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Medicine

使用Saccadometry与深部脑刺激来研究正常和病理脑功能

Published: July 14, 2016 doi: 10.3791/53640

Introduction

近年来出现了在使用的反应时间的测量增加兴趣获得有关使1神经决定的高一级的机制的信息的数量和非侵入性的方式。已被广泛研究的反应时间的一种类型是启动一个视觉刺激,被称为扫视延迟的呈现的扫视所花费的时间。扫视是当我们快速,我们的目光从一个地方转移到另一个发生在快速眼球运动。他们是最常见的类型眼球运动的我们做,一般在两三每秒的频率出现。每个扫视实际上是看一个提示的视觉世界,而不是另一个2的决定。

神经通路控制眼球运动已被广泛研究,并相当有据可查3。使用敏感的电子设备,动眼神经功能的各方面可以精确和objectivelÿ量化。这有利于眼睛运动本身的详细研究,但也允许它们被用来作为一种工具来研究神经生理学和病理生理学的其他领域。

眼球运动的测量可以提供关于疾病状态的有用信息。眼跳最近,例如,受到很大关注作为神经变性疾病的潜在生物标志物,包括亨廷顿氏4,5和帕金森氏病6,7,而且它是公认的扫视的反应时间往往比在这些条件下正常慢。扫视测量的潜在用途包括艾滋病诊断和病情跟踪。扫视任务(如快速寻找尽可能朝向突然出现的视觉刺激,以左或右)的范围从简单的prosaccade到更复杂的任务,如antisaccade(尽快看向相反一侧视觉刺激)或内存 - 引导扫视(看朝着一个目标就是不再有)的记忆位置。

深部脑刺激是一种有效的治疗几种神经系统疾病。它最常用于治疗帕金森氏病,包括震颤,强直,运动迟缓,和运动障碍的运动症状。它也可用于其他的运动障碍,包括肌张力障碍和原发性震颤,和不太常用为神经性疼痛,癫痫,和精神病症如强迫症。它是在其中科学家必须在体内的人脑的深层结构的直接电连接,从而提供了实验神经学宝贵的机会的唯一设置。各种目标有刺激取决于所治疗的病症,包括在基底神经节的几个位置,其中许多都参与动眼神经通路。这意味着,一个广泛的研究,可以使用DBS系统递送刺激进行给定的大脑位置和眼睛跟踪装置,记录并分析其影响。根据不同的实验范例,这样的研究可以产生被刺激有关区域的生理信息,该疾病,或者这一机制的DBS是工作在该特定设置的影响。本文介绍了在深部脑刺激患者眼跳运动检测的通用方法。

几种不同类型的眼动追踪设备可用。对于本协议描述的研究使用了便携式saccadometer记录水平眼跳。便携式saccadometers有不需要头枕( 见图1),这意味着会话的患者帕金森病更舒适,尤其是对于那些有严重的运动障碍患的优点。这里使用的saccadometer是重量轻,大约5厘米宽,10厘米高。该saccadometer measu通过使用直接红外线oculography的水库眼球运动:红外光源和传感器放置在内侧眼角利用光的前面从角膜反射的建立在毫秒间隔眼球的旋转位置。为了获取用于分析高质量的数据的saccadometer应该至少为1kHz与至少一个12位的分辨率的速率采样。在这里使用的saccadometer的视觉刺激三个红13 CD米-2由产生的光点建在低功率激光器,每个斑点对着某些0.1度,与在中线一个点,另两个在±10度( 即到右和左)。

图1
图1. Saccadometer。头戴式saccadometer附连到弹性带和搁在鼻梁。四微型激光投影视标来说明是粗糙面,和参加者的眼睛运动是用差红外反射换能器上的每个眼的鼻侧测量。由于激光目标与头部移动,头枕不是必需的。 请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。

