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Medicine

大型流行病学研究儿童人体测量评估

Published: February 2, 2017 doi: 10.3791/54895

Abstract

儿童比例高有超重和肥胖在美国和其他国家。人体测量的准确评估是必须了解孩子的生长和肥胖对健康的影响。测量肥胖的金标准方法,如双能X线骨密度仪(DXA),可能无法在大视场的研究是可行的。科研人员可以,但是,完整的人体测量,如身体周长和皮褶测量,使用廉价的便携式设备。在这个协议中,我们详细介绍了如何获得儿童,包括站立和坐高,体重,腰围,臀围,上臂围,三头肌皮褶厚度,肩胛下皮褶厚度手工人体测量和程序来评估的质量这些测量。为了证明这些测量精度,其中1,110名学龄儿童在我们计算斯皮尔曼科尔出生前队列项目万岁得意洋洋系数比较手工人体测量与人体脂肪,DXA脂肪量1黄金标准的措施。为了解决可靠性,我们在成年女性志愿者进行了质量控制会话评估测量的内部评估者的技术错误。

Introduction

超重和肥胖保持在流行水平,与美国儿童和有超重或肥胖的成年人的三分之二的大约三分之一,根据2011至2012年的估计2。超重,肥胖和体内多余的脂肪赋予心脏代谢不良的结果,其中包括2型糖尿病和心血管疾病的风险更大,以及其他不利身体和心理健康状况,包括哮喘和抑郁症3,4,5,6。

该研究肥胖和晚年的健康结果之间的关联大多数研究认为体重和身长/身高的精确测量。在成人和儿童的体重状况类别包括体重(身体质量指数(BMI)<18.0公斤/米2名成人和<5 年龄性别特异性百分儿童),无RMAL体重(BMI 18.0到<25.0公斤/米2名成人和5 为儿童<85 百分位数),超重(BMI 25.0〜<30.0千克/米2名成人和85 至<95 百分位数为儿童)和肥胖(BMI≥为30kg / m 2的成人和≥95儿童百分位数)。即使是轻微的测量误差可以影响这些分类已,尤其是儿童对他们来说,出现小的绝对规模错误可以代表相对较大的孩子的大小7错误。例如,在儿童的2岁以下的现有研究中,长度的比较通过与横卧长度板上方法中的常规临床纸和铅笔法测定表明平均系统高估长度纸和铅笔方法为1.3(1.5)厘米-其导致相当大的误分类7错误。

1。因此,直接测量肥胖的方法也可用于理解与健康结果的关系很重要。

肥胖和身体成分测量的金标准方法一般依靠技术方法,包括排气量体积描记法(ADP),静水称重,磁共振成像(MRI)和计算机断层扫描(CT),以及双能X线骨密度仪(DXA )8,9,10。虽然这些方法提供一些身体组成的最准确的措施,其中许多人是不是在儿科的调查研究实践,尤其是那些基于现场的。例如,静流称重要求个人在水中完全淹没。 ADP设备有,直到最近,一直只适用于6岁以上的达8公斤的儿童和成年人测量婴儿,但不能幼儿或学龄前儿童。 CT扫描发射与其它技术相比,大量的辐射,并且长采集时间用于MRI使它不切实际的许多研究8。 DXA发射大约1/500 CT扫描的辐射剂量,自然背景辐射11的一天大约相当于,使之成为涉及儿童调查研究有吸引力的选择。所有这些方法,但是,是购买昂贵的并且没有一个是便携式的,使得它们不可能具有有限基金场为基础的研究ING。生物电阻抗分析(BIA),其测量通过人体发送来估计身体组成一分钟电信号的阻抗,可更便宜和更便于携带,但假设身体脂肪计算基础并不适用于小的孩子10。

