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Medicine

Bestemmelse af Elektromyografisk Træthed Threshold Efter et enkelt besøg Motion Test

Published: July 27, 2015 doi: 10.3791/52729

Abstract

Teoretisk er den elektromyografisk (EMG) træthed grænse er den træningsintensitet en person kan opretholde det uendelige uden behovet for at rekruttere flere motoriske enheder, som er forbundet med en stigning i EMG amplitude. Selvom forskellige protokoller er blevet anvendt til at estimere EMG træthed tærskel de kræver flere besøg, som er upraktisk for et klinisk miljø. Her præsenterer vi en protokol til at estimere EMG træthed tærsklen for cyklus ergometri som kræver et enkelt besøg. Denne protokol er enkel, praktisk, og afsluttes inden for 15-20 min, derfor har potentialet til at blive oversat til et værktøj, som klinikere kan bruge i motion recept.

Introduction

Overflade elektromyografi (EMG) er en ikke-invasiv metode studere motorenhed rekruttering under isometrisk 1-3, isokinetisk 4-6, eller kontinuerlig 7-10 muskel handling. Amplituden af EMG signal repræsenterer muskel aktivering, som består af antallet af motoriske enheder aktiveres, afbrændingstakten af de motoriske enheder eller begge 11. Begrebet EMG træthed tærskel anvendes til at indikere den højeste arbejdsbyrde i hvilken en person kan udøve på ubestemt tid uden en stigning i EMG amplitude 8.

Det er vigtigt at kortvarigt diskussion oprindelsen af ​​EMG træthed tærskel. Den oprindelige undersøgelse fra Vries et al. 12 involverede en protokol, der bestod af flere (normalt 3-4) diskontinuerlige arbejde anfald, hvor EMG amplitude blev plottet mod tid for hver arbejde kamp. Udgangseffekten blev derefter plottes versus hældning koefficienter fra EMG amplitude versus tid rela hæng, og derefter ekstrapoleret til nul hældning (y-skæringspunkt) 12. Forfatterne 12 oprindeligt kaldt denne protokol den fysiske arbejdskapacitet på tærsklen træthed (PWCFT). I en anden undersøgelse, de Vries et al. 13 anvendes ofte afbrudte anfald, men anvendes lineær regression for at finde den første effekt, der resulterede i en betydelig hældning for EMG amplitude versus tid forhold. Forfatterne 13 også kaldet protokollen den PWCFT, skaber en vis forvirring i litteraturen. I en efterfølgende artikel, de Vries et al. 14 ændret deres tidligere protokol 13 og udviklet en kontinuerlig inkrementel protokol. EMG amplitude blev plottet mod tiden for hver udgangseffekt og den PWCFT blev defineret som gennemsnittet af den højeste effekt, der resulterede ikke i nogen ændring i EMG amplitude over tid og den laveste effekt, der resulterede i en stigning i EMG amplitude over tid 14 .

ent "> Det skal bemærkes, at udtrykket PWC blev oprindeligt introduceret i slutningen af 1950'erne 15,16 og er synonymt med et væld af litteratur (fortid, nutid, og på tværs af forskellige lande) undersøgelse aerobe kapacitet ved en given belastning 17. Desuden begrebet bruges i det ergonomiske og industrielle litteratur, som fokuserer på dag-til-dag produktivitet arbejdstagere, der udfører gentagne handlinger under otte timer arbejdsdage som individer i en samlefabrik 18.

Udtrykket EMG træthed tærskel blev oprindeligt anvendt af Matsumoto og kolleger 19, efter at de ændret Vries 12 protokol, hvor udgangseffekten versus hældning koefficienterne for EMG amplitude versus tid forholdet plottes og ekstrapoleres til det punkt nul hældning. For nylig, Guffey et al. 20 og Briscoe et al. 8 anvendes fremgangsmåden ifølge de Vries et al. 14 og terminologi Matsumoto et enl. 19 til operationelt definere EMG træthed tærskel. Bevæger sig fremad, anbefaler vi, at udtrykket EMG træthed tærskel anvendes. Således er EMG amplitude versus tid forholdet afbildet for hver effekt og derefter analyseret ved anvendelse af lineære regressionsanalyser (figur 1). For at estimere EMG træthed tærskel, den højeste effekt med en ikke-signifikant (p> 0,05) hældning og den laveste effekt med en signifikant (p <0,05) hældning er identificeret og derefter gennemsnittet beregnes 14. Denne protokol er enkel, praktisk og afsluttet inden for 15-20 min. Desuden kan den trinvise sats moduleres baseret på den enkeltes niveau af sædvanlige fysisk aktivitet, og derfor har potentielle anvendelsesmuligheder i kliniske indstillinger.

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Protocol

Alle procedurer blev godkendt af University Institutional Review Board for mennesker.

1. Forberedelse af deltagerens Leg

  1. Har deltageren pænt rulle op deres shorts til den ønskede ben. Så tape shorts, så quadriceps femoris muskel gruppe er eksponeret og trække en linje omkring området deltageren har brug for at barbere.
  2. VIGTIGT: Have deltageren barbere deres ben før testen i stedet for den foregående dag, da dette sikrer, at der ikke er nogen skægstubbene, som kan interferere med EMG-signalet.
  3. Når deltageren er færdig barbering det ønskede område af benet, rense barberede område med sprit for at sikre, at der ikke er nogen rester af barbering gel (eller fløde), som kan interferere med EMG-signalet.

