कीट-मशीन हाइब्रिड सिस्टम: एक आज़ादी से उड़ान बीटल का रिमोट रेडियो नियंत्रण (<em> Mercynorrhina torquata</em>)
Summary
This protocol describes the process of constructing an insect-machine hybrid system and carrying out wireless electrical stimulation of the flight muscles required to control the turning motion of a flying insect.
Abstract
रेडियो-सक्षम डिजिटल इलेक्ट्रॉनिक उपकरणों के उदय में उड़ान कीट व्यवहार के अध्ययन के लिए छोटे से वायरलेस neuromuscular रिकार्डर और stimulators के उपयोग के लिये कहा गया है। इस तकनीक का एक कीट-मशीन संकर इस प्रोटोकॉल में वर्णित एक जीवित कीट मंच का उपयोग कर प्रणाली के विकास के लिए सक्षम बनाता है। इसके अलावा, इस प्रोटोकॉल सिस्टम विन्यास और एक untethered कीट में उड़ान मांसपेशियों के समारोह के मूल्यांकन के लिए मुक्त उड़ान प्रयोगात्मक प्रक्रियाओं प्रस्तुत करता है। प्रदर्शन के लिए, हम तीसरी कक्षा sclerite (3Ax) मांसपेशियों पर नियंत्रण और एक उड़ान बीटल के बाईं या दाईं मोड़ प्राप्त करने के लिए निशाना बनाया। एक पतली चांदी के तार इलेक्ट्रोड बीटल के प्रत्येक पक्ष पर 3Ax पेशी पर प्रत्यारोपित किया गया था। ये एक वायरलेस बैग के आउटपुट से जुड़े थे (यानी, एक neuromuscular बिजली उत्तेजक) बीटल के pronotum पर मुहिम शुरू की। मांसपेशियों उत्तेजना पक्ष (बाएं या दाएं) बारी या stimulatio अलग से मुक्त उड़ान में प्रेरित किया गया थाn आवृत्ति। बीटल ipsilateral पक्ष में बदल गया जब पेशी के लिए प्रेरित किया गया था और एक बढ़ती आवृत्ति के लिए एक वर्गीकृत प्रतिक्रिया का प्रदर्शन किया। आरोपण की प्रक्रिया और 3 आयामी गति पकड़ने कैमरा प्रणाली की मात्रा अंशांकन मांसपेशियों को नुकसान पहुँचाए और मार्कर का ट्रैक खोने क्रमश: से बचने के लिए सावधानी से बाहर ले जाने की जरूरत है। इस विधि, अत्यधिक कीट उड़ान का अध्ययन करने के लिए फायदेमंद है, क्योंकि यह मुक्त उड़ान में ब्याज की उड़ान पेशी के कार्यों को प्रकट करने में मदद करता है।
Introduction
An insect-machine hybrid system, often referred to as a cyborg insect or biobot, is the fusion of a living insect platform with a miniature mounted electronic device. The electronic device, which is wirelessly commanded by a remote user, outputs an electrical signal to electrically stimulate neuromuscular sites in the insect via implanted wire electrodes to induce user desired motor actions and behaviors. In the early stages of this research field, researchers were limited to conducting wireless recording of the muscular action of an insect, using simple analog circuits comprised of surface-mounted components1-3. The development of system-on-a-chip technology with radio frequency functionality enabled not only the wireless recording of neuromuscular signals but also the electrical stimulation of the neuromuscular sites in living insects. At present, a built-in radio microcontroller is small enough to be mounted on living insects without causing any obstructions to their locomotion4-13.
The development of the built-in radio microcontroller allows researchers to determine electrical stimulation protocols to induce desired motor actions to control the locomotion of the insect of interest. On the ground, researchers have demonstrated walking control by stimulating the neuromuscular sites of cockroaches4,12,14, spiders15, and beetles16,17. In the air, the initiation and cessation of flight were achieved using different methods such as the stimulation of the optic lobes (the massive neural cluster of a compound eye) in beetles7,9 and brain sub-regions in bees18, whereas turning control has been demonstrated by stimulating the antennae muscles and nervous system of the abdomens in moths11,19 and the flight muscles of beetles7,9,13. In most cases, a built-in radio microcontroller was integrated on a custom-designed printed circuit board to produce a miniature wireless stimulator (backpack), which was mounted on the insect of interest. This allows wireless electrical stimulation to be applied to a freely walking or flying insect. Such a microcontroller-mounted insect is what is referred to as an insect-machine hybrid system.