相对于这些技术为基础的措施,可以通过在多数场设置一个受过训练的观察者,并在一个基本上较低的设备成本来进行手动人体测量。手册人体测量包括高度的测量,重量,圆周,和皮褶厚度8。手工人体测量的其他优点是,它不涉及不必要的辐射照射,和熟练的员工能够有效地得到它们。然而,有关手动人体测量一个共同的问题是,它们可以是两个不准确和不精确12。

获取准确和公关ecise测量是可能的标准化程序,充分的培训和足够的重视,质量控制(QC)程序。项目万岁团队开发了一个手动测量学培训协议,可以产生高品质的,身材,周长的重现性措施,并皮褶厚度。在十多年中,我们应用这个培训和质量控制规程,在项目万岁,纵向,产前队列研究13母亲和儿童。项目万岁人员在出生的访问过程中收集关于儿童的人体测量(0 - 3天),并与母亲都和儿童在以下时间点:婴儿期(4.9 - 10.6个月),幼儿期(2.8 - 10年),中-childhood(6.6 - 10.9岁),青少年早期(11.5 - 16.5年) 13。

本文介绍了我们开发的协议和精致的身高,体重,皮褶厚度(三头肌和subscapul测量AR皮褶厚度),和身体的周长(腰部,臀部,并在项目万岁上臂周长[MUAC])。我们还描述了我们是如何在比较黄金标准DXA测量评价的测量(TEM)计算和精度的技术错误的方式手动人体测量精度。

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Protocol

所有的程序是由哈佛朝圣者医疗保健机构审查委员会批准。

1.培训过程

  1. 有学员(研究助理)完成多日,多小时的培训学习正确定位,观看培训视频,并从经验丰富的auxologist接受现场培训。
    1. 指导学员练习对方进行测量,而一个auxologist或居民人体测量学专家评估每个学员的技术,使适当的调整。
    2. 举办一次研讨会与外部志愿者的最佳各种年龄和体型,理想情况下,研究人群的代表性样本。有学员测量每个志愿者至少每次测量两次。
  2. 完成培训计划后,有学员花大约一个额外的40 - 50 H练人体测量手册彼此和志愿者技巧。在此期间,观察学员,监督遵守协议和适当的技术。给每个学员的基础上先天的技术水平和以往的经验培训所需的量。

2.主题的制备

  1. 指导参与者穿着轻便的衣服,这样可以方便的四肢和躯干,同时保持谦虚,最好是通过科研人员提供的标准装备。

3.高度

  1. 通过构建良好的测距仪,可以是壁挂式或便携式测量高度。无论哪种方式,进行测量,同时确保测距仪设置靠墙放置在坚硬,平坦的表面上。
    注:在2岁以下的儿童,测量身长,而不是站在高处。身长测量需要不同的程序8,在这个协议不细致。
  2. 一个SK参与者,踩着测距仪之前,以消除可能妨碍测量的任何项目。例如,鞋,厚袜子,帽子和发饰( 帽子,头巾,在头顶的发箍)。
  3. 引导与会者返回到电路板上,直到参与者的臀部,肩胛骨,或者后脑勺与板接触。
  4. 而面对参与者,指导参与者站在板分开约2英尺的脚。请参与者他/她的双腿慢慢英寸背在一起,直到双腿,中大腿,膝盖,或脚进行接触。
  5. 指示参与者尽可能直站立,不懒散或倾斜。确保双脚平放在高度板或地板的底部,两臂下垂的参与者的两侧。确认重量身体的左侧和右侧之间是均匀分布的。
  6. 直观地验证了腋中线是垂直于地面。指示参与者从测距仪背面移开他/她的脚,如果要达到这个位置。
    注:腋中线是在腋前线和腋后线之间的冠状面中间的假想线,向下穿过髂嵴( 图1)的最优越的部分,从腋下的中心延伸。

图1
图1: 在腋中线的位置。冠向中间线的前部和腋后纹15之间。 请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。