2. Måling af Leg for Placering af elektroder

  1. For at placere EMG elektrode på vastus lateralis musklen, får following målinger
    1. Har deltageren står lige overfor forskeren.
    2. Lokalisere den forreste spina iliaca superior (ASIS) og den laterale side af patella. Den ASIS er hoftebenet; palpere det ved at placere hånden på hver side af maven under navlen.
    3. Med et målebånd, måle afstanden mellem de to steder er identificeret ovenfor, og tager 2/3 af denne værdi på linien fra ASIS til den laterale side af patella. Bemærk: Yderligere oplysninger om placering af EMG elektroder kan findes på SENIAM (Surface elektromyografi for ikke-invasiv vurdering af muskler) URL: http://www.seniam.org/

3. Placering af EMG elektroder

  1. Efter placeringen af ​​vastus lateralis er blevet identificeret, tage EMG elektroder (de fleste forskere bruger kommercielt tilgængelige engangs Ag-Ag Cl-elektroder) og sted i løbet af de vastus lateralis uden at fjerne den selvklæbende shield. Derefter med en pen markere det område, hvor gelen del af elektroden får kontakt med musklen. Sørg for, at interelectrode afstanden er 20 mm center-til-center.
  2. Brug et stykke sandpapir (60 grove) til forsigtigt at slibe disse to områder for at fjerne det overfladiske lag af huden. I løbet af denne tid, bede deltageren deres niveau af ubehag. Stop slibning, når deltageren angiver det område er varm.
  3. Rengør afslebne områder med et håndklæde, der er fugtet med sprit eller en spritserviet. Lad området på benet for at tørre før placere EMG-elektroder.
  4. Placer EMG elektroder på de steder, der blev afslebet (Figur 2). Pas på ikke at placere elektroderne på Iliotibial band (IT band). Spørg deltageren at kontrakten quadriceps femoris muskler for at palpere de vastus lateralis. Placer elektroderne på musklen for at sikre det ikke er på IT-båndet. Bemærk: Hvis elektroderne på it-båndet, EMG-signalet would blive dæmpet, når deltageren bliver bedt om at maksimalt kontrakt.
  5. Placer referenceelektrode (3. elektrode) på en Boney bindingssted såsom ASIS således ikke forstyrre bevægelse af de nedre lemmer under træningen Bout.

4. Kontrol af EMG Signal

  1. Forud for øvelsen test starter, skal du kontrollere interelectrode impedans.
    Bemærk: Dette trin er kritisk, fordi hvis signalet har for meget støj, så de EMG data indsamlet under træningen test vil være ugyldig.
    1. Har deltageren sidde i en stol og tilslut EMG fører til deres respektive elektroder fastgjort til deltagerens ben.
    2. På dette tidspunkt har deltageren slække på deres ben, der ikke har nogen spænding i musklen. Så efter ca. 30 sek af afslapning, har deltageren maksimalt kontrakt deres quadriceps femoris muskler i 5 sekunder og derefter gå tilbage til at være helt afslappet.
    3. Når der udføres opgaven enBove (trin 4.1.2), optage deltagere EMG-signalet på computeren.
    4. Sørg for, at interelectrode impedans er <2.000 ohm. Desuden, hvis et voltmeter er tilgængelig i laboratoriet, så tjek baseline støj og holde under 5 μV. Desuden indstille frekvensen prøveudtagning på 1.000 Hz.

5. Nedsættelse af Cycle Ergometer

  1. Efter kontrol af interelectrode impedans, har deltageren flytte fra stolen til den cyklus ergometer.
  2. Har deltageren stå ved siden af ​​cyklen ergometer og hæve deres knæ, indtil låret er parallel med jorden. Så har deltageren hold denne stilling og juster sædehøjden til at matche den samme højde som deltagerens lår.
  3. Derefter har deltageren sidde på cyklen ergometer sæde og derefter pedal et par gange samtidig beder dem, hvis de er komfortable med sædehøjde. Hvis det er nødvendigt, justeres sædehøjden.
  4. Sikre that deltagerens ben er næsten fuld forlængelse med en let bøjning (~ 5 °) i knæ under hver pedal omdrejning.
  5. Før du starter testen, har deltageren bære en polær pulsmåler, så pulsen kan dokumenteres hele øvelsen test.

6. Udførelse af EMG Træthed Threshold Protocol

  1. Har deltageren begynde at cykle og gradvist øge deres kadence til 70 omdrejninger / min. Derefter øger udgangseffekten på cyklen ergometer til 50 W.
  2. Har deltageren cyklus ved denne effekt i ca. 2-3 min.
    Bemærk: Dette er en lav intensitet motion og vil tjene som opvarmning.
  3. Efter den varme-up perioden, øge effekt med 25 W hver 2 min, indtil deltageren er ikke længere i stand til at opretholde den 70 omdrejninger / min kadence eller anmoder om, at testen stoppes.
    Bemærk: Det skal bemærkes, at der under udøvelsen prøvningen måles EMG-signalet registreres i 10sec epoker Under hver 2 min fase for sec 10-20, 30-40, 50-60, 70-80, 90-100 og 110-120 21. De fleste EMG systemer vil have en mulighed for at indstille den automatiske optagelse på det ønskede interval. For hvert trin bør der være 6 datafiler.
  4. Når den trinvise test har konkluderet, har deltageren udføre en cool ned på 50 W. Kontrollér, at længden af ​​den kølige ned svarer til at have deltagerens puls vende tilbage til den værdi, under opvarmningsfasen. Overvåge dette ved at kontrollere deltagernes puls ved hjælp af den polære pulsmåler.
  5. Når den kølige ned er færdig, skal du fjerne EMG fører og har deltageren trin fra cyklus ergometer og vende tilbage til stolen. Fjern derefter forsigtigt EMG elektroder og tørre områder med et rent håndklæde fugtet med sprit eller en spritserviet.

