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Medicine

조산 신생아 경피 미세 영상

Published: December 31, 2015 doi: 10.3791/53562

Protocol

이 프로토콜은 로컬 인간의 연구 윤리위원회의 지침을 따른다.

1. 준비

  1. 그러한 채혈 같은 또 다른 과정과 일치하지 않도록 미세 측정을 스케줄링. 용어 신생아에서 그것은 최고의 공급 후에 수행된다. 이는 교반을 방지하고, 측정을 용이하게한다.
  2. 간호사 또는 부모가 지원하고 신생아 개별화 발달 관리 및 평가 프로그램 (12)의 원리를 이용하여 검사하는 동안 신생아를 위로하기 위해 참석 있는지 확인합니다.
    주 : 측정 한 사람에 의해 수행 될 수 있지만, 고도로 번째 사람 어시스트 가질 것을 권장한다. 하나는 카메라를 보유하고, 다른 하나는 컴퓨터와 소프트웨어를 조작하는 동안 신생아에 집중된다. 우리의 경험에서, 이는 더 높은 품질의 이미지 및 절차의 짧은 지속 시간을 초래한다.
  3. 신생아 허가의 임상 상태, 배치하면앙와위에서 신생아. 미세 화상이 엎드린 자세로 수행 될 수 있지만, 이는 더 기술과 끈기를 필요로한다.
  4. (- 37.5 섭씨 36.5) 미숙아의 신체 온도가 적절한 범위 내에 있는지 확인합니다.

2. 절차

  1. 인큐베이터에 따라 장치를 설치합니다. 인큐베이터가 올바른 높이에 있는지 확인합니다.
  2. 카메라의 일회용 캡을 넣습니다.
  3. 프로브의 끝 부분에 젤, 오일이나 식염수를 적용; 이 프로브와 피부 사이의 접촉을 부드럽게하는 데 도움이됩니다.
  4. 유아 상완의 ventromedial 측면에 카메라를 배치합니다. 포커스 유물을 방지하기 위해, 프로브가 피부에 수직해야합니다. 이것은 유아 암의 위치 조정이 필요할 수 있습니다.
    참고 : 상완의 ventromedial면이 피부의 미세 순환을 측정하는 기본 위치입니다. 이 위치는 작은 lanugo 머리를 가지고 있으며, 따라서 적은 경향이 유물이다. 그것은 쉽게 도달환자가 누운 위치에 위치되는 경우.
  5. 절차의 전체 길이를 최소화하기 위해, 적은 인공물과 위치를 검색하는 동안 (도 3)의 최적의 포커스 깊이를 찾음으로써 시간을 얻는다.
    참고 : 초점 심도는 주로 생후에 오히려 임신 주수보다 따라 달라집니다. 80 μm의 - 인생의 첫 번째 주에 초점의 평균 깊이는 0입니다. 1 내지 200㎛ 인 - - 생후 4 주 (도 2) 이하, 피부의 성숙 인해, 초점 심도는 급속히 80 평균 값으로 증가시킨다. 출생시 160 μm의 - 용어 태어난 신생아에 초점의 평균 깊이는 80입니다.
  6. 운동 아티팩트를 회피하기 위해 프로브를 안정화. 이렇게하려면, 인큐베이터 창에서 팔꿈치와 신생아 옆에 손목을 휴식. 또한, 베개에 신생아와 함께 프로브를 배치합니다.
  7. 카메라를 시켜서 압력 유물을 피 만 피부에 경미한 접촉이있다. 압력 유물은 R 수 있습니다촬상 중에 ecognized가 혈관 전후 유동 또는 대형 선박이 경우 소형 선박의 흐름이 좋은 상태에서 비 - 관류 경우. 또한 흐름 패턴이 화면 전체에 걸쳐 동일한 경우, 압력 인공물 조심.
  8. 5 초 최소 기간 녹음 동영상.
  9. 성공적으로 캡처 한 후, 상완의 다른 지점으로 카메라를 이동합니다.
    참고 : 총 5 캡처하는 것이 좋습니다 - 일부 유물 만 문제의 비디오 분석에 사용할 수 없다는 것을 의미 오프라인 분석, 인식 될 때, 5 개의 다른 위치 - 3에서 10 동영상.
  10. 조심스럽게 작은 거즈로 피부에서 젤, 오일 또는 식염수를 제거합니다.

