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Medicine

在出血的人体模型集成的代偿反应

Published: November 20, 2016 doi: 10.3791/54737

Summary

该协议的目的是证明的技术用于使用下体负压作为可用于定量的人类代偿机制血容量赤字总积分的人类出血的非侵入性的实验模型测量减少中央血容量代偿反应。

Abstract

出血是创伤有关的死亡的首要原因,部分是由于失血的严重性的早期诊断是困难的。出血的患者的评估是困难的,因为目前的临床工具提供的生命体征,由于代偿机制仍然期间出血的早期阶段稳定的措施。因此,有必要了解和测量的该补偿减少循环血液量,以及他们如何持续渐进出血时改变机构的总积分。人体的储备,以弥补减少循环血容量被称为“补偿性储备”。代偿储备可以在动脉波形与使用一个高功率的计算机的测量的特征的变化的实时测量来精确地进行评价。下体负压(LBNP)已经显示出模拟许多生理反应的与出血相关的人类,并且是用来研究对出血的代偿性反应。这项研究的目的是演示过程中中央血量逐步削减与下体负压为出血的模拟储备代偿如何评估。

Introduction

心血管系统的最重要的功能是足够的灌注(血流量和氧输送)到身体的所有组织中,通过动脉血压稳态调节控制。补偿各种机制( 例如 ,自主神经系统的活动,心率和收缩,静脉回流,血管收缩,呼吸)有助于维持在组织氧气的正常生理水平1的减少在循环血液量例如那些引起出血可以妥协心血管补偿机制的能力,并最终导致低动脉血压,认真组织缺氧,循环性休克,可以是致命的。

严重出血( 出血性休克)引起的循环性休克是死亡的主要原因是由于创伤。2一个防止病人从最具挑战性的方面发展的冲击是我们的没有认识到它的早期发病。朝向休克的发展进展的早期和准确的评估目前在临床上由提供在失血因为人体的众多代偿的早期阶段变化很小的生命体征测量技术( 即,医疗监视器)限定对调节血压的机制。3-6因此,衡量的总和身体的储备,以弥补血液流失的能力代表组织灌注状态的最准确的反映和发展电击的危险。1该储备金被称为。它可以通过改变实时测量动脉波形的特点准确地评估代偿储备代偿储备的枯竭1复制的危重患者低血压突然发作观察到的终端心血管功能不稳定;被称为血液动力学装饰的条件mpensation 7

在人类持续失血期间代偿储备和调节血压的利用之间的关系可以用一套完整的生理测量的实验室证明( 血压,心脏率,动脉血氧饱和度,每搏输出量,心输出量,血管阻力,呼吸,脉搏的性格,精神状态,呼气末二氧化碳 ,组织氧)期间,中央血容量相似出血期间发生持续逐步削减通过标准生理监测提供。降低的中心血量可以无创性与下体负压逐步增加(LBNP)诱发。8使用生理测量和下体负压,如何评价人体的补偿减少中央血量可以很容易地能力概念理解的这种组合恶魔trated。该研究描述了实验预习制备,模拟出血期间相对于其他生理反应代偿性反应的示范,和结果的postlab评价。用于做出补偿准备金的测量实验技术证实在人类志愿者。

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Protocol

在此之前任何人的过程中,机构审查委员会(IRB)必须批准该协议。在这项研究中使用的协议被批准由美国陆军医学研究和装备司令部IRB。该协议旨在演示在中央血容量逐步减少类似于在受控和可重复的实验室设置持续出血时由个人经历的补偿的生理反应。 25˚C - 实验室房间温度在23控制。

1.设备的准备

  1. 打开设备并需要预热和校准设备。
    注:设备和装置包括一个数据采集系统,记录在1赫兹的数据;这提供了使用两个单独的红外线手指光电容积袖带传感器9-11肱动脉血压和动脉血氧饱和度的非侵入性,连续测量(SPO 2)两个独立的设备;一个capnograpH值呼气末二氧化碳和呼吸频率的测量;和手指脉搏血氧计收购周边动脉搏动波形测量补偿储备。
  2. 通过调整每个仪器时间戳匹配实验室主时钟将用于在实验过程中以标记时间同步所有与内部时钟的文书。