7. Behandling af EMG Signal

  1. Efter prøven er afsluttet, proCESS de rå EMG datafiler, der blev indsamlet under udøvelsen testen, så data kan bruges til at bestemme EMG træthed tærskel.
    1. Udfør behandling af EMG-signalet med enten software, der bruges til at indsamle de EMG-signalet eller sædvane skriftlig software ved hjælp af forskellige platforme, såsom Matlab eller LabVIEW.
    2. Filtrere indsamlede EMG signaler under anvendelse et band-pass filter. Brug en indstilling på 10 til 500 Hz. Bemærk: Dette ændrer frekvensen af ​​signalet, således at lavfrekvente artefakter på grund af bevægelse af EMG ledninger (<10 Hz) og højfrekvente artefakter fra miljøet (> 500 Hz), fjernes. Brug et hak filter på 60 Hz, hvis der er nogen indblanding fra strømforsyningen til computeren eller EMG-system.
    3. Når signalet er filtreret, fastlægge signal amplitude ved at beregne geometriske middelværdi af signalet: Square hver af datapunkter, opsummere dem, dividere med antallet af datapunkter, derefter tage kvadratroden af ​​den resulterende værdi. Udfør disse beregninger ved hjælp af førnævnte software.

8. Bestemmelse af EMG Træthed Threshold for hver deltager

  1. Udfør følgende trin for hver deltager.
    1. Når EMG-signalet er blevet behandlet; bruge et statistisk program (f.eks GraphPad Prism) og mærke den første kolonne "Time" og de ​​efterfølgende kolonner med magt udgange anvendes til prøven.
    2. For hver effekt, fylde-i den tilsvarende EMG amplitude for hver 20 sek interval.
    3. For hver effekt, analysere tid (x-aksen) vs EMG amplitude (y-akse) forhold med lineær regression for at bestemme, om hældningen på regressionslinien er signifikant (p <0,05) forskellig fra nul.
    4. Efter udførelse af lineære regressionsanalyser for alle effektudtag, identificere den højeste effekt med en ikke-signifikant (p> 0,05) hældning.
    5. Derefter identificere ler skyldig udgangseffekt med en signifikant (p <0,05) hældning.
    6. Når disse to power udgange er blevet identificeret, tilføje dem og dividere med 2; den resulterende effekt er det anslåede EMG træthed tærskel.

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Representative Results

Som vist i figur 1, for en enkelt deltager, hver udgangseffekt, der er fuldført har seks datapunkter, der repræsenterer EMG amplitude for vastus lateralis musklen. Derfor, i dette eksempel, den højeste effekt med en ikke-signifikant (p> 0,05) hældningen er 200 watt, mens den laveste effekt med en signifikant (p <0,05) hældningen er 225 W. Derfor for denne deltager EMG træthed grænse er 213 W. Når EMG træthed tærsklen bestemmes for hver deltager så Empiriske statistikker kan udføres.

Figur 1
Figur 1: Repræsentative resultater for en enkelt deltager. Lineær regression blev udført for EMG amplitude versus tid forholdet for hver effekt. Den effekt angivet ved den røde pil (200 W) er denhøjeste udgangseffekt med en ikke-signifikant (p> 0,05) hældning, mens udgangseffekten angivet af den grønne pil (225 W) er den laveste effekt med en signifikant (p <0,05) hældning. Gennemsnittet af disse to power output lig 213 W, hvilket er EMG FT.

Figur 1
Figur 2:. Afbildning af elektroden ordning for vastus lateralis musklen Derudover har vi givet en visuel af, hvor EMG elektroder placeret for rectus femoris og vastus medialis muskler. Specifikke anvisninger for EMG elektroder placeret, kan findes på følgende websted: http://www.seniam.org.

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Discussion

Vi her præsenterer en metode til bestemmelse af neuromuskulær træthed i quadriceps femoris muskler til dynamisk øvelse. Denne fremgangsmåde tilvejebringer en enkel og ikke-invasiv metode til ved hjælp af overflade EMG. Desuden alsidigheden ved denne metode er, at forskerne kan tilpasse det til andre transportformer motion som løbebånd 20.

Teoretisk, for intensiteter på eller under EMG træthed tærsklen deltageren skal kunne opretholde øvelsen workbout ubestemt tid 12,13. Briscoe et al. 8 valideret EMG træthed tærskel for cyklus ergometri. På separate lejligheder hver deltager udøves på 70%, 100%, og 130% af deres EMG træthed tærskel. Forfatterne fandt, at for 70% og 100% af EMG træthed tærskel deltagerne ikke har øget EMG amplitude under øvelsen arbejdsbyrde 8. Til arbejdsbyrden ved 130% af EMG træthed tærskel dog udstillet deltagerne ensignifikant stigning i EMG amplitude 8. Briscoe et al. 8 konkluderede, at EMG træthed tærsklen for cyklus ergometri var en gyldig protokol til at bestemme neuromuskulær træthed under kontinuerlig træning.

