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Medicine

Indtryk Cytologi af låget Wiper-området

Published: August 9, 2016 doi: 10.3791/54261

Introduction

Den menneskelige øverste øjenlåg udfører omkring 10.000 blinker hver dag 1, med blot en 1 - 2 mm smal konjunktival region imod øjeæblet. På grund af sin aftørring bevægelse under blink, har denne del af låget margin blevet betegnet som "låg vinduesvisker" region 2. Det antages, at friktionen øges i denne region under sædvanlige blinker, grundet låget aftørring over hele kloden. Dette kan spille en væsentlig rolle i okulær komfort. Kontaktlinsebrugere især erfaring okulær ubehag, og dette er en af de primære årsager til at ophøre med linse slid 3. Når en kontaktlinse placeres på øjet, har friktionskoefficienten mellem linsen materiale og øjenoverfladen blevet vist at ændre 4. Der er tegn på, at tørhed symptomer kan være relateret til denne ændrede friktion 2,5,6.

Denne forening kan også afspejles i klinisk observerbare fænomener, især låg wipr epiteliopati (LWE), også kaldet øvre låg margin farvning (ULMS) 6. LWE er et tidligt tegn på okulær irritation og en potentiel indikator til tør øjensygdom. Det er observeret og målt ved den vitale farvning af de øvre og nedre låg margin regioner. Mens dette grading system 2 og dets kliniske gyldighed (dvs. korrelation med subjektive symptomer) er stadig under debat, okulær ubehag fortsat en gåde for klinikere og forskere både og, vigtigst af alt, en ulempe for patienterne.

Til dato, er lidt om klinisk relevante varianter i (under) cellulære anatomi og fysiologi af låget visker område 7 og kun én rapport gør brug af cytologiske metoder 8. Impression cytologi (IC) har været ansat i over 40 år til at indsamle celler fra epitel overflade bulbar eller tarsal conjunctiva ved anvendelse af en membran 9,10. Efter fjernelse, de adhærente celler undergår cytological farvning og mikroskopisk billeddannelse. På grund af de anatomiske og cellulære forskelle i låget vinduesvisker regionen, denne teknik kræver optimering.

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Protocol

Etik erklæring: Før indsamle celler fra mennesker, informeret samtykke og skal indhentes etik godkendelse.

1. Forbered Stain

BEMÆRK: Forbered plet på dagen for eksperimentet.

  1. Tilsæt 5 pi ethidium (eller 4 uM) og 5 pi Calcein AM (eller 4 uM) til 2,5 ml phosphatbufret saltvand (PBS) i 15 ml centrifugerør; blande. Wrap i aluminiumsfolie at skærme mod lys og opbevares ved stuetemperatur indtil brug.

2. Saml Cells

  1. Fjern cellekultur indsætter fra deres pakke og mærke for hver øjenlåget der skal udtages prøver. Mark orientering af celle samling på siden af ​​holderen membranen plast hjælp permanent markør. Conduct spaltelampe inspektion ved moderat forstørrelse (ca. 20X) for at bekræfte passende sundhed i regionen til at gennemgå IC.
  2. Dispensere en dråbe topisk anæstetikum (0,5% proparacainhydrochlorid) i den nedre conjunctivalsækken i each øje og instruere deltager at holde øjnene lukkede i et minut.
  3. Evert øverste øjenlåg og hold på plads af vipperne; undgå enhver kontakt med låget visker området.
    Valgfrit: ved hjælp af en sekundær investigator kan være nødvendigt at udføre dette trin.
  4. Påfør membran vinkelret på den centrale del af låget vinduesvisker region med minimalt tryk.
  5. Hold membran på plads til stillingen 3 - 5 sek. Overhold membranen bliver gennemskinnelige i kontaktområdet. På dette tidspunkt, forsigtigt fjerne membranen og tillade deltagerens låget til "flip" tilbage på plads.
  6. Straks anvende en dråbe PBS til prøven, for at forhindre det i at udtørre. Membran bliver gennemskinnelige og bør ikke dreje uigennemsigtig på noget tidspunkt, da det indikerer tørring. Har den sekundære investigator fortsætte straks med behandling af prøver (afsnit 3).
  7. Gennemføre endelig øje kontrol for at sikre integriteten i bindehinden. Dispenser okulære smøremidler og instruere deltagerat undgå at gnide deres øjne indtil bedøvende effekt aftager (ca. 15 min.).

