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Medicine

Bruk av elektromagnetisk navigasjons Transtorakal nål aspirasjon (E-TTNA) for Prøvetaking av lunge knuter

Published: May 23, 2015 doi: 10.3791/52723

Introduction

En enslig pulmonal nodule (SPN) er en hyppig klinisk scenario som er økende på grunn av antallet røntgen brystet studier og gjennomføring av lungekreftscreeningprogrammer. En lunge nodule per definisjon er mindre enn 3 cm i diameter og en som vanligvis ligger utenfor bronchoscopically visualisert segmental bronkiene. En lesjon større enn 3 cm regnes som en lunge masse. De årsaker til flertallet av lunge knuter er godartede tilstander (infeksjoner, provoserende, vaskulære) og i en mindre andel er forårsaket av lungekreft og andre kreftformer. Evaluering av et SPN starter med vurdering av risikofaktorer, radiografiske egenskaper, størrelse, vekst, beliggenhet, kirurgisk risiko, etc. Risikostratifisering bidrar til å velge den mest hensiktsmessige individuell styring, som spenner fra radiologisk overvåking til primær kirurgisk reseksjon. Diagnostiske modaliteter inkluderer bronkoskopiske teknikker: (bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), cytologi pensel, transbronchial biopsi (TBBx), transbronchial nål aspirasjon (TBNA), radial probe endobronchial ultralyd (R-eBUS), elektromagnetisk navigasjon (EMN), supertynn bronkoskopi, virtuell bronkoskopi navigasjon) og ikke-bronkoskopi: image veiledet transtorakal nålebiopsi og kirurgisk reseksjon.

Den bronkoskopi avkastning ved hjelp av enkle konvensjonelle teknikker for lesjoner mindre <3 cm varierer fra 14 -. 50% 1,2 Lungekreft er fortsatt den ledende årsak til kreft dødsfall. Det representerer 14% av alle invasive kreft diagnostisert hvert år, og 28% av alle kreftdødsfall i USA. 3 Prognose og behandling forvaltning bestemmes av scenen. Iscenesettelsen av ikke-småcellet lungekreft (NSCLC) er definert av TNM-systemet. Bestemmelse av N eller lymfeknutestatus krever streng vurdering av mediastinum og hilar lymfeknuter.

Endobronchial ultralyd (eBUS) er en minimal invasiv bronkoskopi teknikk som brukers ultralyd for å identifisere strukturer sammenhengende i luftveiene tilrettelegge transbronchial nål aspirasjon (TBNA). For lungekreft iscenesettelse en fersk meta-analyse rapporterte en median sensitivitet på 89% med verdier fra 46% til 97% og en median negativ prediktiv verdi PV på 91% for eBUS-TBNA. 4 Radial eBUS er en annen bronkoskopi verktøy som kan være brukes til å lokalisere parenchymale lunge lesjoner. Det er en 1,4 mm diameter instrument med en 20 MHz-ultralydsonde på spissen som genererer 360 graders bilder med en penetrasjon av 5 cm. Nylig rapporterte data av denne teknikken viste en sensitivitet på identifisering neoplasi av 73% (95% KI, 0,70 til 0,76) for knuter av alle størrelser og 71% (95% KI, 0,66 til 0,75) for lesjoner mindre enn 2,5 cm 5.

Elektromagnetisk navigasjons bronchoscopy (ENB) er en teknologi som skaper et magnetfelt rundt pasienten tillater bestemmelse av den romlige plasseringen av en sensoranordning i det magnetiske felt. Tsin informasjon er overlagret på tidligere oppnådde computertomografi (CT) bilder, som tillater en visning av sensorens plassering i forhold til anatomien. En virtuell bronkoskopi rekonstruksjon av pasientens luftveier letter navigering til målet lesjon. En gang i mål, tas det prøver direkte ved hjelp av én av de to tilgjengelige teknologier; sporbar bronkoskopiske instrumenter eller gjennom en utvidet arbeidskanal. Totalt diagnostisk nøyaktighet var 73,9% (95% KI 68,0% - 79,2%) og negativ prediktiv verdi 52,1% (95% KI 43,5% - 60,6%) og ved bruk av minst en av de andre teknologier (virtuelle bronkoskopi, ENB, Radial- eBUS, veilede skjede, ultratynne bronkoskop) den diagnostiske utbyttet var 70,0% med 95% KI på 67,1% til 72,9% 6 7 En av de kommersielt tilgjengelige systemer har den ekstra funksjonen til å utfylle bronkoskopi navigasjon med muligheten til å konvertere fra en bronkoskopi tilnærming til en transtorakal nål tilnærming i tilfelles hvor lesjonen ikke er i stand til å få tilgang bronchoscopically. Dette systemet benytter en elektromagnetisk styrt navigasjon 19 G sporings nål som tillater prøvetaking av kjernelunge biopsier ved anvendelse av en 20 G automatisk biopsi enhet.