Med hensyn til kritiske trin i protokollen og fejlfinding overveje følgende. Hvis der er for meget støj i EMG-signalet, når du udfører trin 4.1.2 derefter først kontrollere forbindelsen mellem EMG elektroder og enheden optager signalet. Ofte kan de EMG ledningerne ikke tilsluttes korrekt til EMG elektroden. For det andet, at de områder, hvor elektroderne er placeret behov være fri for enhver hår og føles glat at røre ved i stedet for rå (dvs. barbering skægstubbene). Derfor sikre, at al håret grundigt fjernes på steder, hvor EMG elektroden vil blive placeret. Det er også vigtigt at rense området, når slibning er afsluttet. Igen er målet at have en ren og glat overflade. Tredje, the midterste område af EMG elektroden bør ikke være tørt og i givet fald anvende konduktans gel (såsom dem der anvendes til ultralyd) som et supplement. Sørg for at bruge gelen sparsomt, fordi overskydende gel kan forstyrre klæbeevne af EMG elektrode. Kombinationen af ​​disse elementer er fælles syndere, der øger støjen i EMG-signalet og således forurener dataene.

Selvom EMG FT-protokollen er alsidig der er potentielle begrænsninger for dens anvendelse i et klinisk miljø. For eksempel kan visse kliniske populationer ikke tåle prøvningsprotokol. Det vil sige, mens stigningen i arbejdsbyrden kan ændres (dvs. 5 W i stedet for 25 W pr etape) patienter med svær respiratorisk og / eller hjerte-sygdomme kan tidligt træthed i de indledende faser af testen. En anden potentiel begrænsning er, at quadriceps femoris muskler er alle aktiveret under cyklus ergometri; imidlertid er EMG signal, der optages fra kun en afdisse muskler. Til dato har ingen studier bestemt den EMG FT tværs af de tre overfladiske quadriceps femoris muskler for cyklus ergometri at identificere, om der er forskelle mellem muskler.

Sammenfattende metoden til estimering af EMG træthed tærskel fra en enkelt trinvis øvelse test er et nyttigt redskab til vurdering af neuromuskulær træthed under dynamisk øvelse. Desuden denne test giver en objektiv metode til at bestemme for effekten af ​​forskellige interventioner, der dæmper muskeltræthed.

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Materials

Name Company Catalog Number Comments
839 E Monark cycle ergometer  Monark Exercise AB 839 E
Heart rate monitor Polar Polar H1
Laptop Dell Inspiron varies any laptop computer with USB slots should work.
EMG amplifiers BioPac Systems, Inc. 100B 100C are the latest version
Disposable EMG electrodes BioPac Systems, Inc. EL-500
Sandpaper Home Depot 9 inch x 11 inch 60 Grit course no-slip grip Advanced Sandpaper (3-Pack)

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References

  1. Hendrix, C. R., et al. Comparison of critical force to EMG fatigue thresholds during isometric leg extension. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 41, 956-964 (2009).
  2. Herda, T. J., et al. Quantifying the effects of electrode distance from the innervation zone on the electromyographic amplitude versus torque relationships. Physiological measurement. 34, 315-324 (2013).
  3. Ryan, E. D., et al. Inter-individual variability among the mechanomyographic and electromyographic amplitude and mean power frequency responses during isometric ramp muscle actions. Electromyography and clinical neurophysiology. 47, 161-173 (2007).
  4. Beck, T. W., et al. The influence of electrode placement over the innervation zone on electromyographic amplitude and mean power frequency versus isokinetic torque relationships. Journal of neuroscience. 162, 72-83 (2007).
  5. Beck, T. W., Stock, M. S., DeFreitas, J. M. Time-frequency analysis of surface electromyographic signals during fatiguing isokinetic muscle actions. Journal of strength and conditioning research / National Strength, & Conditioning Association. 26, 1904-1914 (2012).
  6. Evetovich, T. K., et al. Mean power frequency and amplitude of the mechanomyographic signal during maximal eccentric isokinetic muscle actions. Electromyography and clinical neurophysiology. 39, 123-127 (1999).
  7. Blaesser, R. J., Couls, L. M., Lee, C. F., Zuniga, J. M., Malek, M. H. Comparing EMG amplitude patterns of responses during dynamic exercise: polynomial versus log-transformed regression. Scandinavian journal of medicine, & science in sports. In press, (2015).
  8. Briscoe, M. J., Forgach, M. S., Trifan, E., Malek, M. H. Validating the EMGFT from a single incremental cycling testing. International journal of sports medicine. 35, 566-570 (2014).
  9. Zuniga, J. M., et al. Neuromuscular and metabolic comparisons between ramp and step incremental cycle ergometer tests. Muscle. 47, 555-560 (2013).
  10. Mastalerz, A., Gwarek, L., Sadowski, J., Szczepanski, T. The influence of the run intensity on bioelectrical activity of selected human leg muscles. Acta of bioengineering and biomechanics / Wroclaw University of Technology. 14, 101-107 (2012).
  11. Basmajian, J. V., De Luca, C. J. Muscles alive, their functions revealed by electromyography. , 5th edn, Williams, & Wilkins. (1985).
  12. Vries, H. A., Moritani, T., Nagata, A., Magnussen, K. The relation between critical power and neuromuscular fatigue as estimated from electromyographic data. Ergonomics. 25, 783-791 (1982).
  13. Vries, H. A., et al. A method for estimating physical working capacity at the fatigue threshold (PWCFT). Ergonomics. 30, 1195-1204 (1987).
  14. Vries, H. A., et al. Factors affecting the estimation of physical working capacity at the fatigue threshold. Ergonomics. 33, 25-33 (1990).
  15. Astrand, I. The physical work capacity of workers 50-64 years old. Acta physiologica Scandinavica. 42, 73-86 (1958).
  16. Hettinger, T., Birkhead, N. C., Horvath, S. M., Issekutz, B., Rodahl, K. Assessment of physical work capacity. Journal of Applied Physiology. 16, 153-156 (1961).
  17. Smith, J. L. International encyclopedia of ergonomics and human factors. Karwowsk, W. , CRC/Taylor, & Francis. (2006).
  18. Kenny, G. P., Yardley, J. E., Martineau, L., Jay, O. Physical work capacity in older adults: implications for the aging worker. American journal of industrial medicine. 51, 610-625 (2008).
  19. Matsumoto, T., Ito, K., Moritani, T. The relationship between anaerobic threshold and electromyographic fatigue threshold in college women. European journal of applied physiology. 63, 1-5 (1991).
  20. Guffey, D. R., Gervasi, B. J., Maes, A. A., Malek, M. H. Estimating electromygraphic and heart rate fatigue threshold from a single treadmill test. Muscle. 46, 577-581 (2012).
  21. Camic, C. L., et al. The influence of the muscle fiber pennation angle and innervation zone on the identification of neuromuscular fatigue during cycle ergometry. Journal of electromyography and kinesiology : official journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology. 21, 33-40 (2011).