3. Prøve Behandling

  1. Brug mikro-saks, klippe membranen i halve (den ene halvdel for hver af de efterfølgende analyser), vinkelret gennem midten af ​​cellen kollektion. Skåret langs den ydre margin på en membran halvdelen at adskille den fra den plastholder; undgå interaktion med de indsamlede celler på membranen, herunder sikre, at membranen ikke fold på sig selv.
  2. Fastgør membranen med en pincet før helt afmonterer fra holderen. Placer membran til mærket 2 ml centrifugerør indeholdende 500 pi 95% (v / v) ethanol og lad at fastsætte i mindst 20 min til maksimalt 2 timer før behandling (afsnit 4.2).
  3. Umiddelbart separat anden halvdel af membran (som beskrevet i afsnit 3.2) og straks gå videre med afsnit 4.1.

4. Prøve Farvning

  1. Immunocytochemical Farvning
    1. Placer forsigtigt membran i 35 mm glasbund kultur fad med indsamlingen nedad; sikre membran er flad.
    2. Pipetter 20 pi immuncytokemisk plet sammensætning samlet i afsnit 1 om til membranen. Hvis prøven krøller op, bruge engangs pipettespidser til omhyggeligt flade membranen ved at skubbe kanterne ned. Undgå kontakt med indsamling celle områder.
    3. dækker forsigtigt membranen med dækglas. Undgå unødvendig bevægelse af prøven. Dæk fadet med låg og forsegle med lab-film rundt om kanterne. Bloker ikke gennemsigtighed i fad (top og bund) og synligheden af ​​prøven. Label med lab markør.
    4. Straks videre med imaging (afsnit 5.1), derefter vende tilbage til afsnit 4.2 for at fortsætte med cytologisk farvning af den anden halvdel af membranen.
  2. cytologiske Farvning
    1. Gradvist hydrat membran ved langsomt at tilsætte 500 pi destilleret vand til røret used for fiksering i afsnit 3.4. Aspirer indhold flere gange i pipettespidsen at blande, og fjern indholdet.
    2. Der tilsættes 500 pi destilleret vand. Lad det stå i et par sekunder, hvorefter den fjernes. Tilføj 500 pi alcianblåt pletten og lad for 3 min. Fjern pletten og udfører 3 på hinanden følgende 500 pi destilleret vand skyller eller indtil væsken skylninger klar.
    3. Tilføj 500 pi Hematoxylin # 1 pletten og lad for 3 min. Fjern pletten og udfører tre på hinanden følgende 500 pi destilleret vand skylninger eller indtil væsken skylninger klar. Dehydrer (omvendt af afsnit 4.2.1) ved at aspirere den klare væske.
    4. Tilføj 500 pi Papanicolaou OG-6 pletten og lad for 3 min. Fjern pletten og udfør en 500 pi 95% (v / v) ethanol skylning.
    5. Tilføj 500 pi Papanicolaou EA-65 pletten og lad i 3 min. Fjern pletten og udfører 3 på hinanden følgende 500 pi 95% (v / v) ethanol skylninger.
    6. Fuldt dehydrere ved hjælp af tre på hinanden følgende 500 pi 100% ethanol skylninger. Brug TWEEzers, fjerne prøve fra opløsningen; undgå at røre indsamling celle områder.
    7. Placer membran på objektglas; sikre, at indsamlingen cellelinie er enten parallel eller vinkelret at glide margen for lettere tilpasning under billedbehandling.
    8. Påfør en dråbe 100% ethanol og dække med glas slip. Straks videre med imaging (afsnit 5.2).