3. 오프라인 분석

  1. 분석을 방해 상당한 움직임이 있으면 영상 자르기. '도구'섹션으로 이동하고 버​​튼 '편집기'를 사용합니다. 분석에 적합한 프레임 간격을 선택하고 '자르기 비디오'B를 클릭utton. 주 : 움직임 필드 뷰 13의 ½ 내에 있는지를 동영상으로 허용된다.
  2. 자른 비디오를 선택하고 안정. '도구'섹션으로 이동하고 버​​튼 '분석'을 사용합니다. '안정'버튼을 클릭합니다.
    주 : 자동 분석이 수행 될 수 있기 전에 모든 동영상이 안정되어야한다.
  3. 안정화 된 비디오를 선택합니다. 섹션 '분석'으로 이동하고 '검색'버튼을 클릭합니다. 옵션 '모세'와 '용기'가 강조 표시되어 있는지 확인합니다.
  4. 검출 (그림 4) 한 후, 전체 미세 보고서 'CNA'또는 '드 후원자'버튼을 클릭합니다. 이 보고서는 가장 많이 사용되는 결과 총 혈관 밀도 (TVD)과 같은 매개 변수, 관류 혈관 밀도 (PVD) 및 관류 선박 (PPV)의 비율을 포함한다.
    참고 : 다른 방법으로, 동영상은 오프라인 수동으로 분석 할 내보낼 수 있습니다. 이 옵션은 섹션 "도구"에서 찾을 수있다. 괜찮다옵션 '내보내기'[선택]하고 'AVA 내보내기'버튼을 클릭합니다.

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Representative Results

여전히 그림 1과 2는 담당자 고품질 MI 비디오의 이미지. 이러한 예는 출생 후 나이 (그림 2) 1 일 (그림 1)과 28 일 사이에 같은 유아의 피부 두께의 차이를 보여줍니다. 1 일에, 마이크로 선박과 유물의 최소한의 존재에 밝은 조명, 적절한 초점이있다. 28 일째에 기인 두꺼운 피부 미세 혈관 및 인공물 초점 사이의 적절한 균형을 찾기 어렵다. 그 안정성, 지속 시간을 참고 압력 유물은 이러한 정지 영상에 판단 할 수 없습니다. 이 이미지의 취득시 또는 오프라인 분석하기 전에주의해야합니다.

그림 1
미숙아의 그림 1. MI 24 주 임신 주수, 일 1. 경피 M24 주, 임신 기간에 태어난 유아의 나는. 유아의 출생 연령은 1 일입니다. 초점의 사용 깊이는 40 μm의입니다. 이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.

그림 2
그림 2. MI 미숙아의 24 주 재태 연령 24 주 임신 기간에 태어난 유아의 날 (28) 경피 MI. 유아의 생후 28 일입니다. 초점의 사용 깊이는 160 μm의입니다. 이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.

그림 3
3. 차이도 초점 D이다epth. 정확한 같은 지역의이 두 이미지는 적절한 초점 심도의 중요성을 강조. 적절한 초점 (오른쪽)에 비해 선박 가시성의 손실 부적절한 초점 (왼쪽) 결과. 이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.

그림 4
그림 자동 오프라인 분석 4. 결과.이 수치는 자동으로 오프라인 분석의 결과를 보여줍니다. 이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.

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Discussion

이 논문에서 우리는 설명하고 조기 신생아에서 경피적 미세 영상에 대한 접근 방식을 보여줍니다. 재현성 및 시간과 새로운 기술을 학습의 노동 집약적 성격이 방법을 시각화하는 것은 연구자들이 연구에 가장 큰 도전 중 두 가지를 극복하는 데 도움이됩니다. 이러한 기술은 비 침습적 방식으로 조산아 말초 미세의 유용한 정보를 제공 할 수있다. 임상을 도울 수있는 직렬 측정은 치료 적 개입의 효과를 평가한다. 미세 산소 수송 체인의 마지막 단계가 발생하는 영역이다. 관찰 연구는 미세 시간이 지남에 따라 저하 및 세균 감염 (14)의 존재 사이의 관계를 증명하고있다. 말초 미세 열화가 미숙아에서 패혈증 제 징후 중 하나이기 때문에, 그것은 일반적으로 주변의 미세의 개발을 도울 수 있다는 것을 예측할 수있다 가설부패.