Tags

Medicin Elektroder Exercise fysiologi Motorstyring Neuromuskulær træthed Noninvasiv og Quadriceps femoris
Bestemmelse af Elektromyografisk Træthed Threshold Efter et enkelt besøg Motion Test
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Cite this Article

Galen, S. S., Guffey, D. R., Coburn, More

Galen, S. S., Guffey, D. R., Coburn, J. W., Malek, M. H. Determining The Electromyographic Fatigue Threshold Following a Single Visit Exercise Test. J. Vis. Exp. (101), e52729, doi:10.3791/52729 (2015).

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    Evaluating Postural Control and Lower-extremity Muscle Activation in Individuals with Chronic Ankle Instability
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Dependence in Activities of Daily Living Among Older Patients in an Acute Care Unit
  • Research • Medicine
    Validated LC-MS/MS Panel for Quantifying 11 Drug-Resistant TB Medications in Small Hair Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    International Expert Consensus and Recommendations for Neonatal Pneumothorax Ultrasound Diagnosis and Ultrasound-guided Thoracentesis Procedure
  • Research • Biology
    A Finite Element Approach for Locating the Center of Resistance of Maxillary Teeth
  • Research • Medicine
    Lower Limb Biomechanical Analysis of Healthy Participants
  • Research • Neuroscience
    Assessing Early Stage Open-Angle Glaucoma in Patients by Isolated-Check Visual Evoked Potential
  • Research • Medicine
    Oral Health Assessment by Lay Personnel for Older Adults
  • Research • Medicine
    Determining and Controlling External Power Output During Regular Handrim Wheelchair Propulsion
  • Research • Medicine
    A Whole Body Dosimetry Protocol for Peptide-Receptor Radionuclide Therapy (PRRT): 2D Planar Image and Hybrid 2D+3D SPECT/CT Image Methods
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of Carotenoids in Perifovea using the Macular Pigment Reflectometer
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Static Graviceptive Perception in the Roll-Plane using the Subjective Visual Vertical Paradigm
  • Research • Medicine
    Learning Modern Laryngeal Surgery in a Dissection Laboratory
  • Research • Medicine
    DIPLOMA Approach for Standardized Pathology Assessment of Distal Pancreatectomy Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    A Computerized Functional Skills Assessment and Training Program Targeting Technology Based Everyday Functional Skills
  • Research • Medicine
    Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Integrating Augmented Reality Tools in Breast Cancer Related Lymphedema Prognostication and Diagnosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasonographic Assessment During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of the Hepatic Venous Pressure Gradient and Transjugular Liver Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Patient Directed Recording of a Bipolar Three-Lead Electrocardiogram using a Smartwatch with ECG Function
  • Research • Medicine
    Traditional Trail Making Test Modified into Brand-new Assessment Tools: Digital and Walking Trail Making Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Biopsy Data to Guide Sampling Procedures for Prostate Cancer Biobanking
  • Research • Medicine
    A Fluorescence-based Assay for Characterization and Quantification of Lipid Droplet Formation in Human Intestinal Organoids
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Non-invasive Method for the Detection of Elevated Intra-compartmental Pressures of the Leg
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Mapping of Specific Ventilation in the Human Lung using Proton Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Oxygen as a Contrast Agent
  • Research • Neuroscience
    Portable Thermographic Screening for Detection of Acute Wallenberg's Syndrome
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of MRI-ultrasound Fusion to Achieve Targeted Prostate Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Testing of all Six Semicircular Canals with Video Head Impulse Test Systems
  • Research • Medicine
    Protocol and Guidelines for Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Diagnosing Neonatal Pulmonary Diseases Based on International Expert Consensus
  • Research • Neuroscience
    Bilateral Assessment of the Corticospinal Pathways of the Ankle Muscles Using Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
  • Research • Medicine
    Targeting Gray Rami Communicantes in Selective Chemical Lumbar Sympathectomy
  • Research • Medicine
    Multi-Modal Home Sleep Monitoring in Older Adults
  • Research • Medicine
    Cardiac Magnetic Resonance for the Evaluation of Suspected Cardiac Thrombus: Conventional and Emerging Techniques
  • Research • Medicine
    Observational Study Protocol for Repeated Clinical Examination and Critical Care Ultrasonography Within the Simple Intensive Care Studies
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurements of Motor Function and Other Clinical Outcome Parameters in Ambulant Children with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of the Efficacy of An Osteopathic Treatment in Infants with Biomechanical Impairments to Suckling
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantification of Levator Ani Hiatus Enlargement by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Males and Females with Pelvic Organ Prolapse
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative [18F]-Naf-PET-MRI Analysis for the Evaluation of Dynamic Bone Turnover in a Patient with Facetogenic Low Back Pain
  • Research • Medicine
    Generation of Human 3D Lung Tissue Cultures (3D-LTCs) for Disease Modeling
  • Research • Medicine
    Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
  • Research • Medicine
    Combining Volumetric Capnography And Barometric Plethysmography To Measure The Lung Structure-function Relationship
  • Research • Medicine
    Two-Dimensional X-Ray Angiography to Examine Fine Vascular Structure Using a Silicone Rubber Injection Compound