5. Prøve Imaging

  1. Imaging Fluorescerende Immuncytokemiske Stains
    1. Brug et konfokalt laserscanningsmikroskop (CLSM) 11 eller fluorescensmikroskop 12, udstyret med et digitalt farvekamera, forbundet til en computer, der kører et billede erhvervelse software. På grund af de prøver, der indeholdt i dyrkningsskåle, kan et inverteret mikroskop være nødvendig.
    2. Oprettet mikroskop 11,12 ifølge absorption og emission spektre af ethidium-homodimer-1 (528/617 nm Ex / Em maksima i nærvær af DNA) og calcein AM (494/517 nm Ex / Em maxima).
    3. Vælg mikroskopets laveste forstørrelse (f.eks 2,5X mål) og aktivere den digitale imaging system; observere prøven vises på computerskærmen.
    4. Undersøg prøve til cellulære funktioner af interesse.
    5. Vælg den ønskede mikroskop forstørrelse og erhverve billeder med imaging software.
    6. Gem filer i enten native mikroskop filformat eller et ukomprimeret filformat (f.eks * .raw, * .tiff).
  2. Imaging Cytologisk Stains
    1. Brug en standard laboratorie lys-felt mikroskop med ingen filtre, der er udstyret med et digitalt farvekamera, forbundet til en computer, der kører en overtagelse billede software.
    2. Place og lås objektglas (fra trin 4.2.8) på mikroskop scenen. Rehydrér prøve med 100% ethanol efter behov, gennem hele imaging procedure.
    3. Vælg mikroskopets laveste forstørrelse (f.eks 2,5X mål) og aktivere the digital imaging system; observere prøven vises på computerskærmen.
    4. Sørg celle kollektion er på linje med enten X eller Y-akse af mikroskop fase kontrol. Juster om nødvendigt ved at fjerne dækglasset og drejning af prøven under anvendelse af en pipettespids eller en pincet.
    5. Ved hjælp af imaging software, capture billede (r) af hele prøven med den laveste mikroskop forstørrelse.
    6. Skift til moderat mikroskop forstørrelse (fx 10 - 20X objektiv), og juster mikroskop lyskilde og software imaging parametre (eksponering, kontrast, hvidbalance, etc.), og deaktivere deres automatiserede software måling. Gem disse indstillinger til fremtidig brug.
    7. Bestem begyndelsen og slutpunkter scanning (fx øverste venstre og nederste højre hjørne på celle samling).
    8. Ved hjælp af imaging software, capture billede (r) af hele samlingen celle område inden start- og slutpunkter. Sikre en 20% fra side til side og top til bund overlap between alle tilstødende billeder.
    9. Gem filer ved hjælp af den oprindelige mikroskop filformat eller et ukomprimeret filformat (f.eks * .raw, * .tiff).
    10. Generer endelige panoramabillede ved hjælp automatiseret syning software valg (f.eks Adobe Photoshop Elements). Brug referencepunkter billeder taget i trin 5.2.5) for at bekræfte nøjagtigheden af ​​den automatiserede syning i det endelige billede.