Transtorakal nål aspirasjon (TTNA) er en ikke bronkoskopi diagnostisk tilnærming til lunge knuter og massene. TTNA av en perifer lunge lesjon kan utføres under ultralyd, gjennomlysning, CT eller elektro veiledning. I en oppdatert meta-analyse av Rivera et al den samlede følsomheten TTNA for diagnostisering av perifer bronchogenic karsinom var 0,90 (95% KI, 0,88 til 0,91). 8 I en studie av Wiener RS som inkluderte 15 865 pasienter med en rapportert risiko for pneumothorax etter TTNA på 15% (95% KI 14% - 16%) med 7% (95% KI, 6% - 7,2%). som krever styring med bryst tube 9 Kliniske studier som undersøker bruken av E-TTNA er for tiden gang.

CASE PRESentasjon

En 83 år gammel kvinne tidligere røyker med oksygenavhengig kronisk obstruktiv lungesykdom ble forresten funnet med en PET fluorodeoxyglucose ivrig 1,6 x 1,3 cm spiculated høyre øvre lobe (RUL) knute (figur 1). Selv om hennes sannsynlighet for malignitet var høy, pasienten nektet kirurgiske inngrep og har valgt en diagnostisk prosedyre før man vurderer andre behandlinger. Den typiske scenario som kan be hensynet til en evaluering for biopsi ville være et tilfelle av middels sannsynlighet for malignitet eller med en høy sannsynlighet for malignitet med en kontraindikasjon for kirurgisk reseksjon.

Protocol

En protokoll ble godkjent av den lokale Institutional Review Board (IRB). Deltakerne gir signert informert samtykke før utfylling av protokollen.

1. Pre-prosedyre

  1. Sikre at kandidatene til elektromagnetisk navigasjons transtorakal nål aspirasjon har en perifer pulmonal nodule. Bestem pulmonal nodule bruk av imagining studier.
    MERK: Den vanligste årsaken og nødvendig for denne protokollen er ved å evaluere tidligere oppnådde brystet CT.
  2. På dagen for inngrepet feste den elektroniske referansepunkt elektrodene til kontralateral hemithorax av lesjoner på å minimere puten overlapping med TTNA biopsi inngangspunktet. Skaff en baseline inspirasjons og ekspiratorisk uten kontrast brystet tomografi med 0,5 mm intervaller og 0,67 til 0,75 mm tykkelse.
  3. Overføre digital bildebehandling og kommunikasjon i medisin (DICOM) data fra CT-skanner til planlegging programvare. Hvis DICOM er utilgjengelig, en kompakt disk (CD) kopi av CT kan være direkte lastet på system for planlegging. Digitalt velg målet lesjon og rekonstruere en tredimensjonal virtuell luftveis kartet.
  4. Transportere pasienten ved båren fra CT-skanner til bronkoskopi suite med elektroniske referansepunkter på plass.
  5. Evaluere pasienten for anestesi, etablere IV tilgang og feste standard bedøvelse overvåking.

class = "jove_title" 2. Prosedyre (bronkoskopiske Phase)