  • Research • Medicine
    Preparation, Procedures and Evaluation of Platelet-Rich Plasma Injection in the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis
  • Research • Medicine
    Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging at 7 Tesla
  • Research • Medicine
    Semi-quantitative Assessment Using [18F]FDG Tracer in Patients with Severe Brain Injury
  • Research • Medicine
    Handheld Metal Detector Screening for Metallic Foreign Body Ingestion in Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Conducting Maximal and Submaximal Endurance Exercise Testing to Measure Physiological and Biological Responses to Acute Exercise in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    A Metadata Extraction Approach for Clinical Case Reports to Enable Advanced Understanding of Biomedical Concepts
  • Research • Medicine
    Autonomic Function Following Concussion in Youth Athletes: An Exploration of Heart Rate Variability Using 24-hour Recording Methodology
  • Research • Medicine
    Hydra, a Computer-Based Platform for Aiding Clinicians in Cardiovascular Analysis and Diagnosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Objective Nociceptive Assessment in Ventilated ICU Patients: A Feasibility Study Using Pupillometry and the Nociceptive Flexion Reflex
  • Research • Medicine
    'Boden Food Plate': Novel Interactive Web-based Method for the Assessment of Dietary Intake
  • Research • Medicine
    Anogenital Distance and Perineal Measurements of the Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) Quantification System
  • Research • Medicine
    Bedside Ultrasound for Guiding Fluid Removal in Patients with Pulmonary Edema: The Reverse-FALLS Protocol
  • Research • Medicine
    Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation of Primary Human Decidual Cells from the Fetal Membranes of Term Placentae
  • Research • Medicine
    Skeletal Muscle Neurovascular Coupling, Oxidative Capacity, and Microvascular Function with 'One Stop Shop' Near-infrared Spectroscopy
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting Hair Samples for Hair Cortisol Analysis in African Americans
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vivo Morphometric Analysis of Human Cranial Nerves Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Menière's Disease Ears and Normal Hearing Ears
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (Cf-PWV) to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness
  • Research • Medicine
    Standardized Measurement of Nasal Membrane Transepithelial Potential Difference (NPD)
  • Research • Medicine
    Taste Exam: A Brief and Validated Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Absorption of Nasal and Bronchial Fluids: Precision Sampling of the Human Respiratory Mucosa and Laboratory Processing of Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Methodology for Sputum Induction and Laboratory Processing
  • Research • Medicine
    Electrophysiological Measurement of Noxious-evoked Brain Activity in Neonates Using a Flat-tip Probe Coupled to Electroencephalography
  • Research • Medicine
    A Detailed Protocol for Physiological Parameters Acquisition and Analysis in Neurosurgical Critical Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Oral Biofilm Sampling for Microbiome Analysis in Healthy Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia
  • Research • Medicine
    Application of an Amplitude-integrated EEG Monitor (Cerebral Function Monitor) to Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    3D Ultrasound Imaging: Fast and Cost-effective Morphometry of Musculoskeletal Tissue
  • Research • Medicine
    The 4-vessel Sampling Approach to Integrative Studies of Human Placental Physiology In Vivo
  • Research • Medicine
    A Component-resolved Diagnostic Approach for a Study on Grass Pollen Allergens in Chinese Southerners with Allergic Rhinitis and/or Asthma
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
  • Research • Medicine
    A Method for Quantifying Upper Limb Performance in Daily Life Using Accelerometers
  • Research • Medicine
    Non-invasive Assessments of Subjective and Objective Recovery Characteristics Following an Exhaustive Jump Protocol
  • Research • Medicine
    Experimental Protocol of a Three-minute, All-out Arm Crank Exercise Test in Spinal-cord Injured and Able-bodied Individuals
  • Research • Medicine
    Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Pulmonary Capillary Blood Volume, Membrane Diffusing Capacity, and Intrapulmonary Arteriovenous Anastomoses During Exercise
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Child Anthropometry in a Large Epidemiologic Study
  • Research • Medicine
    Video Movement Analysis Using Smartphones (ViMAS): A Pilot Study
  • Research • Medicine
    Network Analysis of Foramen Ovale Electrode Recordings in Drug-resistant Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Induction and Assessment of Exertional Skeletal Muscle Damage in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    A Detailed Protocol for Perspiration Monitoring Using a Novel, Small, Wireless Device
  • Research • Medicine
    Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
  • Research • Medicine
    Integrated Compensatory Responses in a Human Model of Hemorrhage
  • Research • Medicine
    Transthoracic Speckle Tracking Echocardiography for the Quantitative Assessment of Left Ventricular Myocardial Deformation
  • Research • Medicine
    Impression Cytology of the Lid Wiper Area
  • Research • Behavior
    A Protocol of Manual Tests to Measure Sensation and Pain in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    Unbiased Deep Sequencing of RNA Viruses from Clinical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    A Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cell-based Model of the Human Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier to Study Bacterial Infection from the Basolateral Side