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Protocol

当地伦理委员会批准了这项研究,并告知同意从参与者获得的第1节详述如下。

1.参赛者同意

  1. 为参加者提供了详细什么测试环节将包括解释了资料片。
  2. 当参与者有机会阅读并讨论在研究关系到他们的总兵任何问题,关注或其他事项,通过与他们的同意书,解释了知情同意书上的每个点,并让他们有机会提出任何问题他们可能有。请参与者填写表格。

2.设置Saccadometer

  1. 放置在患者的头部的装置中,通过可调节的弹性带固定并搁在鼻梁。因为刺激与头部正好移动,没有头约束是必要的,设备是舒适的WEA河
  2. 让患者在1.5米的平坦雾面屏幕坐。
  3. 确保环境光线昏暗,这样的刺激(红色光点)都看得清清楚楚。

3.录制会话扫视

注:作为一个例子,测试既prosaccades和antisaccades 8标准的协议,这里描述。这个协议包括五个块:60 prosaccades,40 antisaccades×3和60 prosaccades与块之间1分的休息。会议持续约40分钟。

  1. 2.0秒,在这之后熄灭和的圆周目标之一出现时,随机地向右或左9 -使得对于每个试验显示为1.0的无规船头期间的中心注视目标设置saccadometer。
    注:三个目标是在参与者的前方投影到屏幕上的红色光点(见2.2)由内置于saccadometer低功率激光器。该saccadometer AUTomatically接通和关闭,以显示激光器/熄灭在必要的序列的目标。
  2. 指示该测试包括与块之间一分钟的休息时间五个街区的参与者。
  3. 在此之前的第一块指示参与者尽可能迅速和准确地移动自己的眼睛,尽量跟着红点从中间跳向一侧或另一并指示他们这样做60次。
  4. 设置saccadometer生成的60试验序列。按下saccadometer按钮启动的试验(prosaccades)的第一个块。
  5. 第一块结束后,离开第二块前一分钟差距。重置saccadometer生成的40试验的序列,并朝向中的一个微小间隙结束时,指示参与者为下一个块以相反的方向尽快移动他们的眼睛的红点,并解释说,他们将被要求做到这40次。启动秒审判(antisaccades)OND块。
  6. 第二块的结束后,留下另外1分钟间隙,重复指令,在步骤3.5,开始的试验(antisaccades)第三块。
  7. 第三块的结束后,留下另外1分钟间隙,重复指令,在步骤3.5,开始的试验(antisaccades)第四块。
  8. 第四块完成后,留下一个进一步的1分的差距,并解释说,对于测试的最后一块要求参与者迅速并准确地把他们的眼睛跟着红点从中间跳跃到一侧或其他,正是因为他们在第一块做。
  9. 重置saccadometer产生的60试验序列,并启动试验(prosaccades)最后的障碍。

图2
图2.眼球运动任务。示意图illustrati上示出的跳视的任务的两个例子。蓝色实点表示目标和蓝色虚线圆圈代表固定的区域。 左边显示,其中的主题提示看向目标一prosaccadic任务。 右边显示当受试者被要求从视觉刺激看远的antisaccade 。这就要求在相反方向的扫视更自然prosaccade反应而产生的抑制作用。 请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。

4.深部脑刺激设置

注意:对于参与脑深部刺激与刺激系统运行正常, 进行测试至今,已经获得了一个“关于刺激”数据集。测试现在需要重复与刺激器系统关闭(对于健康对照参与者不DBS系统这部分将不适用)。

  1. 切换DBS系统关闭。由受过培训的医务人员做到这一点。允许测试前30分钟。
  2. 重复扫视测试(步骤3.2 - 3.9),以获得完整的“关刺激”数据集。
  3. 切换DBS系统重新开机(再次这应该经过适当培训的医务人员来完成)。

5.数据分析

注意:对于参与脑深部刺激与刺激系统运行正常, 进行测试至今已经获得了一个“关于刺激”数据集。现在的测试需要重复的刺激系统关闭(健康控制参与者没有这个部分将不适用DBS系统)。