2.除准备

  1. 指示受试者避免咖啡因,酒精和剧烈运动24小时测试之前,并避免食用之前在血液动力学失代偿诱导恶心事件的协议,至少2小时。
  2. 在此之前的协议开始,有医生进行体检检查,以确保符合题目最低卫生要求,并确保没有排除标准(尼古丁的使用,高血压,植物神经功能紊乱,或晕厥发作史)。由于怀孕是排除标准参与,要求女性参与者采取一个标准的尿妊娠试验在研究的当天。
    注:有关主体的安全性,研究医生是高级生命支持认证,并在研究过程中存在。设备齐全的“急救车”可立即支持意识丧失或急性心律失常的LBNP过程中发生的事件中受到的气道,呼吸及循环。
  3. 告知程序的问题,并取得书面同意参与这项研究。
    注:解释给课题研究的目的是应用下体负压直到心血管失代偿(先兆)的发作。解释,有限定这一点心血管参数,并当观察这些心血管参数下体负压将被终止。告知他们也可以体验的症状通常有先兆的LBNP PROCE期间相关的主题杜热。责成主题,如果出现这些症状和下体负压将立即终止通知调查。
  4. 广场上的主题氯丁橡胶下体负压裙子。确保该裙是为了创造一个气密密封围绕腰部和躯干贴身。
  5. 责成主题,同时横跨固定后LBNP期间固定在躯干的地方,躺在下体负压室的床上平卧。指示主题LBNP暴露过程中放松下半身。通过滑动床进入室和附加氯丁橡胶裙到室开口以创建一个气密密封固定主体入下体负压室中。
    注:下体负压室提供的准确的能力(0.1毫米汞柱内)手动或用一个计算机化信息控制从0到-100毫米汞柱的内部压力。该腔室包括一个可调节的鞍固定被检者的身体位置。透明的有机玻璃窗户让主体的腿的可视化。一个可调节的铝腰部板允许通过由主体和在髂嵴( 图1)的水平的下体负压室佩戴的氯丁橡胶裙创建一个气密密封。
  6. 在右侧和左侧体液锁骨关节,并在正确的地方心电图(ECG)电极,并在修改后的铅II组态左下肋(总共4个)( 图1)对心脏速率的连续测量。
  7. 在扶手,调整,使得手是在心脏水平支撑位置主体的怀抱。使用适当大小的手指袖口,将一个手指红外光电容积描记 装置上的左和右中指的连续无创逐次心跳的测量血压。
  8. 附加手指袖口到压力监视器。根据制造商的说明进行校准的装置和记录血压。12输入对象信息(年龄,性别,HEIGHT和重量),如果需要的话,使每搏量,心输出量和外周血管阻力由Modelflow算法计算(估计)在适当的假设。13,14
  9. 广场上的右手食指为赔偿准备金1,12( 图2)的连续测量手指脉搏血氧仪。
  10. 广场上的主题鼻导管,并指示主体通过鼻子呼吸,以确保在吸气和呼气敏感的思考。鼻的空气采样将使主题为发展中国家症状的自我报告畅所欲言。鼻插管连接到二氧化碳监测仪对呼吸的连续测量和呼气末CO 2。

3.执行LBNP协议

  1. 通过点击数据采集系统的“开始”按钮,开始记录数据。 5分钟记录基线数据。启动中央hypovole的第一级MIA转动真空电机上和负压力设定到-15毫米汞柱,并保持该压力5分钟。 图3概括了协议。
  2. 增加LBNP至-30毫米汞柱,并保持该压力5分钟。
  3. 增加LBNP到-45毫米汞柱,并保持该压力5分钟。
  4. 增加LBNP到-60毫米汞柱,并保持该压力5分钟。
  5. 增加LBNP至-70毫米汞柱,并保持该压力5分钟。
  6. 继续由-10毫米汞柱,每5分钟,以增加下体负压水平直到的协议(5分钟于-100毫米汞柱下体负压)的端部或血液动力学失代偿的点。通过按LBNP室中的压力释放按钮终止下体负压。
    注:血流动力学失代偿由急剧下降,动脉收缩压低于80毫米汞柱,或主题报告晕厥前症状,如灰了(色觉丧失),隧道视野,出汗,恶心或头晕( 图4)确定。
  7. 下体负压停止(postLBNP恢复)后的10分钟内继续进行数据采集系统上记录数据。
  8. 停止通过点击数据采集系统上的“停止”按钮,10分钟恢复期末记录数据。
  9. 从分离问题的所有仪器,并从下体负压室的主题。让拍摄对象从下体负压平台下台,以确保它们没有症状离开实验室之前后坐。这项研究现已完成。
  10. 从用于补偿储备指数(CRI),平均动脉压(MAP),心脏率和血氧饱和度值的提取采集系统下载数据文件。1,15,16