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Profiling of MicroRNA-containing Exosomes from Human Bile
  • Research • Medicine
    Generation of Microtumors Using 3D Human Biogel Culture System and Patient-derived Glioblastoma Cells for Kinomic Profiling and Drug Response Testing
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Using a Laminating Technique to Perform Confocal Microscopy of the Human Sclera
  • Research • Medicine
    Intravenous Endotoxin Challenge in Healthy Humans: An Experimental Platform to Investigate and Modulate Systemic Inflammation
  • Research • Medicine
    Modeling and Simulations of Olfactory Drug Delivery with Passive and Active Controls of Nasally Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols
  • Research • Medicine
    Exosomal miRNA Analysis in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Patients' Plasma Through qPCR: A Feasible Liquid Biopsy Tool
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multimodal Imaging- and Stimulation-based Method of Evaluating Connectivity-related Brain Excitability in Patients with Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges
  • Research • Medicine
    Using Saccadometry with Deep Brain Stimulation to Study Normal and Pathological Brain Function
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Fundus Autofluorescence for the Evaluation of Retinal Diseases
  • Research • Medicine
    Diagnosis of Musculus Gastrocnemius Tightness - Key Factors for the Clinical Examination
  • Research • Medicine
    Stereo-Electro-Encephalo-Graphy (SEEG) With Robotic Assistance in the Presurgical Evaluation of Medical Refractory Epilepsy: A Technical Note
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Transcutaneous Microcirculatory Imaging in Preterm Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    Using an Ingestible Telemetric Temperature Pill to Assess Gastrointestinal Temperature During Exercise
  • Research • Medicine
    Design, Fabrication, and Administration of the Hand Active Sensation Test (HASTe)
  • Research • Medicine
    MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder
  • Research • Medicine
    Functional Human Liver Preservation and Recovery by Means of Subnormothermic Machine Perfusion
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multicenter MRI Protocol for the Evaluation and Quantification of Deep Vein Thrombosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Determining The Electromyographic Fatigue Threshold Following a Single Visit Exercise Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of Electromagnetic Navigational Transthoracic Needle Aspiration (E-TTNA) for Sampling of Lung Nodules
  • Research • Medicine
    Trabecular Meshwork Response to Pressure Elevation in the Living Human Eye
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vivo, Percutaneous, Needle Based, Optical Coherence Tomography of Renal Masses
  • Research • Medicine
    Establishment of Human Epithelial Enteroids and Colonoids from Whole Tissue and Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Human Brown Adipose Tissue Depots Automatically Segmented by Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography and Registered Magnetic Resonance Images
  • Research • Medicine
    Preparation and Respirometric Assessment of Mitochondria Isolated from Skeletal Muscle Tissue Obtained by Percutaneous Needle Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    A Methodological Approach to Non-invasive Assessments of Vascular Function and Morphology
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Immortalization of Patient-derived Cell Lines from Muscle Biopsy for Disease Modeling
  • Research • Medicine
    State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
  • Research • Medicine
    The Supraclavicular Fossa Ultrasound View for Central Venous Catheter Placement and Catheter Change Over Guidewire
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of the Brachial Artery in Clinical Research
  • Research • Medicine
    Tracking the Mammary Architectural Features and Detecting Breast Cancer with Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes
  • Research • Medicine
    DTI of the Visual Pathway - White Matter Tracts and Cerebral Lesions
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection, Isolation, and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Human Endocervical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multi-Modal Approach to Assessing Recovery in Youth Athletes Following Concussion
  • Research • Medicine
    Clinical Assessment of Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Patients and Older Adults
  • Research • Medicine
    Multi-electrode Array Recordings of Human Epileptic Postoperative Cortical Tissue
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection and Extraction of Saliva DNA for Next Generation Sequencing
  • Research • Medicine
    Fast and Accurate Exhaled Breath Ammonia Measurement
  • Research • Medicine
    Developing Neuroimaging Phenotypes of the Default Mode Network in PTSD: Integrating the Resting State, Working Memory, and Structural Connectivity
  • Research • Medicine
    Two Methods for Establishing Primary Human Endometrial Stromal Cells from Hysterectomy Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Coordinate Mapping of Hyolaryngeal Mechanics in Swallowing
  • Research • Medicine
    Network Analysis of the Default Mode Network Using Functional Connectivity MRI in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    EEG Mu Rhythm in Typical and Atypical Development
  • Research • Medicine
    The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT): An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Functional Characterization of Human Ventricular Cardiomyocytes from Fresh Surgical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Primary Culture of Human Vestibular Schwannomas
  • Research • Medicine
    Utility of Dissociated Intrinsic Hand Muscle Atrophy in the Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Lesion Explorer: A Video-guided, Standardized Protocol for Accurate and Reliable MRI-derived Volumetrics in Alzheimer's Disease and Normal Elderly