  1. Overføre pasienten til bronkoskopi suite. Administrere dyp sedasjon anestesi ved hjelp av en propofol-infusjon (100-200 mikrogram / kg / min). Frie luftveier er etablert med laryngeal maske airway (LMA) eller endotrakeal trakealtuben (ETT).
    MERK: Anestesi kan bare gis av en sertifisert leverandør.
  2. Utfør et hvitt lys bronkoskopi (WLB) inspeksjon på standard måte å undersøke tracheobronchial treet til segmental nivå.
  3. Utfør enn eBUS-TBNA følge International Association for Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) lymfeknute kartet for lungekreft iscenesettelse. Hvis tilgjengelig, tynn nål aspirasjon (FNA) prøvene cytologisk analyseres på stedet. Hvis ikke, er prøven sted i formalin for senere evaluering.
  4. Bruk WLB bronchoscope med EMN bronkoskopi programfasen etter tidligere datamaskinen anerkjent eller manuelt høvlet endobronchial vei til målet lesjon med et instrument av valget på proceduralists skjønn (cytologi pensel, kjeve biopsi krefter, FNA Needle).
  5. Fremme R-eBUS gjennom arbeidskanalen og forsøk på å bekrefte lokalisasjon.
  6. En gang i målet, smake lesjonen med operatøren valgt sporbar instrument som brukes til å navigere. (Cytology pensel, kjeve biopsi krefter, FNA Needle).
  7. Hvis målet ikke er i stand til å bli verifisert av radial eBUS eller luftveis anatomi forbyr endobronchial navigasjon fjerne bronchoscope og forberede tHan pasient for en transtorakal tilnærming. Dersom lesjonen ikke kan diagnostiseres bronchoscopically forberede en pasient for transtorakal tilnærming.

3. Prosedyre (Electromagnetic Transtorakal nål aspirasjon)

  1. Tildele alle forsyninger som trengs for TTNA. (Se Material Table)
  2. Plasser pasienten liggende på en lignende måte brukes til brystet CT scan bildebehandling oppkjøpet.
  3. Ved hjelp av en test elektromagnetisk navigasjons nål velge inngangspunkt til brysthulen og merke det på hudoverflaten. Inngang punktet bør være overlegen i forhold til overflaten av den nærmeste ribbe og unngå benaktige strukturer og alle vaskulære struktur.
  4. Klargjør huden med 2% klorheksidin-løsning, drapere marken ved hjelp av steril teknikk og bedøve lokalt (subkutan infiltrasjon av omtrent 1 til 2 ml av 1% lidokain).
  5. Plasser steril elektronavigasjons nål på toppen av inngangspunktet ogå velge vinkelen til målet basert på observasjon av den tverrgående og koronale synspunkter sett på det elektromagnetiske system skjermene. (Trådkors markerer i det minste i to forskjellige plan.)
  6. Stabilisere nål og fast avanserte gjennom brystveggen inn i målet lesjon.
  7. Fjern veiledning nålen stylet fra nålen og ta vare å unngå nål bevegelse. På dette punktet ekstrem forsiktighet bør bruke for å hindre utilsiktet nål forskyvning. Dekke kanylen hub med fingeren. Sett 20 G FNA nålen gjennom 19 G nål. Smak lesjonen og gi prøven for ROSE.
  8. Programmere automatisk nål biopsi til ønsket avstand eller kaste basert på størrelsen på lesjonen, og deretter sette den gjennom 19 G nål. Stabilisere både nål og biopsi pistol, utløse nålebiopsi pistolen mekanisme for å utføre biopsi og fjerne fra innsiden av det elektromagnetiske navigasjons guide nålen gjør at den forblir i riktig position.
  9. Forsiktig videre veiledning sonden tilbake inn i lumen av perkutan nålen og holde den stabil.
  10. Mens nålen er kontinuerlig stabilisert, bruker assistent skalpell blad å forsiktig fjerne prøven fra den indre kanylen av kjernen biopsi nål og plassere den på 1/2 x 1/2 tommers tidligere kuttet ikke tilhenger pad. Fordyp puten i en formalinløsning.
  11. Bekrefte riktig plassering av nålen i lesjonen og deretter gjenta operasjonen 4 til 5 ganger gjør at kjernen nålen roteres med eller mot klokken for å prøve forskjellige områder.
  12. Når fornøyd med prøvene fjerne nålen, press og plassere en liten bandasje over stikkstedet.