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Representative Results

Den cellekultur membran kalibreres løbet indehaveren af ​​plast er et praktisk værktøj til håndholdt samling af epitelceller fra låget visker bindehinde. Denne metode eliminerer behovet for yderligere steriliserede instrumenter typisk anvendes til fremstilling og håndtere IC membraner. Figur 1 afbilder IC af låget wiper område med en celledyrkningsinsert. Vi optimerede to forskellige farvningsprotokoller, der supplerer hinanden for at karakterisere epitelceller fra låget visker område i en roman måde. Fluorescerende immuncytokemiske farvestoffer afslører esteraseaktivitet, en indikator for cellelevedygtighed, og nukleinsyrer, farvningen af hvilket afspejler cellemembranens kompromis, som vist i figur 2. Den cytologisk farvning protokollen gør det muligt for et fint skelnen mellem keratiniseringsvirkninger grader. Figur 3 viser overgangen mellem lav keratinisering i tarsal conjunctiva og avanceret keratinization i låget visker bindehinde og epidermis. Panoramisk afbildning af cytologi-farvet celle samlinger kan analysen af ​​hele samlingen området, i modsætning til en udvalgt region af interesse. Billede opløsning er tilstrækkelig til at zoome nuklear niveau; cellemorfologi kan bestemmes med præcision. Figur 4 viser det endelige billede af en cytologisk farvet celle indsamling, syet sammen ved hjælp af ca.. 100 separate høj opløsning filer. Disse værktøjer kan anvendes til at vurdere virkningerne af friktion og / eller tørre øjne på en ny måde.

figur 1
Figur 1. Impression Cytology af låget Wiper området. Impression cytologi udført på låget vinduesvisker region eksponeret ved udkrængning af det øvre øjenlåg. Anvendte membran er celledyrkningsinsert, 12 mm, hydrofile PTFE. Bemærk fanerne i holderen membranen, der kan bevares (i modsætning præligere undersøgelser af bulbar conjunctiva, hvor de blev fjernet inden påføring), da de ikke forstyrrer anvendelsen af membranen på den smalle øjenlåg margin og kan faktisk hjælpe tilpasning. Klik her for at se en større version af dette tal.

Figur 2
Figur 2. fluorescerende celler fra låget Wiper Region. Konfokal laser scanning mikroskopi viser variation af cellemorfologi mellem store skællede celler (A), og de mindre søjleformede / terningformet celler (b). Grøn fluorescens af calcein AM indikerer esteraseaktivitet i cellelegemet (dvs. cellelevedygtighed). Rød fluorescens af ethidium afslører nukleinsyrer, hvilket indikerer cellemembranen kompromis. Få celler viser intens grøn og ingen rød fluorescens, eventuelt i dicative af cellemembranen integritet (c). Klik her for at se en større version af dette tal.

Figur 3
Figur 3. Cytologisk Farvning af IC Sample. Celler af låget visker region show varierende morfologi og forskellige keratinisering grader. Blå farve af små, søjleformede og cuboide celler med store kerner, der findes i den marginale / tarsal conjunctiva, angiver ingen keratinisering (a); rød / orange plet af store pladeceller med kondenseret kerner af muco-kutane motorvej (MCJ / Marx 'Line) og anuclear celler i epidermis repræsenterer avanceret keratinisering (c). farve overgangsperiode (rød / blå) og morfologi af celler i låget visker konjunktival området tyder begrænset keratinisering (b).g3large.jpg "target =" _ blank "> Klik her for at se en større version af dette tal.

Figur 4
Figur 4. Composite Billede af Låg Wiper Cell Collection. Impression cytologi af låget vinduesvisker området efter cytologisk farvning. Billede syet sammen under anvendelse af ca.. 100 individuelle billeder taget med et mikroskop og 20X mål. (A) Små søjleformet / cuboide epitelceller i tarsal / marginale bindehinde. Celler her udviser blå / grøn / lilla farve indikerer ingen keratinisering; (B) celler af låget visker conjunctiva, midlertidige i morfologi og bejdse farve mellem regioner (a) og (c); (C) store skællede celler i slimhinden kutan junction / Marx 'line. Orange plet farve indikerer en vis grad af keratinisering, og rød / pink indikerer sent stadium skællede overgang; (D) Meibum indtryk; (E) anuclear, forhornede celler i epidermis; (F) Goblet celle indtryk eller tårefilmen muciner. Nedadgående pil angiver tarsal konjunktival område, opadgående pil angiver ydre låg. Klik her for at se en større version af dette tal.