  1. 请参与者站直。确保一种或多种的以下的身体部位,使与测距仪的背面接触:脚,头,肩或臀部。
  2. 放置参与者的头进法兰克福平面( 图2)。
    1. 通过执行以下操作确定法兰克福平面:纵观参与者的头部的一侧,在耳道开幕借鉴了眼眶的最低保证金的假想线最高的利润率。使假想线是平行于地面并垂直于测距仪的头位置。

图2
2: 法兰克福平面。穿过轨道的下缘和所述tragion(缺口耳朵的耳屏上)经过一个水平平面 16。4895fig2large.jpg“目标=”_空白“>点击此处查看该图的放大版本。

  1. 提醒参与者站在高大挺拔,以及头盔上他/她的头以足够的压力之上坚定立场压缩头发和化妆与颅骨接触。随着在视线水平的头盔,进行测量一厘米的最近的十分之一。

4.坐高

  1. 放置在一个坚固的凳子足够高以允许参加者的腿,以形成一个90°的角度与地面的顶部的测距仪。或者,如果测距仪是壁挂式,放置已知高度的粪便中的测距仪的前面。
  2. 请参与者坐在测距仪或凳子上的顶部,这样的臀部接触电路板的背面。
  3. 有与会者坐在尽可能直立,臀部有,肩膀和/或头部接触电路板的背面。确保中期axill进制线(如在3.6中描述)是垂直于粪便并平行于测距仪。
  4. 直接引导参与者的膝盖在他/她的身体面前,把他/她的手放在大腿上。
  5. 参与者的头部放置到法兰克福平面。参照3.8。
  6. 在头盔上的参与者的头部具有足够的压力之上坚定立场压缩头发和化妆与颅骨接触。
  7. 虽然直接面对与眼睛水平的头盔测量指标,采取测量一厘米的最近的十分之一。

5.重量

  1. 指示参与者要么穿轻便服装,或在人体测量的发作提供的制式服装,空他/她的膀胱,并试图体重测量之前删除他/她的鞋。
  2. 请参与者,站在规模。记录测量到一公斤的最近的十分之一。

6.腰围

  1. 指导参与者挺身直立,仍然和横向在椅子上,最好在镜子前面。坐在对着镜子,与眼睛水平参与者的右侧或左侧髋骨。指导参与者过他/她的手臂在眼前,而他举起了他/她的衬衫。
  2. 坐在到与会者的一侧,定位髋骨,这通常是最容易通过致密脂肪组织所确定的髋骨的部分的前部。向上触诊沿胯骨定位髂嵴,髋骨的优越脊。继续触诊髂嵴直到到达髂嵴的最上点和腋中线的交点(参照第3.6节来定位腋中线)。识别网站与自粘贴纸。
  3. 对参加者的身体的另一侧重复6.2。
  4. 虽然参与者站在垂直于镜,轻轻地放在围绕腰部的卷尺上的两个贴纸与下面的卷尺的零侧(或碱)的顶部。使用反射镜作为引导,调节带,使得它在一个水平,在整个前水平面,背面和两侧上。
  5. 拧紧带,不提拉肌肤。由于这是一个微妙的平衡,开始与卷尺稍微捏肌肤。然后缓慢地松开卷尺,以形成沿皮肤光滑线,从而使皮肤不再收缩。放置卷尺牢牢皮肤无收紧参与者的腰部,从而有在卷尺也不夹住皮肤既不间隙。
  6. 在参加者的自然呼气结束,读出的磁带一厘米的最接近的十分之一。
    注:这一测量反射镜或两个研究助理的情况下最有效地进行。一位研究人员,独自一人,无法观察各方的卷尺妥善安置体。镜子和/或其它工作人员补偿受阻的地方,适当的通知卷尺位置。