4. Post Prosedyre

  1. Hvis tilgjengelig, utføre natt ultralyd for å vurdere for forekomst av lungeskyve (fravær av pneumothorax) eller bruke andre avbildningsfunksjonalitet (gjennomlysning, etc).
  2. Overførpasienten til utvinning området og observere under standard ambulerende kirurgiske enhet protokoller før helt våken.
  3. Skaff en kiste røntgenbilde for å utelukke komplikasjoner.
  4. Utflod pasienten hjem etter utdanning er gitt om de potensielle post prosedyre komplikasjoner, inkludert blødning og pneumothorax.

Representative Results

Alle vevsprøver innhentet av eBUS-TBNA og E-TTNA behandles av den sentrale patologi laboratorium for videre analyse. Patologisk evaluering av prøvene inneholder cytologisk og histologisk vurdering. Rapid evaluering (ROSE) på stedet bruker en modifisert Romanowsky flekk som gjør dekningen evaluering og en cytomorphological diagnostisk vurdering av patologiske prøver. En foreløpig intra prosedyre vurdering ved bruk av ROSE av eBUS-TBNA biopsier tatt fra mediastinale lymfeknutestasjoner 4L, 4R og 7 var unrevealing av åpen svulst. Navigasjons bronkoskopi fase, støttes med radial eBUS, klarte ikke å lokalisere høyre øvre lobe lesjon på grunn av anatomiske begrensninger. Prosedyren ble raskt omdannet til E-TTNA. E-TTNA ble vellykket utført og den oppnådde vevet var tilstrekkelig for videre patologisk og genetisk analyse. Den endelige patologi av E-TTNA kjerneprøve biopsier var diagnostisk og konsistent med adenokarsinom. Ingen umiddelbare komplikasjoner ble registrert.

Figur 1
Figur 1. Chest computertomografi (panel A) og Positron Emission Tomography (PET) (panel B). Høyre øvre lobe nodule med en PET negativ mediastinum. Skala i cm.

Discussion

Elektromagnetisk veiledning letter perkutan transtorakal biopsi teknikk. Det er viktig ved fremgangsmåten for å kontrollere tilfredsstillende utstyr kalibrering. Under nålestikk opprettholde en jevn vinkel og holde visuell innretting ved bruk av minst to forskjellige plan er nødvendig for effektivt å nå målet lesjon.

Nålestikk Dybden kan endres mellom biopsier å maksimere dekselet området. Fortrinnsvis kan fremgangsmåten bli assistert av en andre operatør, særlig ved biopsi pistol drift, men en enkelt operatør fremgangsmåte er mulig.

Kjent med instrumentene og teknikk tar ca 2 til 3 kanyler. Hvis tilgjengelig trening på fantom modeller eller avdød modeller under direkte oppsyn av en erfaren operatør er tilrådelig. Elektromagnetisk navigasjons transtorakal nål aspirasjon (E-TTNA) er en roman teknologi som supplerer curleie armamentarium for diagnostisering av perifere lunge knuter. Potensielle begrensninger av prosedyren er iboende til elektromagnetisk navigasjonsteknologi, som CT til kroppen divergens og relatert til dynamikken i luftveiene. Vi anbefaler forventning for forvaltningen av komplikasjoner som pneumothorax og blødning bør tas i løpet av noen perkutan prosedyre.

I denne artikkelen beskriver vi hvordan E-TTNA utføres av intervensjons pulmonologist og inkorporering av teknikken til de nåværende tilgjengelige bronkoskopiske fremgangsmåter for vurdering av lunge knuter.

E-TTNA potensielt kan redusere behovet for andre bildeveiledet perkutan Transtorakal prosedyrer som gir full integrering av bronkoskopi og ikke-bronkoskopiske teknikker i ett enkelt prosedyre potensielt øke diagnostisk utbytte, bedre sikkerhet og redusere det totale antall prosedyrer. Videre studier er behoved å bestemme kliniske nytten av denne moderne biopsi teknikk.

Disclosures

Forfatterne har mottatt forskningsmidler som ble levert av Veran Medical Technologies Inc., som produserer EM og TTNA instrumenter som brukes i denne publikasjonen.