This study describes the experimental protocols for building an insect-machine hybrid system, wherein a living beetle is employed as the insect platform, and instructs on how to operate the robot and test its flight control systems. The third axillary sclerite (3Ax) muscle was chosen as the muscle of interest for electrical stimulation and demonstration of left or right turning control13. A pair of thin silver wire electrodes was implanted in both the left and right 3Ax muscles. Moreover, a backpack was mounted on the living beetle. The other ends of the wire electrode were connected to the output pins of the microcontroller. The backpack was small enough for the beetle to carry in flight. Thus, this allows an experimentalist to remotely stimulate the muscle of interest of an insect in free flight and investigate its reactions to the stimulations.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
आरोपण की प्रक्रिया महत्वपूर्ण है कि यह प्रयोग की विश्वसनीयता को प्रभावित करता है। इलेक्ट्रोड 3 मिमी या उससे कम बीटल (पास की मांसपेशियों के साथ संपर्क से बचने) के आकार पर निर्भर करता है की गहराई पर मांसप?…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
This material is based on the works supported by Nanyang Assistant Professorship (NAP, M4080740), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) Public Sector Research Funding (PSF, M4070190), A*STAR-JST (The Japan Science and Technology Agency) joint grant (M4070198), and Singapore Ministry of Education (MOE2013-T2-2-049). The authors would like to thank Mr. Roger Tan Kay Chia, Prof. Low Kin Huat, Mr. Poon Kee Chun, Mr. Chew Hock See, Mr. Lam Kim Kheong and Dr. Mao Shixin at School of MAE for their support in setting up and maintaining the research facilities. The authors thank Prof. Michel Maharbiz (U.C. Berkeley) his advice and discussion, Prof. Kris Pister and his group (U.C. Berkeley) for their support in providing the GINA used in this study.
Materials
| Mecynorrhina torquata beetle | Kingdom of Beetle Taiwan | 10 g, 8 cm, pay load capacity is 30% of the body mass Aproval of importing and using by Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority of Singapore (AVA; HS code: 01069000, product code: ALV002). |
|
| Wireless backpack stimulator | Custom | TI CC2431 micocontroler The board is custom made based on the GINA board from Prof. Kris Pister’s lab. The layout of GINA board can be found at https://openwsn.atlassian.net/wiki/display/OW/GINA |
|
| Wii Remote control | Nintendo | Bluetooth remote control to send the command to the operator laptop | |
| BeetleCommander v1.8 | Custom. Maharbiz group at UC Berkeley and Sato group at NTU | Establish the wireless communication of the backpack and the operator laptop. Configure the stimulus parameters and log the positional data. Visualize the flight data. | |
| GINA base station | Kris Pister group at UC Berkeley | TI MSP430F2618 and AT86RF231 | |
| Motion capture system | VICON | T160 | 8 cameras for a flight arena of 12.5 x 8 x 4 m |
| Motion capture system | VICON | T40s | 12 cameras for a flight arena of 12.5 x 8 x 4 m |
| Micro battery | Fullriver | 201013HS10C | 3.7V, 10 mAh |
| Retro reflective tape | Reflexite | V92-1549-010150 | V92 reflective tape, silver color |
| PFA-Insulated Silver Wire | A-M systems | 786000 | 127 µm bare, 177.8 µm coated, 3 mm bare silver flame exposed at tips |
| SMT Micro Header | SAMTEC | FTSH-110-01-L-DV | 0.3 x 6 mm, bend to make a 3 mm long slider to secure the electrode into the PCB header. |
| Beeswax | Secure the electrodes | ||
| Dental Wax | Vertex | Immobilize the beetle | |
| Insect pin | ROBOZ | RS-6082-30 | Size 00; 0.3mm Rod diameter; 0.03 mm tip width; 38 mm Length Make electrode guiding holes on cuticle |
| Tweezers | DUMONT | RS-5015 | Pattern #5; .05 X .01mm Tip Size; 110mm Length Dissecting and implantation |
| Scissors | ROBOZ | RS-5620 | Vannas Micro Dissecting Spring Scissors; Straight; 3mm Cutting Edge; 0.1mm Tip Width; 3" Overall Length Dissecting and implantation |
| Potable soldering iron | DAIYO | DS241 | Reflow beeswax |
| Hotplate | CORNING | PC-400D | Melting beeswax and dental wax |
| Flourescent lamp | Philips | TL5 14W | Light the entire flight arena with 30 panels (60 x 60 cm2). Each panel has 3 lamps. 14 W, 549 mm x 17 mm |
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