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Discussion

Impression cytologi udføres typisk på bulbar conjunctiva, under anvendelse blandet celluloseester-membraner. Prøver skæres til størrelse fra bulkmateriale ark, steriliseret, anvendes og fjernes fra den konjunktivale overflade ved hjælp af pincet. Under anvendelse af samme membranmateriale blev en stempel-styret IC-indretning nylig designet til at matche overfladen geometri bulbar conjunctiva, og opretholde konsistent tryk mellem applikationer 13. Disse metoder er ineffektiv for den smalle, fremtrædende buet låg wiper region (se figur 1). Derudover gør blandet cellulose ester membraner ikke den nødvendige gennemsigtighed for opsætninger hvor lysfeltmikroskopi er nødvendigt at tilpasse prøver forud for fluorescerende billeddannelse. De cellekultur indsætter foreslås i denne protokol er praktisk, fordi de er steriliseret, ideelt størrelse og kan håndteres manuelt, uden yderligere udstyr, der sikrer hurtige samlinger. Membranerne er fremstillet afhydrofile PTFE, som giver tilstrækkelig gennemsigtighed for konfokal mikroskopi analyse.

Samlet set morfologiske træk opsamlede celler er sammenfaldende med tidligere litteraturrapporter 7,8,14,15. Udskiftning af almindeligt anvendte (og kromatisk meget intens) periodisk syre-Schiff (PAS) pletten med alcian blå muliggør efterfølgende Papanicolaou farvestoffer til at vise finere kromatisk variation, der muliggør en mere detaljeret perspektiv på det cellulære keratinisering niveau, end rapporteret før 7,8.

Mikroskopisk billeddannelse af cytologiske prøver normalt involverer visuel inspektion gennem okularerne, og stor forstørrelse fotografering af strukturer anses "af interesse". Med denne fremgangsmåde, kan de "større" aspekter af hele samlingen tabt. Lav forstørrelse skud er normalt af ringere optisk kvalitet (på grund af vignettering, afvigelser, etc.) og opløsningen er utilstrækkelig til at skildre cellulære detaljers. Den panoramiske syninger protokol foreslås her, mens lidt mere tidskrævende, er fordelagtig, da det giver et overblik over den fulde membran, såvel som evnen til at zoome ind nuklear detalje, alt i ét billede. Kvantitative målinger såsom celletal, kan nuklear-cytoplasmatisk (NC) forholdet 16 og afstande beregnes her.

Der er tre kritiske trin i den protokol, der kræver særlig opmærksomhed: korrekt anvendelse af membranen på bindehinden (afsnit 2.4), timing mellem prøve procestrin (afsnit 2.6 og 3 til 5) og konsekvente billeddiagnostiske parametre for optimal panorama syning (afsnit 5.2 .6 - 5.2.8). I modsætning til den relativt flade bulbar conjunctiva, låget viskeren region har en udtalt krumning, der spænder over en smal bredde på kun 1 - mellem epidermis og tarsal sulcus 2 mm. Det er vigtigt, at membranen skal anvendes i den korrekte vinkel, da dette i høj grad kan påvirke type celler opsamlet. For det andet, membran pres burde være konsekvent mellem applikationer. Forskeren bør derfor udarbejde det nødvendige smidighed for at sikre gentagelig samlinger. Når prøverne indsamles ved hjælp af indtryk cytologi teknik, bliver afgørende for timingen af ​​behandlingen. Prøverne bør aldrig have lov til at tørre ud, dvs. membranen bør ikke blive uigennemsigtige (afsnit 2.6, 3 til 5). Medens prøven underkastes cytologisk farvning kan efterlades i fiksativ i længere tid (20 min - 2 timer), bør de immuncytokemiske pletter tilføjes og afbildes straks at vurdere cellernes levedygtighed så præcist som muligt. Sammenhæng af timing er også afgørende for sammenlignelige resultater mellem prøver; man bør sigte mod at holde fastsættelse og farvning tider ens for alle prøver, der skal sammenlignes. Endelig for at opnå kvalitative panorama billeder af cytologi prøve, alle billeddiagnostiske parametre (mikroskop lys intensitet, kamera eksponering, kontrast, hvidbalance, etc.)bør kalibreres til et repræsentativt område af prøven, med den højeste forskelligartede funktioner af interesse (dvs. celle typer), og alle automatiske lysmåling deaktiveres for efterfølgende optagelser (afsnit 5.2.6). Forskeren bør også sigte mod at orientere celle kollektion i overensstemmelse med enten X eller Y-akse af mikroskopet scenen. Dette vil lette erhvervelsen image og syning proces. Til formål at finde og bruge særlige kendetegn på prøven (f.eks celle patches, meibum, snavs, osv) i de overlappende områder mellem tilstødende billeder. Mikroskopet fokus bør være den eneste justering der skal korrigeres mellem optagelserne.