Materials

Name Company Catalog Number Comments
20 G x 15 cm Programmable automatic biopsy needle SuperCore Argon Medical devices 701120150
Non Adherent Pads Telfa 
Sterile scissor
2% chlorhexidine gluconate pad
Surgical Blade #11
Sterile surgical drape
1% lidocaine
Sterile gowns
Sterile gloves
Mask
Scrub hair cap
Electronic reference points  vPAD2 (Veran Medical Technologies) INS-0049
Planning software  SPiNDrive 2.0 (Veran Medical Technologies) 
Eelectromagnetic navigation platform SPiNView (Veran Medical Technologies)
19 G x 105 mm Electromagnetic navigational needle SPiNPerc  Veran Medical Technologies INS-0029
Standard diagnostic Fiberoptic Bronchoscope
EBUS Bronchoscope
Radial EBUS probe UM-S20-17S Olympus
Formaldehyde-based fixative solution.
Ethanol based fixative

DOWNLOAD MATERIALS LIST

References

  1. Govert, J. A., Dodd, L. G., Kussin, P. S., Samuelson, W. M. A prospective comparison of fiberoptic transbronchial needle aspiration and bronchial biopsy for bronchoscopically visible lung carcinoma. Cancer. 87, 129-134 (1999).
  2. Gasparini, S. Bronchoscopic biopsy techniques in the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 52, 392-398 (1997).
  3. United States cancer statistics: 1999-2010 incidence and mortality web-based report. US Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and National Cancer Institute. , U. C. S. W Group. Atlanta, GA. (2014).
  4. Silvestri, G. A., et al. Methods for staging non-small cell lung cancer: Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 143, e211S-e250S (2013).
  5. Steinfort, D. P., Khor, Y. H., Manser, R. L., Irving, L. B. Radial probe endobronchial ultrasound for the diagnosis of peripheral lung cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. The European respiratory journal. 37, 902-910 (2011).
  6. Gex, G., et al. Diagnostic yield and safety of electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy for lung nodules: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Respiration; international review of thoracic diseases. 87, 165-176 (2014).
  7. Wang Memoli, J. S., Nietert, P. J., Silvestri, G. A. Meta-analysis of guided bronchoscopy for the evaluation of the pulmonary nodule. Chest. 142, 385-393 (2012).
  8. Lee, K. A., Raval, A. A., Amir, L. Cost-effectiveness of endobronchial percutaneous biopsy compared with transthoracic biopsy for diagnosis of peripheral lung lesions. Lung Cancer Management. 3 (2), 135-148 (2014).
  9. Rivera, M. P., Mehta, A. C. American College of Chest, P. Initial diagnosis of lung cancer: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition). Chest. 132, 131S-148S (2007).
  10. Wiener, R. S., Schwartz, L. M., Woloshin, S., Welch, H. G. Population-based risk for complications after transthoracic needle lung biopsy of a pulmonary nodule: an analysis of discharge records. Annals of internal medicine. 155, 137-144 (2011).

Tags

Medisin Lung nodule elektromagnetisk navigasjons bronkoskopi Transtorakal nål aspirasjon.
Bruk av elektromagnetisk navigasjons Transtorakal nål aspirasjon (E-TTNA) for Prøvetaking av lunge knuter
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Cite this Article

Arias, S., Lee, H., Semaan, R.,More

Arias, S., Lee, H., Semaan, R., Frimpong, B., Ortiz, R., Feller-Kopman, D., Oakjones-Burgess, K., Yarmus, L. Use of Electromagnetic Navigational Transthoracic Needle Aspiration (E-TTNA) for Sampling of Lung Nodules. J. Vis. Exp. (99), e52723, doi:10.3791/52723 (2015).