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Representative Results

该下体负压过程会导致在周围的下部躯干和腿的空气压力降低。作为这种真空逐渐增加,从头部和上部躯干在下体血容量移位来创建中央血容量不足的状态。在中央血容量逐步减少( ,LBNP)产生与红外线手指光体积描记( 图5)测量的动脉波形的特征显著改变。该补偿储备指数(CRI)是从采用了独特的机器学习算法,其分析在波形特性的变化来计算的估计补偿储备(图6)的记录,动脉脉搏波计算。1,15,16每个连续非侵入光体积描记波形(表示为所监测的“患者的动脉波形”)是输入来计算个人的COMPEN的估计偿储备(表示为“CRI估算”)的基础上比较的参考波形大“图书馆”(表示为“算法波形库”)从中央血容量逐渐产生水平。

在该实验中,受试者暴露于下体负压直到血液动力学失代偿的发作时,身体不再能够补偿的血容量不足时发生。对平均动脉压,心脏速率, 血氧饱和度,并且显色指数值相对于时间绘制( ,引起增加下体负压水平中央血容量渐进减少)示于图7。的实验结果表明,改变平均结果在出血的后期阶段(动脉血压,心脏率, 血氧饱和度会出现 > 15分钟到协议中对心脏速率和平均动脉压和血氧饱和度> 25分钟),而早期CRI并逐步在整个下体负压的多个步骤减少。

公差减少中央血容量被定义为从实验中失代偿的开始的时间。在这个例子中,容差约为27.5分钟,在-70毫米汞柱下体负压的水平。在此基础上进行了设计,等同于实际下体负压失血的幅度以前的实验中,8相当于失血,我们的主题是能够忍受估计约为1.2 L.

图1
1: 下体负压室的受试者中示出在下体负压室的床仰卧位置。围绕被检者的腰部的氯丁橡胶裙用于创建LBNP腔内的气密密封。以前发表在Cooke等 17 HREF =“http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54737/54737fig1large.jpg”目标=“_空白”>点击此处查看该图的放大版本。

图2
图2:补偿储备监控装置该装置由可通过USB连接到代偿储备显示器传输脉搏血氧仪和波形数据的非侵入性的手指脉搏血氧计的。监测单元包含计算被称为代偿储备指数(CRI)1,12代偿储备值的算法。数据被记录在每一个心脏跳动显示在监视器上,并保存在存储卡上。 请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。

重3“SRC =”/文件/ ftp_upload / 54737 / 54737fig3.jpg“/>
图3. 逐步变化下体负压期间试验。在本实验方案,下体负压(毫米汞柱)以逐步方式(5分钟/级)调节至诱导逐行中央低血容量。此图显示的下体负压实验方案的40分钟内从0到-100毫米汞柱增加。从韦尔蒂诺 18修改请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。

图4
4: 血液动力学代偿样品血压(毫米汞柱,黄色跟踪)和下体负压(毫米汞柱,白色示踪)录音从血液动力学失代偿的点的受试者中。在点失代偿,血压是五十五分之七十八毫米汞柱,和下体负压-60毫米汞柱。血压下体负压停止后恢复正常。从韦尔蒂诺修改。1 请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。

图5
图5. 动脉波形下体负压时,动脉压力波形样本录音基线( 上跟踪 )过程中显示,并且在-60毫米汞柱下体负压(LBNP, 较低的跟踪 )。在动脉波形的特征的变化进行评估来估计补偿储备。 NK“>点击此处查看该图的放大版本。