이미지의 품질은 주로 운전자의 능력에 달려있다. 최신 카메라 장치가 더 나은 기술 사양 및 하드웨어를 제공하지만,이 차 중요성 아직도있다. 운영자가 제대로 미세 영상 훈련을해야한다. 그들은 2006 년 (15)와 메시 등 알 (13)에 의해 개발 된 품질 기준에 암스테르담에서 개최 된 라운드 테이블 회의의 권고에 대해 잘 알고 있어야합니다. 이 여섯 기준 (조명, 기간, 초점, 내용, 안정성, 압력) 높은 품질과 신뢰할 수있는 데이터의 기초가됩니다. 경험이 운영자는 자주 인식 (16) 유물 압력을 발생에 실패 할 가능성이 있습니다. 이러한 품질 기준과 권장 성인 설하 MI 측정을 위해 초안을 작성되었으며, 직접 미숙아의 피부 MI 측정을 추정 할 수없는 그러나 있습니다. 기간 및 콘텐츠의 품질 기준달성하는 것이 어렵습니다.

또한, 그것은 매우 두 사업자와 측정을 수행하고 참석하는 간호사 또는 부모를 요청하는 것이 좋습니다. 카메라가 지속적으로 유지되어야하며, 압력 유물은 소프트웨어가 작동해야하며, 유아의 복지가 고려되어야한다 피해야한다. 아기가 많이 이동 특히이 하나의 연산자에 대한 너무 많은 것입니다. 그것은 한 사람이 카메라를 처리하고 측정의 영역과 다른 사람에 초점을 소프트웨어를 운영하고 유아의 바이탈 사인을 점검하는 것이 좋습니다. 당연히, MI의 기술적 측면 외에, (중증) 조기 신생아를 처리 경험은 사업자 필수적이다.

그것의 비 침습적 문자에도 불구하고, MI는 여전히 잠재적 인 부담과 위험을 운반합니다. 인큐베이터하여 체온이 너무 많이 떨어진다 것을 방지하는 최소의 측정 기간을 제한한다. 항상 카메라에 일회용 보호 캡을 적용측정 전에. 이 캡의 기능은 두 가지이다 :이 프로브 팁의 전위 온난화로부터 피부를 보호하고 박테리아의 전송을 방지하기 위해 인공 장벽 역할을한다. 또한, MI 장비는 정기적으로 소독해야한다.

또한, 피부에 젤이나 오일을 조금 금액을 적용하고 부드럽게 측정 후 제거합니다. 오용되면, 오일 및 광선 요법 치료의 조합은 피부에 치명적인 영향을 미칠 수있다. 대부분의 유아가 거의 측정에 반응하지 않지만, 심폐 불안정성을 배제 할 수 없다. 이것은 우리가 부모 나 간호사가 지원하는 유아를 갖는 것이 좋습니다 이유입니다.

데이터 수집 후, 동영상 오프라인 분석은 표준 방법으로 수행되어야한다. 상용 소프트웨어가 자동으로 가이드 라인 (15)에 따라 MI 비디오를 분석 할 수 있습니다. 수동 분석은 세 단계를 포함한다. 우선, 콘트라스트 개선이 될 수 AP 최적의 콘트라스트를 달성하기 위해 부지런히. 둘째, 비디오 안정화되어야한다. 이 단계는 측정시 안정성의 중요성을 가져올 것이다. 조금 드리프트를 들어 분석을위한 비디오를 사용할 수 없게 될 수 있습니다. 셋째, 선박 그려해야하며 흐름을 분류해야합니다. 마지막 단계는 가난한 간 관찰자의 위험이 높은 17 변동 수행합니다. 수동 오프라인 분석 따라서 숙련 된 연구자에 의해 수행되어야한다. 결과 측정을보고하는 방법은 두 가지가 있습니다. 모세관 네트워크 분석의 통상적 인 방법 (CNA)는 측정 된 표면적 (mm / mm 2)에 의해 분할 된 용기의 전체 길이를 반영한다. 대안 적으로, 드 방조 점수 (DBS)에 걸리는 짧은 시간을 사용할 수있다. 이 점에서, 세 등거리 수평 및 세 등거리 수직 라인이 화면에 그려집니다. 용기 밀도는 라인 (N / mm)의 전체 길이로 나눈 라인과 교차 혈관의 개수로서 산출 될 수있다.

_content "> 참조 값을 설정하기 위해 복잡하게 미세 순환의 미세. 이질성의 연구 분야에 단점이있다. 따라서, 대부분의 연구 그룹 사이의 관찰 연구 또는 비교입니다. 미세 비디오 및 주관적인 인간 간섭의 다소 복잡한 평가 . 불량한 재현성 (반 덴 베르크 2015 17)의 가능성을 증가는 동영상의 획득 방법은 표준화되어 있다는 것이 중요하다.