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    Hydra, a Computer-Based Platform for Aiding Clinicians in Cardiovascular Analysis and Diagnosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Objective Nociceptive Assessment in Ventilated ICU Patients: A Feasibility Study Using Pupillometry and the Nociceptive Flexion Reflex
  • Research • Medicine
    'Boden Food Plate': Novel Interactive Web-based Method for the Assessment of Dietary Intake
  • Research • Medicine
    Anogenital Distance and Perineal Measurements of the Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) Quantification System
  • Research • Medicine
    Bedside Ultrasound for Guiding Fluid Removal in Patients with Pulmonary Edema: The Reverse-FALLS Protocol
  • Research • Medicine
    Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation of Primary Human Decidual Cells from the Fetal Membranes of Term Placentae
  • Research • Medicine
    Skeletal Muscle Neurovascular Coupling, Oxidative Capacity, and Microvascular Function with 'One Stop Shop' Near-infrared Spectroscopy
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting Hair Samples for Hair Cortisol Analysis in African Americans
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vivo Morphometric Analysis of Human Cranial Nerves Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Menière's Disease Ears and Normal Hearing Ears
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (Cf-PWV) to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness
  • Research • Medicine
    Standardized Measurement of Nasal Membrane Transepithelial Potential Difference (NPD)
  • Research • Medicine
    Taste Exam: A Brief and Validated Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Absorption of Nasal and Bronchial Fluids: Precision Sampling of the Human Respiratory Mucosa and Laboratory Processing of Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Methodology for Sputum Induction and Laboratory Processing
  • Research • Medicine
    Electrophysiological Measurement of Noxious-evoked Brain Activity in Neonates Using a Flat-tip Probe Coupled to Electroencephalography
  • Research • Medicine
    A Detailed Protocol for Physiological Parameters Acquisition and Analysis in Neurosurgical Critical Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Oral Biofilm Sampling for Microbiome Analysis in Healthy Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia
  • Research • Medicine
    Application of an Amplitude-integrated EEG Monitor (Cerebral Function Monitor) to Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    3D Ultrasound Imaging: Fast and Cost-effective Morphometry of Musculoskeletal Tissue
  • Research • Medicine
    The 4-vessel Sampling Approach to Integrative Studies of Human Placental Physiology In Vivo
  • Research • Medicine
    A Component-resolved Diagnostic Approach for a Study on Grass Pollen Allergens in Chinese Southerners with Allergic Rhinitis and/or Asthma
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
  • Research • Medicine
    A Method for Quantifying Upper Limb Performance in Daily Life Using Accelerometers
  • Research • Medicine
    Non-invasive Assessments of Subjective and Objective Recovery Characteristics Following an Exhaustive Jump Protocol
  • Research • Medicine
    Experimental Protocol of a Three-minute, All-out Arm Crank Exercise Test in Spinal-cord Injured and Able-bodied Individuals
  • Research • Medicine
    Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Pulmonary Capillary Blood Volume, Membrane Diffusing Capacity, and Intrapulmonary Arteriovenous Anastomoses During Exercise
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Child Anthropometry in a Large Epidemiologic Study
  • Research • Medicine
    Video Movement Analysis Using Smartphones (ViMAS): A Pilot Study
  • Research • Medicine
    Network Analysis of Foramen Ovale Electrode Recordings in Drug-resistant Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Induction and Assessment of Exertional Skeletal Muscle Damage in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    A Detailed Protocol for Perspiration Monitoring Using a Novel, Small, Wireless Device
  • Research • Medicine
    Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
  • Research • Medicine
    Integrated Compensatory Responses in a Human Model of Hemorrhage
  • Research • Medicine
    Transthoracic Speckle Tracking Echocardiography for the Quantitative Assessment of Left Ventricular Myocardial Deformation
  • Research • Medicine
    Impression Cytology of the Lid Wiper Area
  • Research • Behavior
    A Protocol of Manual Tests to Measure Sensation and Pain in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    Unbiased Deep Sequencing of RNA Viruses from Clinical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    A Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cell-based Model of the Human Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier to Study Bacterial Infection from the Basolateral Side
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Profiling of MicroRNA-containing Exosomes from Human Bile
  • Research • Medicine
    Generation of Microtumors Using 3D Human Biogel Culture System and Patient-derived Glioblastoma Cells for Kinomic Profiling and Drug Response Testing
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Using a Laminating Technique to Perform Confocal Microscopy of the Human Sclera
  • Research • Medicine
    Intravenous Endotoxin Challenge in Healthy Humans: An Experimental Platform to Investigate and Modulate Systemic Inflammation
  • Research • Medicine
    Modeling and Simulations of Olfactory Drug Delivery with Passive and Active Controls of Nasally Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols
