Easy and Accurate Mechano-profiling on Micropost Arrays

Summary

Described are protocols for quantifying mechanical interactions between adherent cells and microstructured substrates. These interactions are closely linked to essential cell behaviors including migration, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. The protocols present an open-source image analysis software called MechProfiler, which enables determination of involved forces for each micropost.

Abstract

Cell culture substrates with integrated flexible microposts enable a user to study the mechanical interactions between cells and their immediate surroundings. Particularly, cell-substrate interactions are the main interest. Today micropost arrays are a well-characterized and established method with a broad range of applications that have been published over the last decade. However, there seems to be a reservation among biologists to adapt the technique due to the lengthy and challenging process of micropost manufacture along with the lack of easily approachable software for analyzing images of cells interacting with microposts.

The force read-out from microposts is surprisingly easy. A micropost acts like a spring with the cell ideally attached at its tip. Depending on size a cell applies force from its cytoskeleton through one or multiple focal adhesion points to the micropost, thus deflecting the micropost. The amount of deflection correlates directly to the applied force in direction and in magnitude. The number of microposts covered by a cell and the post deflection patterns are characteristic and allow determination of values like force per post and many biologically relevant parameters that allow “mechano-profiling” of cell phenotypes.

A convenient method for mechano-profiling is described here combining the first generation of ready-to-use commercially available microposts with an in-house developed software package that is now accessible to all researchers. As a demonstration of typical application, single images of bone cancer cells were taken in bright-field microscopy for mechano-profiling of cell line models of metastasis. This combination of commercial traction force sensors and open source software for analysis allows for the first time a rapid implementation of the micropost array technique into routine lab work done by non-expert users. Furthermore, a robust and streamlined analysis process enables a user to analyze a large number of micropost images in a highly time-efficient manner.

Introduction

Mechano-sensitive cell-based assays allow for investigating adherent cells, with a broad range of applications that reflect the central role that mechanics can play in cell biology. These applications often focus on the underlying mechanisms that drive subcellular processes or whole-cell behavior. On the one hand, external environmental factors such as extra cellular matrix composition or matrix stiffness can dramatically affect the mechanical and biological response of a cell.¹ The same can be observed after use of many classes of pharmaceutically active compounds, the effects of which are often characterized using cell culture models.² On the o....

Protocol

1. Culturing Cells on Micropost Arrays

Note: All steps must be performed in a biosafety cabinet to ensure sterility. The volumes given here are for T25 cell culture flasks. The cell culture medium recipe and cell seeding density are optimized for bone cancer cell lines HuO9 and M132.

1. Prepare a cell culture for seeding onto a micropost array.
   1. Inspect the cell culture quality by placing the culture flask on a standard light microscope. Ensure that the cells show a typical growth and morphology by estimating how much of the culture flask bottom is covered. A coverage of 70%-80% reflects a healthy growth rate. Pay attent....

Results

The main advantage of the described technique lies in its simplicity and potential for rapid and effective integration into routine lab work. The combination of high quality commercial sensor arrays paired with open-source software provides information about mechano-sensitivity that would otherwise requires access to cleanroom facilities and in-depth knowledge of image analysis and software development. Figure 1 illustrates the workflow of the presented method. It starts with preparing and seeding cells .......

Discussion

This work seeks to advance the field of traction force microscopy by substantially lowering technical and practical barriers to entry. These barriers come from two sides. First and foremost are the numerous non-trivial technical challenges that must be overcome to reproducibly manufacture and experimentally commission a micropost array. Second, is the similarly non-trivial need for a reliable semi-automated analysis of single cell forces – keeping in mind that a typical experiment may require the analysis of hundre.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
T25 cell culture flasks	Nunc	156367
1x PBS-buffer	Sigma	D8537
0.5% Trypsin-EDTA	Life Technologies	15400054
Medium DMEM/F12	Sigma	D8437
FBS South America	Life Technologies	10270106
Penicillin-Streptomycin 100x	Sigma	P4333
15 ml centrifuge vials	Sarstedt	62.554.502
Micropost array pre-coated with Collagen I/Fibronectin	MicroDuits	MPA-col1/FN	Micropost dimensions: Ø=6.4 µm, l=18.2 µm; grid=13 µm, kcorr=2.87 nN/µm
Ethanol abs p.A.	Merck	100.983
12-well plate	Nunc	150628
Formalin solution, neutral buffered 10%	Sigma	HT5011
Brilliant Blue G-250	Sigma	27815	Coomassie blue
Methanol ACS p.A.	Merck	1.06009
Acetic acid	Sigma	695092
Glass bottom dish	WillCo Wells BV	GWSb-3522	35 mm diameter, aperture 22 mm
T-100 Eclipse	Nikon	n/a	Inverted microscope
D3-L3	Nikon	n/a	Camera controler
DS Fi2	Nikon		Camera