alzheimer's Disease and Normal Elderly
  • Research • Medicine
    Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Culture, and Imaging of Human Fetal Pancreatic Cell Clusters
  • Research • Medicine
    3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Computerized Dynamic Posturography for Postural Control Assessment in Patients with Intermittent Claudication
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting Saliva and Measuring Salivary Cortisol and Alpha-amylase in Frail Community Residing Older Adults via Family Caregivers
  • Research • Medicine
    Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Analysis of Neurodegenerative Diseases
  • Research • Medicine
    Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Retinal Surgical Specimens Using jouRNAl
  • Research • Medicine
    Improved Protocol For Laser Microdissection Of Human Pancreatic Islets From Surgical Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Respiratory Muscle Activation Using Respiratory Motor Control Assessment (RMCA) in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury
  • Research • Medicine
    Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting And Measuring Wound Exudate Biochemical Mediators In Surgical Wounds
  • Research • Medicine
    A Research Method For Detecting Transient Myocardial Ischemia In Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome Using Continuous ST-segment Analysis
  • Research • Medicine
    Using a Chemical Biopsy for Graft Quality Assessment
  • Research • Medicine
    Characterizing Exon Skipping Efficiency in DMD Patient Samples in Clinical Trials of Antisense Oligonucleotides
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vitro Assessment of Cardiac Function Using Skinned Cardiomyocytes
  • Research • Medicine
    Normothermic Ex Situ Heart Perfusion in Working Mode: Assessment of Cardiac Function and Metabolism
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Vascular Control Mechanisms Utilizing Video Microscopy of Isolated Resistance Arteries of Rats
  • Research • Medicine
    Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) for Research; Obtaining Adequate Sample Yield
  • Research • Medicine
    Non-invasive Optical Measurement of Cerebral Metabolism and Hemodynamics in Infants
  • Research • Medicine
    Tilt Testing with Combined Lower Body Negative Pressure: a "Gold Standard" for Measuring Orthostatic Tolerance
  • Research • Medicine
    Driving Simulation in the Clinic: Testing Visual Exploratory Behavior in Daily Life Activities in Patients with Visual Field Defects
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Characterization and Comparative Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Derived from Permanent Teeth by Using Two Different Methods
  • Research • Medicine
    Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking (IPL): Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Intraoperative Detection of Subtle Endometriosis: A Novel Paradigm for Detection and Treatment of Pelvic Pain Associated with the Loss of Peritoneal Integrity
  • Research • Medicine
    The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection Protocol for Human Pancreas
  • Research • Medicine
    The α-test: Rapid Cell-free CD4 Enumeration Using Whole Saliva
  • Research • Medicine
    The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Donor Tissue Preparation for Endothelial Keratoplasty
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantification of Atherosclerotic Plaque Activity and Vascular Inflammation using [18-F] Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (FDG-PET/CT)
  • Research • Medicine
    Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography of Retinal Circulation
  • Research • Medicine
    Utilizing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Study the Human Neuromuscular System
  • Research • Medicine
    Detection and Genogrouping of Noroviruses from Children's Stools By Taqman One-step RT-PCR
  • Research • Medicine
    Method to Measure Tone of Axial and Proximal Muscle
  • Research • Medicine
    The Trier Social Stress Test Protocol for Inducing Psychological Stress
  • Research • Medicine
    Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Multifocal Electroretinograms
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation of Human Islets from Partially Pancreatectomized Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quantification of Pulmonary Perfusion using Calibrated Arterial Spin Labeling
  • Research • Medicine
    Manual Muscle Testing: A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department
  • Research • Medicine
    A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
  • Research • Medicine
    An Investigation of the Effects of Sports-related Concussion in Youth Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Head Impact Telemetry System
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Confocal Microscopy: A Novel Non-invasive Technique to Quantify Small Fibre Pathology in Peripheral Neuropathies
  • Research • Medicine
    Methods to Quantify Pharmacologically Induced Alterations in Motor Function in Human Incomplete SCI
  • Research • Medicine
    Multispectral Real-time Fluorescence Imaging for Intraoperative Detection of the Sentinel Lymph Node in Gynecologic Oncology
  • Research • Medicine
    Technique to Collect Fungiform (Taste) Papillae from Human Tongue
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessing Endothelial Vasodilator Function with the Endo-PAT 2000
  • Research • Medicine
    Making Sense of Listening: The IMAP Test Battery
  • Research • Medicine
    An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)
  • Research • Biology
    Bioelectric Analyses of an Osseointegrated Intelligent Implant Design System for Amputees
  • Research • Biology
    Demonstration of Cutaneous Allodynia in Association with Chronic Pelvic Pain
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