图6
6: 如何CRI被计算图示出了在30心跳(A)中的间隔一个的波形的“图书馆”搏动到节拍动脉血压波形描比较代偿储备指数(CRI)算法的处理(B)从暴露在中央血量代估计值CRI(C)的逐步削减人类收集。从韦尔蒂诺 15转载请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。

/54737fig7.jpg“/>
7. 下体负压实验样品结果。平均动脉压(MAP,毫米汞柱),心率值(HR,次/分),动脉血氧饱和度(SPO 2%),代偿储备指数(CRI)和下身负压(LBNP,毫米汞柱)显示为LBNP实验中一个主题。虚线表示心血管失代偿的发生, 请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。

图8
8: 在动脉波形特征有两个波形显示演示动脉的特征弹出,反映正常血容量及低血容量期间波形。红线表示第i被记录,并在跟踪观察ntegrated波形。此前公布的韦尔蒂诺。1 ,请点击这里查看该图的放大版本。

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Discussion

用下体负压引起中央血容量进步和不断的减少,我们能够诱导血液动力学失代偿的主题典型的响应,其特点是低血压和心动过缓( 图7)突然发作。理解到出血集成代偿反应是非常复杂的是很重要的,19从而在公差失血显著个体变异。1同样地,一些个体具有相对响应的补偿机制,而其他不那样有效地补偿。因此,在该协议中的关键步骤是在实验进行到心血管失代偿的发作的点,以便耐受血容量减少可以精确评估。实验提前终止不会提供宽容的数据。在超过250人的实验,使我们个人可以分为两大普通人群1,15,20-23 -那些具有相对较高的耐受性(LBNP该协议的-60毫米汞柱水平完成)减少中央血量( 良好补偿)和那些低公差(谁没有差补偿器来完成的-60毫米汞柱水平下体负压协议)。我们测试了人类的三分之一(33%)具有较低的耐受性,受试者中有三分之二(67%)有较高的耐受性血容量减少。在演示(图7)测试的主题将被归类为具有高耐受性,因为他完成了-60毫米汞柱下体负压水平。

下体负压是低血容量在人类研究的行之有效的技术和故障排除很少是必要的。然而,使用下体负压,以评估耐低血容量要求实验进行到晕厥的点。在这个实验中的一个关键因素是维持为主题的不良事件(晕厥)的风险最小。其结果是,所有的实验都condu反恐执行在一个研究医生的存在。此外,所有的实验都在受检的请求或当收缩动脉压力低于80毫米汞柱立即终止。下体负压停止立即重新分配血量重要器官如大脑和心脏,随后恢复血流动力学稳定(图4)。

如可以预期的,围绕受试者的腰部的气密密封是允许在腔的负压的逐步增加的关键要求。有时候,特别是在较高的下体负压水平,所述气密密封可能会受到影响。此时,修改可以使拧紧在氯丁橡胶裙鞋带或放置被检者的腰部和下体负压表之间泡沫垫以增强密封。该下体负压真空装置可容纳在密封次要的泄漏,而不影响腔室中的压力。

到下体负压的血流动力学反应有已显示模仿那些出血期间观察。8,17,24,25我们已经用下体负压来研究努力评价体内的一体化努力保持失血(代偿储备)中的心血管稳定性逐行出血的代偿反应,并提供补偿性储备的测量。而下体负压是用于人类研究出血的代偿反应的有效模型,该技术的一个限制是缺乏通常与出血相关的其它因素,如创伤和疼痛。显然,这些因素对出血的血液动力学反应的效果不能由人志愿者下体负压诱导低血容量评估。

与先前报告的意见1,15,16我们使用出血下体负压模型来演示代偿储备的测量一致标识的轨迹,血流动力学不稳定(失代偿期)提前做好临床小号在目前可用的生命体征ignificant变化。这是理解,因为早期的临床紧迫性的认识,对改善患者的治疗效果,特别是在紧急医疗环境的关键重要的一点。26-34预测心血管失代偿现有方法依赖于传统生命体征不改变,直到失代偿的发生。该CRI算法,以评估在动脉波形的特征的连续变化的能力允许的个体患者的临床状态机器学习。在这方面,代偿储备的连续实时测量提供了最敏感和特异的技术来评估每个单独的失血的耐受性,并表示为在临床预测失血性休克比现有方法显著改善。