  • Research • Medicine
    Exosomal miRNA Analysis in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Patients' Plasma Through qPCR: A Feasible Liquid Biopsy Tool
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multimodal Imaging- and Stimulation-based Method of Evaluating Connectivity-related Brain Excitability in Patients with Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges
  • Research • Medicine
    Using Saccadometry with Deep Brain Stimulation to Study Normal and Pathological Brain Function
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Fundus Autofluorescence for the Evaluation of Retinal Diseases
  • Research • Medicine
    Diagnosis of Musculus Gastrocnemius Tightness - Key Factors for the Clinical Examination
  • Research • Medicine
    Stereo-Electro-Encephalo-Graphy (SEEG) With Robotic Assistance in the Presurgical Evaluation of Medical Refractory Epilepsy: A Technical Note
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Transcutaneous Microcirculatory Imaging in Preterm Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    Using an Ingestible Telemetric Temperature Pill to Assess Gastrointestinal Temperature During Exercise
  • Research • Medicine
    Design, Fabrication, and Administration of the Hand Active Sensation Test (HASTe)
  • Research • Medicine
    MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder
  • Research • Medicine
    Functional Human Liver Preservation and Recovery by Means of Subnormothermic Machine Perfusion
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multicenter MRI Protocol for the Evaluation and Quantification of Deep Vein Thrombosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Determining The Electromyographic Fatigue Threshold Following a Single Visit Exercise Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of Electromagnetic Navigational Transthoracic Needle Aspiration (E-TTNA) for Sampling of Lung Nodules
  • Research • Medicine
    Trabecular Meshwork Response to Pressure Elevation in the Living Human Eye
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vivo, Percutaneous, Needle Based, Optical Coherence Tomography of Renal Masses
  • Research • Medicine
    Establishment of Human Epithelial Enteroids and Colonoids from Whole Tissue and Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Human Brown Adipose Tissue Depots Automatically Segmented by Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography and Registered Magnetic Resonance Images
  • Research • Medicine
    Preparation and Respirometric Assessment of Mitochondria Isolated from Skeletal Muscle Tissue Obtained by Percutaneous Needle Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    A Methodological Approach to Non-invasive Assessments of Vascular Function and Morphology
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Immortalization of Patient-derived Cell Lines from Muscle Biopsy for Disease Modeling
  • Research • Medicine
    State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
  • Research • Medicine
    The Supraclavicular Fossa Ultrasound View for Central Venous Catheter Placement and Catheter Change Over Guidewire
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of the Brachial Artery in Clinical Research
  • Research • Medicine
    Tracking the Mammary Architectural Features and Detecting Breast Cancer with Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes
  • Research • Medicine
    DTI of the Visual Pathway - White Matter Tracts and Cerebral Lesions
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection, Isolation, and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Human Endocervical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multi-Modal Approach to Assessing Recovery in Youth Athletes Following Concussion
  • Research • Medicine
    Clinical Assessment of Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Patients and Older Adults
  • Research • Medicine
    Multi-electrode Array Recordings of Human Epileptic Postoperative Cortical Tissue
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection and Extraction of Saliva DNA for Next Generation Sequencing
  • Research • Medicine
    Fast and Accurate Exhaled Breath Ammonia Measurement
  • Research • Medicine
    Developing Neuroimaging Phenotypes of the Default Mode Network in PTSD: Integrating the Resting State, Working Memory, and Structural Connectivity
  • Research • Medicine
    Two Methods for Establishing Primary Human Endometrial Stromal Cells from Hysterectomy Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Coordinate Mapping of Hyolaryngeal Mechanics in Swallowing
  • Research • Medicine
    Network Analysis of the Default Mode Network Using Functional Connectivity MRI in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    EEG Mu Rhythm in Typical and Atypical Development
  • Research • Medicine
    The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT): An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Functional Characterization of Human Ventricular Cardiomyocytes from Fresh Surgical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Primary Culture of Human Vestibular Schwannomas
  • Research • Medicine
    Utility of Dissociated Intrinsic Hand Muscle Atrophy in the Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Lesion Explorer: A Video-guided, Standardized Protocol for Accurate and Reliable MRI-derived Volumetrics in Alzheimer's Disease and Normal Elderly
  • Research • Medicine
    Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Culture, and Imaging of Human Fetal Pancreatic Cell Clusters
  • Research • Medicine