  • Research • Medicine
    Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Culture, and Imaging of Human Fetal Pancreatic Cell Clusters
  • Research • Medicine
    3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Computerized Dynamic Posturography for Postural Control Assessment in Patients with Intermittent Claudication
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting Saliva and Measuring Salivary Cortisol and Alpha-amylase in Frail Community Residing Older Adults via Family Caregivers
  • Research • Medicine
    Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Analysis of Neurodegenerative Diseases
  • Research • Medicine
    Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Retinal Surgical Specimens Using jouRNAl
  • Research • Medicine
    Improved Protocol For Laser Microdissection Of Human Pancreatic Islets From Surgical Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Respiratory Muscle Activation Using Respiratory Motor Control Assessment (RMCA) in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury
  • Research • Medicine
    Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting And Measuring Wound Exudate Biochemical Mediators In Surgical Wounds
  • Research • Medicine
    A Research Method For Detecting Transient Myocardial Ischemia In Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome Using Continuous ST-segment Analysis
  • Research • Medicine
    Using a Chemical Biopsy for Graft Quality Assessment
  • Research • Medicine
    Characterizing Exon Skipping Efficiency in DMD Patient Samples in Clinical Trials of Antisense Oligonucleotides
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vitro Assessment of Cardiac Function Using Skinned Cardiomyocytes
  • Research • Medicine
    Normothermic Ex Situ Heart Perfusion in Working Mode: Assessment of Cardiac Function and Metabolism
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Vascular Control Mechanisms Utilizing Video Microscopy of Isolated Resistance Arteries of Rats
  • Research • Medicine
    Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) for Research; Obtaining Adequate Sample Yield
  • Research • Medicine
    Non-invasive Optical Measurement of Cerebral Metabolism and Hemodynamics in Infants
  • Research • Medicine
    Tilt Testing with Combined Lower Body Negative Pressure: a "Gold Standard" for Measuring Orthostatic Tolerance
  • Research • Medicine
    Driving Simulation in the Clinic: Testing Visual Exploratory Behavior in Daily Life Activities in Patients with Visual Field Defects
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Characterization and Comparative Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Derived from Permanent Teeth by Using Two Different Methods
  • Research • Medicine
    Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking (IPL): Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Intraoperative Detection of Subtle Endometriosis: A Novel Paradigm for Detection and Treatment of Pelvic Pain Associated with the Loss of Peritoneal Integrity
  • Research • Medicine
    The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection Protocol for Human Pancreas
  • Research • Medicine
    The α-test: Rapid Cell-free CD4 Enumeration Using Whole Saliva
  • Research • Medicine
    The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Donor Tissue Preparation for Endothelial Keratoplasty
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantification of Atherosclerotic Plaque Activity and Vascular Inflammation using [18-F] Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (FDG-PET/CT)
  • Research • Medicine
    Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography of Retinal Circulation
  • Research • Medicine
    Utilizing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Study the Human Neuromuscular System
  • Research • Medicine
    Detection and Genogrouping of Noroviruses from Children's Stools By Taqman One-step RT-PCR
  • Research • Medicine
    Method to Measure Tone of Axial and Proximal Muscle
  • Research • Medicine
    The Trier Social Stress Test Protocol for Inducing Psychological Stress
  • Research • Medicine
    Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Multifocal Electroretinograms
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation of Human Islets from Partially Pancreatectomized Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quantification of Pulmonary Perfusion using Calibrated Arterial Spin Labeling
  • Research • Medicine
    Manual Muscle Testing: A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department
  • Research • Medicine
    A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
  • Research • Medicine
    An Investigation of the Effects of Sports-related Concussion in Youth Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Head Impact Telemetry System
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Confocal Microscopy: A Novel Non-invasive Technique to Quantify Small Fibre Pathology in Peripheral Neuropathies
  • Research • Medicine
    Methods to Quantify Pharmacologically Induced Alterations in Motor Function in Human Incomplete SCI
  • Research • Medicine
    Multispectral Real-time Fluorescence Imaging for Intraoperative Detection of the Sentinel Lymph Node in Gynecologic Oncology
  • Research • Medicine
    Technique to Collect Fungiform (Taste) Papillae from Human Tongue
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessing Endothelial Vasodilator Function with the Endo-PAT 2000
  • Research • Medicine
    Making Sense of Listening: The IMAP Test Battery
  • Research • Medicine
    An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)
  • Research • Biology
    Bioelectric Analyses of an Osseointegrated Intelligent Implant Design System for Amputees
  • Research • Biology
    Demonstration of Cutaneous Allodynia in Association with Chronic Pelvic Pain
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