识别算法CRI输出作为反映所有physi的整合是非常重要的所涉及的补偿在循环血液量的相对赤字ological代偿机制。喷射的波(由心脏的收缩)和反射波(所造成的动脉波反射从所述动脉血管背面) - 由于动脉波形是由两个不同的波的这一概念是合乎逻辑的。这影响心输出量( 例如 ,自主神经活性,心脏充盈,呼吸,心脏药物 ),所有的补偿机制都包含在弹出波的功能,同时在影响血管阻力( 交感神经兴奋,儿茶酚胺循环所有的补偿机制,动脉pH或二氧化碳 ,动脉弹性,肌肉收缩 )是由反射波的特征1表示。 如图8所示,特征从表观单波明显改变用小无TCH在等容状态( 左图 ),以两地分居波降低中央血容量( 右图 )的条件,高度和宽度的小幅度如出血期间发生。这样,改变在动脉波形的特征响应于出血得到独特的个体特异性的预测能力来评估一个人的充分补偿血液损失的能力。每一个人的代偿储备是实时正确估计,因为机器学习的CRI算法帐目能力受损循环血液量,因为它“学习”和“标准化”的基础上,个体的动脉波形特征代偿机制的总和。1在这方面,代偿储备的出血病人比生命体征的任何一个或组合的生理状态的优良量度。

CRI也已经estimat在ED病例报告超出标准下体负压实验室环境。从人类引起的控制的出血16,外伤1,创伤其次是败血症35,急性阑尾炎35损害组织灌注的条件下获得补偿准备金的测量,烧伤35,大量呕血35,分娩35,心脏骤停35,体位性心动过速35,渐进血容量减少热应激35,和登革出血热。1这些结果表明,使用CRI算法代偿储备的测量与疼痛和组织损伤相关的损害的组织灌流的临床病症提供了准确的患者的诊断,并在不同的环境挑战。

衡量失血相关的代偿性变化的能力是在出现急性提供关键的护理NCY情况在军事和民用场景。该下体负压技术将继续被用作人类出血的有效模式,用于创建,测试和改进未来的算法和设备,以测量补偿预订提供数据。

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Acknowledgments

这项工作是由美国陆军医学研究和装备司令部,作战伤员救护方案提供资金支持。我们感谢LTC凯文S.埃克斯,MD和克里斯汀R.碱液女士为他们制作的视频帮助。

Materials

Name Company Catalog Number Comments
Dynamic Research Evaluation Workstation (DREW) data acquisition syetem NA NA Custom Built by ISR personnel. The DREW allows for time synchronization of both digital and analog signal data collection from up to 16 independent instruments with a sampling rate of 1,000 Hz.
Finometer Finapress Medical Systems (FMS) Model 1 Device that provides noninvasive, continuous measurements of brachial artery blood pressure and arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) using two separate infrared finger photophlethymography cuff sensors.
BCI Capnocheck Plus Smith Medical PM Inc. 9004 Capnograph used to measure end tidal CO2 and respiration rate
CipherOX  Flashback Technologies Inc. R200 Investigational device used to calculate Compensatory Reserve Index (CRI)
Nonin 9560 Pulse Oximeter Nonin 9560 finger pulse oximeter
Lower Body Negative Pressure Chamber (LBNP) NASA 79K32632-1 Custom Chamber built by NASA
ECG Biotach Gould 13-6615-65 Electrocardiograph for measuring ECG
Nasal CO2 Sample Line Salter Labs REF 4000 Latex free nasal cannula for sampling expired air

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References

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Tags

医药,117期,出血,人性化,调节血压,心脏率,每搏输出量,动脉波形特征,复苏,储备代偿
在出血的人体模型集成的代偿反应
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Cite this Article

Convertino, V. A., Hinojosa-Laborde, More

Convertino, V. A., Hinojosa-Laborde, C., Muniz, G. W., Carter, III, R. Integrated Compensatory Responses in a Human Model of Hemorrhage. J. Vis. Exp. (117), e54737, doi:10.3791/54737 (2016).