7.臀围

  1. 指导参与者旁边屹立在椅子上,垂直镜像。请参与者折叠他/她的手臂在身体的前面与压在一起的脚。
  2. 坐到与会者的一侧和面对反射镜,从而使眼睛是与会者的臀部水平。
  3. 将周围的臀部过轻便,紧战斗服装卷尺。锚卷尺在臀部的最大突起。调整带,使得它在身体周围的水平面。握住卷尺牢固。同样的腰围,收紧卷尺,使皮肤夹住。松开卷尺慢慢地,直到有卷尺周围流畅的线条。
  4. 拿着卷尺坚决和断然,阅读措施换货到厘米的最近的十分之一。

8.上臂围(MUAC)

  1. 指导参与者解除他/她的袖子到肩的高度,以确保测量直接在皮肤上进行的。而参与者站立,因此这是在用手掌朝上和指尖指向正前方的弯头以90°角弯曲位置他/她的右臂。
  2. 站在后面的参与者。找到后外侧肩胛骨连接参与者的肩胛骨和锁骨( 图3)。这种骨骼结构,被称为肩峰过程中,将作为在卷尺初始点零。

图3
3: 肩部的解剖。肩部解剖包括肩峰过程中,红色标识屁股=“外部参照”> 17。 请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。

  1. 延长磁带走在臂的后面的中线,过去的弯头,称为鹰嘴的骨小费。使用磁带测量一厘米的最近的十分之一肩峰过程和鹰嘴之间的距离和鹰嘴和在幽默的后部中心肩峰过程之间自粘贴纸中途放置。
  2. 按住参与者的手臂从身体稍远一点,以确保肌肉是放松的。
  3. 站在右边,稍微落后的参与者,包裹MUAC磁带(小,翻转磁带)在上臂,以便它涵盖了自不干胶。确保该卷尺垂直于臂的长度。
  4. 所以,有在磁带没有间隙或皮肤收缩的区域拉带。与臀部和臂周长,这是一个良好的平衡。使用更大的张力,直到有捏皮肤没有进一步的领域慢慢松开磁带。
  5. 读取测量和记录一厘米的最近的十分之一。

9.三头肌皮褶厚度

  1. 使用标签放置在参与者的手臂的后中点(如步骤8.1确定 - 8.3)。指示参与者挺立,双肩放松,双臂垂松散。
  2. 站在参与者背后,确定在上臂中点贴纸上方约2cm的位置。掌握约1拇指和食指之间的皮肤的一个相当大的折叠 - 2厘米的皮肤上。滚手指之间的皮肤。
    注意:如果皮褶之间的手指易万卷,它可能只包含的皮肤和皮下脂肪。如果皮褶不容易滚动或把握为参与者特别痛苦,它可能包含亩SCLE。
  3. 摇动皮肤和/或使之只包含的皮肤和皮下脂肪,而不是肌肉卷手指慢慢调整折。测量所有皮下脂肪肌肉上面。
  4. 保持平行于臂的皮褶。放置皮褶厚度颚垂直于褶皱的长度和在标记中点的两侧。
  5. 按住皮褶,完全靠制动钳杆释放的抓地力。卡尺表盘将继续减少,因为皮肤是由卡钳爪压缩。持卡钳钳口之间的皮肤为4个全S,在此之后向皮肤应充分压缩。 4秒钟后,记录测量一厘米的最近的十分之二。
    注意:如果是皮肤和皮下组织的正确数量,测量(如阅读上的卡尺转盘)将降低较慢或不会减少在所有4秒钟后。如果卡尺表盘测量值继续快速下降,皮褶不包含足够的皮下脂肪。如果是这种情况,等待两分钟,压缩皮肤恢复正常。通过抓住厚倍重试测量。