  1. 下载从saccadometer的原始数据以供分析的计算机。
  2. 使用saccadometer的软件程序,以排除扫视distor泰德由闪烁和头部动作,包括扫视延迟,峰值速度,和幅度来计算的变量。
    注意:过量的头部运动或闪烁污染的记录是由软件自动删除。
    1. 与延迟删除扫视小于80毫秒或大于1000毫秒。
      注:扫视延迟计算自动使用基于速度和加速度扫视检测算法。一个扫视的发作被鉴定为当眼睛速度超过5度/秒的阈值的点。

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Representative Results

图3示出眼扫视运动轨迹的一个例子,从帕金森氏症患者与植入底丘脑核DBS系统。两个图形绘制患者prosaccades与刺激器系统关闭(上图)和接通(下图)。在图表每个跟踪示出了单个扫视, 也就是说,以度眼睛位置从中线(y轴)的距离如何作为时间的函数而变化(x轴)的轨迹。既向左和向右扫视显示在图作为偏转到正度值。零时间是中央的目标消失,显示外围目标的时刻。这和扫视(当跟踪从零度偏转力矩)的发作之间的间隔被称为扫视延迟时间,以及主要观察是当刺激接通扫视的分配被改变,具有热镀ction在长潜伏期扫视的数量和平均等待时间相应减少。

图3
图3. Prosaccadic轨迹结果。这表示从帕金森氏患者的眼扫视运动延迟结果进行底丘脑核的深部脑刺激后UPPER示出了患者的等待时间信息时,刺激器被关闭LOWER示出的延迟轮廓同一患者在刺激被接通。 请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。

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Discussion

在取得良好的质量扫视数据的最关键因素是确保提供给参与者指令是清楚和准确。例如,如果为antisaccadic任务指令是不完全清楚,参与者很可能代替执行prosaccades。录音也可能是被宠坏如果参与者不能清楚地看到刺激或saccadometer无法准确衡量眼位。因此,如果数据似乎是低质量的实验者应检查环境光线不要太亮,而且saccadometer正确地坐在鼻梁。

深部脑刺激使得神经活动的直接修改在基底节一个不同的位置。加上设备,可以准确和客观量化的眼球运动,DBS可以用来研究这些脑区的正常和异常运转。

实验与DBS结合使用saccadometry必须经常与多个未知同时抗衡。所研究的大脑患病在不同程度上,我们不知道某些由星展集团实现其作用机制,与假设包括在目标区域的神经元的激活,去极化神经阻滞,传入的刺激和/或传出轴突和网络活动更复杂的影响。

与神经退行性疾病患者经常需要长期服药,这将是对病人谁拥有DBS系统PD患者几乎普遍。扫视由抗帕金森病药物的影响,并以使的DBS的上扫视参数的影响的有效评估,DBS于测试和DBS断时服药状态必须是类似的。这意味着,无论是具有主题关闭测试期间的所有药品(包括事前停药期),否则就进行-DBS和邻时间相当短的时间内FF-DBS测试。它已经显示,穿着过的DBS对扫视影响的完整需要几个小时,但大部分的变化的需要30分钟10内的地方。时间过程表明具有不同的课程多种机制,从速度非常快(电效应),以更长时间( 例如,蛋白质的合成)。在30分钟中的协议,因此将捕获大部分的DBS引起的变化的建议,并且比的几个小时的典型给药间隔短得多。它没有给出足够的时间较慢机制沉降到稳定状态,并且在较长的时间间隔重新测试可以是在提供的洞察这些机制是有用的。具有较长的间隙在测试上的一个不能假定药物水平和关闭DBS是大致相似,因此较长的时间间隔可能是更容易测试断药时解释。