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    Stereo-Electro-Encephalo-Graphy (SEEG) With Robotic Assistance in the Presurgical Evaluation of Medical Refractory Epilepsy: A Technical Note
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Transcutaneous Microcirculatory Imaging in Preterm Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    Using an Ingestible Telemetric Temperature Pill to Assess Gastrointestinal Temperature During Exercise
  • Research • Medicine
    Design, Fabrication, and Administration of the Hand Active Sensation Test (HASTe)
  • Research • Medicine
    MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder
  • Research • Medicine
    Functional Human Liver Preservation and Recovery by Means of Subnormothermic Machine Perfusion
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multicenter MRI Protocol for the Evaluation and Quantification of Deep Vein Thrombosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Determining The Electromyographic Fatigue Threshold Following a Single Visit Exercise Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of Electromagnetic Navigational Transthoracic Needle Aspiration (E-TTNA) for Sampling of Lung Nodules
  • Research • Medicine
    Trabecular Meshwork Response to Pressure Elevation in the Living Human Eye
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vivo, Percutaneous, Needle Based, Optical Coherence Tomography of Renal Masses
  • Research • Medicine
    Establishment of Human Epithelial Enteroids and Colonoids from Whole Tissue and Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Human Brown Adipose Tissue Depots Automatically Segmented by Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography and Registered Magnetic Resonance Images
  • Research • Medicine
    Preparation and Respirometric Assessment of Mitochondria Isolated from Skeletal Muscle Tissue Obtained by Percutaneous Needle Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    A Methodological Approach to Non-invasive Assessments of Vascular Function and Morphology
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Immortalization of Patient-derived Cell Lines from Muscle Biopsy for Disease Modeling
  • Research • Medicine
    State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
  • Research • Medicine
    The Supraclavicular Fossa Ultrasound View for Central Venous Catheter Placement and Catheter Change Over Guidewire
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of the Brachial Artery in Clinical Research
  • Research • Medicine
    Tracking the Mammary Architectural Features and Detecting Breast Cancer with Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes
  • Research • Medicine
    DTI of the Visual Pathway - White Matter Tracts and Cerebral Lesions
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection, Isolation, and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Human Endocervical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multi-Modal Approach to Assessing Recovery in Youth Athletes Following Concussion
  • Research • Medicine
    Clinical Assessment of Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Patients and Older Adults
  • Research • Medicine
    Multi-electrode Array Recordings of Human Epileptic Postoperative Cortical Tissue
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection and Extraction of Saliva DNA for Next Generation Sequencing
  • Research • Medicine
    Fast and Accurate Exhaled Breath Ammonia Measurement
  • Research • Medicine
    Developing Neuroimaging Phenotypes of the Default Mode Network in PTSD: Integrating the Resting State, Working Memory, and Structural Connectivity
  • Research • Medicine
    Two Methods for Establishing Primary Human Endometrial Stromal Cells from Hysterectomy Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Coordinate Mapping of Hyolaryngeal Mechanics in Swallowing
  • Research • Medicine
    Network Analysis of the Default Mode Network Using Functional Connectivity MRI in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    EEG Mu Rhythm in Typical and Atypical Development
  • Research • Medicine
    The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT): An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Functional Characterization of Human Ventricular Cardiomyocytes from Fresh Surgical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Primary Culture of Human Vestibular Schwannomas
  • Research • Medicine
    Utility of Dissociated Intrinsic Hand Muscle Atrophy in the Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Lesion Explorer: A Video-guided, Standardized Protocol for Accurate and Reliable MRI-derived Volumetrics in Alzheimer's Disease and Normal Elderly
  • Research • Medicine
    Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Culture, and Imaging of Human Fetal Pancreatic Cell Clusters
  • Research • Medicine
    3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Computerized Dynamic Posturography for Postural Control Assessment in Patients with Intermittent Claudication
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting Saliva and Measuring Salivary Cortisol and Alpha-amylase in Frail Community Residing Older Adults via Family Caregivers
  • Research • Medicine
    Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Analysis of Neurodegenerative Diseases