10.肩胛下皮褶厚度

  1. 指示参与者挺立,双肩放松,双臂垂松散。
  2. 站在后面的参与者,触诊肩胛骨的最尖端。找到测量点,肩胛骨下尖下方2厘米,然后将卡钳那里。
  3. 握住一对角约2厘米以上,并测量部位的左拇指和食指之间的皮肤的一个相当大的褶皱。外观应它只包含的皮肤和皮下脂肪手指之间容易滚动。调整皮褶,从而使测量只包含皮肤和皮下脂肪。
  4. 放置卡钳钳口垂直于测量部位,使得测量时平行于内侧,下侧肩胛骨骨。按住皮褶,完全靠制动钳杆释放的抓地力。记录测量后4个厘米的最近的十分之二。
  5. 保证表盘卡尺保持一致或4秒钟后只是最低限度地减少。在卡尺表盘迅速下降的措施表明已经获得没有足够的皮下脂肪。如果是这样的情况下,等待2分钟的压缩皮肤返回到正常。通过抓住厚倍重试测量。

11.质量控制(QC)程序

  1. 要求所有工作人员,包括经验和新的研究人员,在QC会议来衡量的志愿者。获得志愿者和工作人员的数量相等,以最大限度地提高效率。如果研究人员组成的1-3人,要求至少有四名志愿者,以确保可靠性适当评估。
  2. 指定一个人成为了QC届的金标准评估者,无论是从研究人员质量评估者或外部专家。保证(相比,无论一个熟练的auxologist或金标准,如DXA当内部信度和可靠性两者),他/她的可靠性记录证明。
  3. 让所有研究人员两次或多次进行每本手册的人体测量每个志愿者。
  4. 计算内部评估者和评估者间可靠性QC会议结束后,使用测量(TEM)技术错误。
    注:TEM用于评估两个测量之间的差是由于测量误差12。 TEM是测量误差方差的平方根:TEM = 式(1) ,其中d 2是要么由每个研究助理(帧内评价者可靠性)或人体测量专家的重复的总和减去一个研究的辅助的总和之间的差重复测量值之间的差蚂蚁的重复(评判间可靠性)12。
  5. 确定工作人员,其间或内部评估者TEM值落在可接受14的预定TEM范围之外。为工作人员,其人体测量落在可接受的范围,允许从研究参与者野外数据采集之前,更多的培训。

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Representative Results

该分析涉及利用质量控制(QC)程序生成的数据手册人体测量精度,以及测量的技术错误评估内部评估者的测量误差(TEM) 12。可接受的透射电镜范围基于重复帧内评价者人体测量,其中测量误差的95%是由于比评价者不精确12,14的其他因素计算。较高的TEM表明测量之间的更大变化。可接受的测量,分析,相对于TEM可接受的范围内,低于或可接受的TEM范围内。透射电镜较大值,即TEM值高于范围,表明不可靠并注明需要额外的培训。在这种分析中,我们提出的TEM值都在本地单元和百分比TEM,通过的(平均TEM /平均值计算衡量)* 100,在多个人体测量与不同的单位进行比较。

表1显示了从QC会话项目万岁研究小组对健康成年女性志愿者进行内部评估者TEM值。六研究助理测量志愿者反复最高每人体成分的60倍。每个女人提供55测定,平均。透射电镜值可接受每项措施的范围之内下降,表明测量,从而准确的技术12,14之间的低可变性。研究助理最精确的测量高度(TEM%= 0.2),其次是臀围(TEM%= 0.7)。研究助理是在测量肩胛下皮褶厚度(TEM%= 7.4)和三头肌皮褶厚度(TEM%= 6.9)至少精确。科研人员的两名成员实现TEM值腰部circumferenCE是均高于可接受的范围内(TEM = 2.1; TEM = 3.0),信号需要进一步的培训。

用于计算的TEM值的数据在图4图5所示。 图4示出了在上述质控会话获得的所有高度测量。每个志愿者提供的11高度测量值的平均值。高度测量从151.4厘米范围为166.4厘米跻身名志愿者。个别志愿者的变化为1.3厘米(在红色代表志愿者)到4.1厘米(在橙色代表志愿者)所有六个评价者之间。大多数的高度测量结果中1.0厘米对方。由圆圈表示的研究助理在量身高,有几个边远测量不准确的。这个信号需要更多的培训。 图5显示了在QC获得的所有肩胛下皮褶厚度测量会话。皮褶厚度测量从8.6厘米范围为33.8厘米跻身名志愿者。志愿者从变化1.6厘米不等(用于蓝色代表志愿者)9.6厘米(在绿色代表志愿者)。研究人员经历了肩胛下皮褶厚度测量比高度测量更大的评判间的可靠性。