大多数文献对EF在眼球运动DBS的fects一直专注于在PD底丘脑核高频电刺激。 Prosaccadic延迟是PD延长,这是公认的STN DBS可以大大减少其向正常值(究竟是如何保持开放的辩论)。然而,当saccadometry在术后早期进行的,小时内引线插入的天电刺激被接通之前,可以发现,延迟实际上是增加了11。电极插入导致水肿,这将导致立即的电极周围的脑的临时功能消融此沉降在几周内和扫视参数返回到基线(刺激剂通常不导通,直到几个星期术后允许这个时间来解决)。的电极插入和刺激的效应的对立是相当大的兴趣,因为它说明了理论之一先前高级解释如何DBS工作,受激结构( 功能消融)封锁,不能全面解释其作用机制。其他研究也发现了类似的效果12-14。

有可能构造实验组合DBS和saccadometry调查正常生理学。极大必须小心以实验设计和结果的解释,因为实验受试者必然有一些神经系统疾病。一种方法是扫视测试的结果与DBS和关闭,以从健康对照参与者未经DBS比较结果。如果在DBS受试者他们的刺激器结果关闭类似于那些在控制,则这是合理的进行而改变,在反应看出DBS的眼球运动很可能是类似于那些如果实验可以看出的基础上可在学员进行无病。例如,在一个亲性能已建立,使得视觉刺激更可能出现在比另一侧,是对健康参与者和PD患者就位STN DBS系统相似,但关闭扫视任务。潜伏期缩短的方向扫视其中目标是更可能出现,而在不太可能的方向延长。当系统被接通,在不太可能方向延迟的延长消失,解释是在STN正在执行概率归一化函数15。在这项研究中患者PD,但是,这不是结果直接相关。当然这是一个显著假设,它可能是疾病的调制到DBS的响应,即使它并没有影响到基线性能。此外,关断DBS和控制数据的相似性可能是正在测​​量的代偿机制,而不是缺乏对参数病理学的作用的结果。结果必须是int在考虑到这一点erpreted。

一旦在协议中所述的基本技术已经掌握了方法可以扩展到更复杂的范例。许多不同扫视任务已经开发出的在前面的段落中描述的基于概率的任务只有一个。进一步的例子包括16(看往一个刺激因素不再存在的记忆位置)记忆导向眼跳或设计调用函数边缘基于17奖励-扫视任务。

在这里,我们已经描述了最简单的扫视任务之一,有10度的视觉引导的水平步骤的任务。任务的许多修改是可能的,如插入固定点消失和外设目标18-20外观或重叠,其中21固定点和横向的目标是同时存在之间的时间差距。这种范式已经以了解小号被使用accadic启动和神经关联已在额叶眼领域20,22和上丘23被观察到。不同扫视范式的各种用途的详细讨论已经超出了本文的范围;综述见1。

Saccadometry有其DBS使用外广泛的应用。扫视途径涉及基底神经节的多个部分和扫视变化是损害或扰乱这些结构的功能的任何病症的潜在生物标志物。 Saccadometry已经例如被研究用于神经变性病症,包括PD,亨廷顿氏病,额颞痴呆,肌萎缩性侧索硬化,以及在头部损伤和代谢疾病,包括肝性脑病。

总之,saccadometry本身就是一个有用的定量工具,但它与深部脑刺激相结合开辟了一系列的实验技术可能对健康和疾病的大脑功能的新的视角TAL的方法。

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Materials

Name Company Catalog Number Comments
Saccadometer device Ober Consulting Poland
Computer with Windows environment
Software, Latency Meter for downloading the raw data from the saccadometer

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医药,第113,深部脑刺激,saccadometry,定量的测量,底丘脑核,帕金森氏病,神经生理学,神经科学
使用Saccadometry与深部脑刺激来研究正常和病理脑功能
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Antoniades, C. A., FitzGerald, J. J. More

Antoniades, C. A., FitzGerald, J. J. Using Saccadometry with Deep Brain Stimulation to Study Normal and Pathological Brain Function. J. Vis. Exp. (113), e53640, doi:10.3791/53640 (2016).

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