Begrænsningen af denne teknik ligger i variabiliteten af celle samlinger, som oprindeligt observeret af Jalbert 8, som rapporterede en 67% succesrate i at opnå sammenflydende pletter af låg visker celler. Ansøgningen vinkel dikterer antallet og typen af ​​celler, der er indsamlet. På dette stadium er det usikkert whether samling kvalitet (dvs. antallet af celler af prøven) er korreleret med okulær sundhed. Kliniske forsøg med større stikprøvestørrelser er nødvendige for at bevise gyldigheden af ​​denne teknik. En yderligere ulempe ligger i den iboende invasivitet af IC teknik selv. De overlegne cellelag er kraftigt fjernet fra conjunctiva og dette kan fremkalde skader. Mens immuncytokemiske pletter er beregnet til at afspejle cellernes levedygtighed (og esterase aktivitet er til stede i alle samlinger), er det uklart, hvad den røde fluorescens af cellekerner i vores samlinger indikerer. Lejlighedsvis, meibum (dvs. lipider, der udskilles på låget margin) og andre komponenter fra øjenoverfladen eller tårefilm vil have tendens til at dække cellulære funktioner og foretage analyse vanskelig eller umulig. Protokollen kan ændres med en ekstra skylning i Xylen at fjerne meibum lipider. Endelig effekten af ​​bedøvelsesmiddel dråber på den konjunktivale celler er ukendt.

Indhente data i den cellulære struktur af låget wiper regionen vil hjælpe med at verificere overensstemmelsen mellem friktion, der opstår mellem disse celler og øjenoverfladen og subjektive komfort. Det vil give værdifuld viden og tillade fremtidige kliniske forsøg for at undersøge de cellulære særlige kontaktlinsebrugere, at individer med låg vinduesvisker epiteliopati, tørre øjne eller tørhed symptomer, i modsætning til asymptomatiske forsøgspersoner, forhåbentlig kaste lys over emnet okulær ubehag.

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Materials

Name Company Catalog Number Comments
Alcian Blue, 1% in 3% Acetic Acid Sigma B8438-250ML
Hematoxylin, Gill 1 Sigma GHS116-500ML
Papanicolaou stain, OG-6 Sigma HT40116-500 ml
Papanicolaou stain, Modified EA Sigma HT40232-1L
Live/Dead Viability/Cytotoxicity Kit Life Technologies L-3224 contains ethidium homodimer-1 and Calcein AM dyes
Alcaine (0.5% proparacaine hydrochloride) Alcon
Millicell Cell Culture Insert, 12 mm, hydrophilic PTFE, 0.4 µm EMD Millipore PICM01250 
35 mm Glass Bottom Dishes MatTek Corporation P35G-0-20-C

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Medicin tørre øjne kontaktlinse låg vinduesvisker epiteliopati indtryk cytologi konfokal cytologi conjunctiva
Indtryk Cytologi af låget Wiper-området
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Muntz, A., van Doorn, K.,More

Muntz, A., van Doorn, K., Subbaraman, L. N., Jones, L. W. Impression Cytology of the Lid Wiper Area. J. Vis. Exp. (114), e54261, doi:10.3791/54261 (2016).

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