    3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Computerized Dynamic Posturography for Postural Control Assessment in Patients with Intermittent Claudication
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting Saliva and Measuring Salivary Cortisol and Alpha-amylase in Frail Community Residing Older Adults via Family Caregivers
  • Research • Medicine
    Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Analysis of Neurodegenerative Diseases
  • Research • Medicine
    Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Retinal Surgical Specimens Using jouRNAl
  • Research • Medicine
    Improved Protocol For Laser Microdissection Of Human Pancreatic Islets From Surgical Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Respiratory Muscle Activation Using Respiratory Motor Control Assessment (RMCA) in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury
  • Research • Medicine
    Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting And Measuring Wound Exudate Biochemical Mediators In Surgical Wounds
  • Research • Medicine
    A Research Method For Detecting Transient Myocardial Ischemia In Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome Using Continuous ST-segment Analysis
  • Research • Medicine
    Using a Chemical Biopsy for Graft Quality Assessment
  • Research • Medicine
    Characterizing Exon Skipping Efficiency in DMD Patient Samples in Clinical Trials of Antisense Oligonucleotides
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vitro Assessment of Cardiac Function Using Skinned Cardiomyocytes
  • Research • Medicine
    Normothermic Ex Situ Heart Perfusion in Working Mode: Assessment of Cardiac Function and Metabolism
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Vascular Control Mechanisms Utilizing Video Microscopy of Isolated Resistance Arteries of Rats
  • Research • Medicine
    Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) for Research; Obtaining Adequate Sample Yield
  • Research • Medicine
    Non-invasive Optical Measurement of Cerebral Metabolism and Hemodynamics in Infants
  • Research • Medicine
    Tilt Testing with Combined Lower Body Negative Pressure: a "Gold Standard" for Measuring Orthostatic Tolerance
  • Research • Medicine
    Driving Simulation in the Clinic: Testing Visual Exploratory Behavior in Daily Life Activities in Patients with Visual Field Defects
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Characterization and Comparative Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Derived from Permanent Teeth by Using Two Different Methods
  • Research • Medicine
    Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking (IPL): Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Intraoperative Detection of Subtle Endometriosis: A Novel Paradigm for Detection and Treatment of Pelvic Pain Associated with the Loss of Peritoneal Integrity
  • Research • Medicine
    The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection Protocol for Human Pancreas
  • Research • Medicine
    The α-test: Rapid Cell-free CD4 Enumeration Using Whole Saliva
  • Research • Medicine
    The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Donor Tissue Preparation for Endothelial Keratoplasty
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantification of Atherosclerotic Plaque Activity and Vascular Inflammation using [18-F] Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (FDG-PET/CT)
  • Research • Medicine
    Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography of Retinal Circulation
  • Research • Medicine
    Utilizing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Study the Human Neuromuscular System
  • Research • Medicine
    Detection and Genogrouping of Noroviruses from Children's Stools By Taqman One-step RT-PCR
  • Research • Medicine
    Method to Measure Tone of Axial and Proximal Muscle
  • Research • Medicine
    The Trier Social Stress Test Protocol for Inducing Psychological Stress
  • Research • Medicine
    Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Multifocal Electroretinograms
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation of Human Islets from Partially Pancreatectomized Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quantification of Pulmonary Perfusion using Calibrated Arterial Spin Labeling
  • Research • Medicine
    Manual Muscle Testing: A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department
  • Research • Medicine
    A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
  • Research • Medicine
    An Investigation of the Effects of Sports-related Concussion in Youth Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Head Impact Telemetry System
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Confocal Microscopy: A Novel Non-invasive Technique to Quantify Small Fibre Pathology in Peripheral Neuropathies
  • Research • Medicine
    Methods to Quantify Pharmacologically Induced Alterations in Motor Function in Human Incomplete SCI
  • Research • Medicine
    Multispectral Real-time Fluorescence Imaging for Intraoperative Detection of the Sentinel Lymph Node in Gynecologic Oncology
  • Research • Medicine
    Technique to Collect Fungiform (Taste) Papillae from Human Tongue
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessing Endothelial Vasodilator Function with the Endo-PAT 2000
  • Research • Medicine
    Making Sense of Listening: The IMAP Test Battery
  • Research • Medicine
    An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)
  • Research • Biology
    Bioelectric Analyses of an Osseointegrated Intelligent Implant Design System for Amputees
  • Research • Biology
    Demonstration of Cutaneous Allodynia in Association with Chronic Pelvic Pain
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