表2是从前面的分析通过Boeke解释调整中期的童年( - 10.9岁6.5)过程中测得1对1,110项目万岁的参与者。此表的地址体脂手工人体测量的精度,表示为斯皮尔曼与金标准DXA措施的相关性。 DXA脂肪是高度的所有手动人体测量指标包括体重(R S = 0.80),腰围(R S = 0.81),和三头肌+肩胛下皮褶厚度之和(R 5相关S = 0.47)。

图4
图4: 高度测量的散点图。身高测量(厘米)五个成年女性志愿者QC会议期间由六个研究助理服用。每个志愿者是通过不同的颜色来表示。每个研究助理是由不同的形状来表示。 请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。

图5
图5: 肩胛下皮褶厚度测量的散点图。肩胛下皮褶厚度测量(厘米)QC期间由六个研究助理取会议只成年女性志愿者。每个志愿者是通过不同的颜色来表示。每个研究助理是由不同的形状来表示。 请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。

措施号意思透射电镜为每6个科研人员透射电镜平均可接受透射电镜%
TEM范围[1]
1 2 3 4 6
高度(cm) 55 160.4 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.5 0.3 0.1 - 1.3 0.2
腰围(厘米) 54 77.1 2.1 3.0 0.4 0.4 0.4 1.5 1.3 1.0 - 1.6 1.9
臀围(厘米) 54 99.2 0.5 1.1 0.8 0.2 0.6 0.6 0.6 1.2 - 1.4 0.7
上臂中部围(cm) 56 27.9 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0 .1 - 0.6 1.1
肩胛下皮褶厚度(mm) 56 14.5 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.9 0.6 0.1 - 7.4 7.4
三头肌皮褶厚度(mm) 55 16.7 0.7 0.7 1.2 0.9 0.1 1.9 0.9 0.1 - 3.7 6.9

表1: 帧内信度(测量仪内)。测量(TEM)的技术错误的每个的人体测量,每个单独的测量仪内。从六个项目万岁研究助理的数据进行反复五个成年妇女的措施。透射电镜计算负载/ 54895 / 54895eq2.jpg“/>,其中d 2是由每个研究人员(帧内评价者可靠性)12,一个更高的TEM表示由每个单独收集的重复测量中更高的变异性的重复测量之间的差异。%的TEM作为(该措施的平均TEM /平均值)×100计算。

高度重量重量: BMI 中国保监会腰 SS + TR DXA脂肪
(厘米) (公斤) 高度 (公斤/米2) (厘米) (毫米) (公斤)
ñ 1110 1110 1110 1110 1106 1103 875
平均值(SD) 128.8(7.8) 29.0(7.9) 0.22(0.05) 17.2(3.1) 60.0(8.3) 19.9(9.8) 7.5(3.9)
Spearman等级相关系数
高度 1.00 0.80 0.66 0.38 0.56 0.33 0.47
重量 1.00 0.98 0.84 0.87 0.69 0.80
身高体重 1.00 0.93 0.90 0.75 0.84
BMI 1.00 0.86 0.79 0.83
腰围 1.00 0.73 0.81
SS + TR 1.00 0.90
DXA脂肪 1.00

2:1110 之间的项目万岁孩子们在6.5每几个人体测量和DXA人体脂肪之间,相关性- 10.9岁 。从Boeke解释改编1。 BMI =体重指数; SS =肩胛下皮褶; TR =上臂皮褶厚度; DXA =双能X线骨密度。