  • Research • Medicine
    Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Retinal Surgical Specimens Using jouRNAl
  • Research • Medicine
    Improved Protocol For Laser Microdissection Of Human Pancreatic Islets From Surgical Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Respiratory Muscle Activation Using Respiratory Motor Control Assessment (RMCA) in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury
  • Research • Medicine
    Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting And Measuring Wound Exudate Biochemical Mediators In Surgical Wounds
  • Research • Medicine
    A Research Method For Detecting Transient Myocardial Ischemia In Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome Using Continuous ST-segment Analysis
  • Research • Medicine
    Using a Chemical Biopsy for Graft Quality Assessment
  • Research • Medicine
    Characterizing Exon Skipping Efficiency in DMD Patient Samples in Clinical Trials of Antisense Oligonucleotides
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vitro Assessment of Cardiac Function Using Skinned Cardiomyocytes
  • Research • Medicine
    Normothermic Ex Situ Heart Perfusion in Working Mode: Assessment of Cardiac Function and Metabolism
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Vascular Control Mechanisms Utilizing Video Microscopy of Isolated Resistance Arteries of Rats
  • Research • Medicine
    Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) for Research; Obtaining Adequate Sample Yield
  • Research • Medicine
    Non-invasive Optical Measurement of Cerebral Metabolism and Hemodynamics in Infants
  • Research • Medicine
    Tilt Testing with Combined Lower Body Negative Pressure: a "Gold Standard" for Measuring Orthostatic Tolerance
  • Research • Medicine
    Driving Simulation in the Clinic: Testing Visual Exploratory Behavior in Daily Life Activities in Patients with Visual Field Defects
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Characterization and Comparative Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Derived from Permanent Teeth by Using Two Different Methods
  • Research • Medicine
    Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking (IPL): Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Intraoperative Detection of Subtle Endometriosis: A Novel Paradigm for Detection and Treatment of Pelvic Pain Associated with the Loss of Peritoneal Integrity
  • Research • Medicine
    The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection Protocol for Human Pancreas
  • Research • Medicine
    The α-test: Rapid Cell-free CD4 Enumeration Using Whole Saliva
  • Research • Medicine
    The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Donor Tissue Preparation for Endothelial Keratoplasty
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantification of Atherosclerotic Plaque Activity and Vascular Inflammation using [18-F] Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (FDG-PET/CT)
  • Research • Medicine
    Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography of Retinal Circulation
  • Research • Medicine
    Utilizing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Study the Human Neuromuscular System
  • Research • Medicine
    Detection and Genogrouping of Noroviruses from Children's Stools By Taqman One-step RT-PCR
  • Research • Medicine
    Method to Measure Tone of Axial and Proximal Muscle
  • Research • Medicine
    The Trier Social Stress Test Protocol for Inducing Psychological Stress
  • Research • Medicine
    Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Multifocal Electroretinograms
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation of Human Islets from Partially Pancreatectomized Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quantification of Pulmonary Perfusion using Calibrated Arterial Spin Labeling
  • Research • Medicine
    Manual Muscle Testing: A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department
  • Research • Medicine
    A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
  • Research • Medicine
    An Investigation of the Effects of Sports-related Concussion in Youth Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Head Impact Telemetry System
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Confocal Microscopy: A Novel Non-invasive Technique to Quantify Small Fibre Pathology in Peripheral Neuropathies
  • Research • Medicine
    Methods to Quantify Pharmacologically Induced Alterations in Motor Function in Human Incomplete SCI
  • Research • Medicine
    Multispectral Real-time Fluorescence Imaging for Intraoperative Detection of the Sentinel Lymph Node in Gynecologic Oncology
  • Research • Medicine
    Technique to Collect Fungiform (Taste) Papillae from Human Tongue
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessing Endothelial Vasodilator Function with the Endo-PAT 2000
  • Research • Medicine
    Making Sense of Listening: The IMAP Test Battery
  • Research • Medicine
    An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)
  • Research • Biology
    Bioelectric Analyses of an Osseointegrated Intelligent Implant Design System for Amputees
  • Research • Biology
    Demonstration of Cutaneous Allodynia in Association with Chronic Pelvic Pain
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