가까운 미래를 위해, 기술 진보는 피부 MI에서 연구를 향상시킬 수 있습니다. 예는 미세 혈관의 상대적으로 인간의 주관적인 평가를 대체하여 간 관찰자 가변성을 배제 할 비디오 이미지의 컴퓨터 분석을 자동화한다. 이 분야의 연구를 표준화하는 좋은 예가 직렬 동일한 위치에서의 미세 순환을 측정하는 무선 이미징 센서의 사용이다. 이것은 피부 MI를 만들 것입니다적은 운영자 의존.

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Disclosures

저자가 공개하는 게 없다.

Materials

Name Company Catalog Number Comments
Cytocam Braedius http://www.braedius.com/magnoliaPublic/braedius/products.html Other well known handheld microscopes to visualize the microcirculation are MicroScan (Microvision Medical) using SDF technique or the CytoScan (CytoMetrics) using OPS technique
Disposable Lens Cover Glycocheck http://www.glycocheck.com/lenscovers.php
CCTools Braedius http://www.braedius.com/magnoliaPublic/braedius/products.html Another well known offline analysis programme is AVA (Microvision medical). 

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References

  1. Groner, W., et al. Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging: a new method for study of the microcirculation. Nat Med. 5 (10), 1209-1212 (1999).
  2. Goedhart, P. T., Khalilzada, M., Bezemer, R., Merza, J., Ince, C. Sidestream Dark Field (SDF) imaging: a novel stroboscopic LED ring-based imaging modality for clinical assessment of the microcirculation. Opt Express. 15 (23), 15101-15114 (2007).
  3. Sherman, H., Klausner, S., Cook, W. A. Incident dark-field illumination: a new method for microcirculatory study. Angiology. 22 (5), 295-303 (1971).
  4. Trzeciak, S., et al. Early microcirculatory perfusion derangements in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock: relationship to hemodynamics, oxygen transport, and survival. Ann Emerg Med. 49 (1), 88-98 (2007).
  5. Sakr, Y., Dubois, M. J., De Backer, D., Creteur, J., Vincent, J. L. Persistent microcirculatory alterations are associated with organ failure and death in patients with septic shock. Crit Care Med. 32 (9), 1825-1831 (2004).
  6. De Backer, D., et al. Microcirculatory alterations in patients with severe sepsis: impact of time of assessment and relationship with outcome. Crit Care Med. 41 (3), 791-799 (2013).
  7. Buijs, E. A., et al. Early microcirculatory impairment during therapeutic hypothermia is associated with poor outcome in post-cardiac arrest children: A prospective observational cohort study. Resuscitation. , (2013).
  8. Genzel-Boroviczeny, O., Christ, F., Glas, V. Blood transfusion increases functional capillary density in the skin of anemic preterm infants. Pediatr Res. 56 (5), 751-755 (2004).
  9. Ergenekon, E., et al. Peripheral microcirculation is affected during therapeutic hypothermia in newborns. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 98 (2), F155-F157 (2013).
  10. Schwepcke, A., Weber, F. D., Mormanova, Z., Cepissak, B., Genzel-Boroviczeny, O. Microcirculatory mechanisms in postnatal hypotension affecting premature infants. Pediatr Res. , (2013).
  11. van Elteren, H. A., Ince, C., Tibboel, D., Reiss, I. K., de Jonge, R. C. Cutaneous microcirculation in preterm neonates: comparison between sidestream dark field (SDF) and incident dark field (IDF) imaging. J Clin Monit Comput. , (2015).
  12. Als, H., et al. Individualized Behavioral and Environmental Care for the Very-Low-Birth-Weight Preterm Infant at High-Risk for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia - Neonatal Intensive-Care Unit and Developmental Outcome. Pediatrics. 78 (6), 1123-1132 (1986).
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  14. Weidlich, K., et al. Changes in microcirculation as early markers for infection in preterm infants--an observational prospective study. Pediatr Res. 66 (4), 461-465 (2009).
  15. De Backer, D., et al. How to evaluate the microcirculation: report of a round table conference. Crit Care. 11 (5), R101 (2007).
  16. Sallisalmi, M., Oksala, N., Pettila, V., Tenhunen, J. Evaluation of sublingual microcirculatory blood flow in the critically ill. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 56 (3), 298-306 (2012).
  17. van den Berg, V. J., et al. Reproducibility of microvascular vessel density analysis in Sidestream dark-field-derived images of healthy term newborns. Microcirculation. 22 (1), 37-43 (2015).

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van Elteren, H., Reiss, I. K. M., de More

van Elteren, H., Reiss, I. K. M., de Jonge, R. C. J. Transcutaneous Microcirculatory Imaging in Preterm Neonates. J. Vis. Exp. (106), e53562, doi:10.3791/53562 (2015).

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