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Discussion

准确的身体组成的措施是正确的评估研究报告童年成长的关键。研究人员广泛接受DXA为金标准方法,而且很多批评手工人体测量指标作为是不准确和不准确的。然而,这种分析的人体测量技术来估算体内脂肪表明,训练有素的研究助理谁遵循的标准化协议可进行具有优异的精度手动人体测量,产生一个高度与DXA 1肥胖相关的估计。除了个别的措施,手动人体测量,如皮褶厚度和重量与高度之比的总和的组合,是高度的DXA身体脂肪的措施相关联。该协议的目的是标准化八个常用人体测量过程,以提高准确度和允许调查研究和结果池之间的比较。

与手工人体测量身体成分的准确评估,需要足够的时间进行培训和质量控制程序的行为,以确保精度和准确度。鉴于所需的准备时间,研究助理最佳应为至少24个月内提供。设备应坚固和用于校准定期检查。为了实现高可靠性,评级机构必须遵循人体协议精确的所有步骤,因为即使是轻微的变化会影响精度。有证据表明身份解剖测量部位,手的位置和测量设备拉紧不当引起的措施之间的最大差异。注重细节,附带的协议提供了一种收集精确的测量清晰的方法,但它也表明,单独协议不足以实现在该领域普遍准确的结果。

谁完成简短而严格的训练由研究人员实现了低内评价者TEM数值表明重复性高的水平。教员应当提供额外训练,但是,研究可接受的任何测量的范围之外用TEM值助理。为了确保研究助理实现在该领域的精确测量,所有学员经过认证过程。学员必须通过两个现场质量控制评估,以便为人体评级机构全面认证。在这种分析中,两个评价者实现腰围措施可接受的TEM范围( 见表1)的外部,因此没有通过认证过程。这些学员重复他们的质量控制评估和独立的现场数据采集获得了额外的监督和培训前。虽然概述QC程序提供了resear整体信心CH助手的能力,他们不会在现场测量时产生的即时反馈。一种方法克服这个限制是有两个观察者对同一主题的每个执行测量。如果数字不同,研究助理可以采取额外的测量;数据分析人员可以使用这两个研究助理“措施的平均值。

该技术的局限性

手动人体的评估需要时间和培训质量的持续监控。然而,其它方法也可能需要相当大的训练或在除了设备的费用其他开办费用。例如,马萨诸塞(其中Project是万岁进行)要求任何人在进行DXA扫描认证,可作为放射技师或授权医师。项目万岁研究助理研究的时间平均为60小时的3小时长考,申请注册花费$ 425此外,手动anthropometry不能直接评估内脏脂肪,而相比之下,某些成像技术。

关于到现有/替代方法的技术意义

测量身体组成所有方法都有优点和缺点。手动人体测量可以在所有年龄段中使用,不授予任何风险,并具有最低的成本。然而,这些方法的成功取决于能花几个星期或几个月完成培训的程序,并按照协议精确稳定的工作人员的可用性。

未来的应用方向或

与较小改变,这些技术也可适于其他人体测量,如横卧长度,胸部和大腿皮褶厚度。综上所述,本文表明,培训和质量控制,研究助理可以执行与精度和准确度肥胖儿童的评估手册人体测量方法。 ŧHESE方法是安全的,低成本的,并且需要最小的,便携设备,因此适合于儿童的实地研究。

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Materials

Name Company Catalog Number Comments
Stadiometer Weigh and Measure, LLC  SSWM-1 Basic Shorr board (without smooth slide features) can also be used. In order to accommodate the width of children's hips during sitting height, the base of a stadiometer should be approximately 60 cm wide or larger.
Bioimpedance scale Tanita Coporation of America TBF 300A (model is discontinued), DC-430U is comparable Scale is used for weight and bioimpedance. Any digital, standardized scale can be used for weight only.
Skinfold Caliper Holtain Limited n/a This model uses a dial gauge in graduations of 0.2 mm. Models with a linear gauge are also acceptable.  
Hip/waist tape measure Gulick II Plus Measuring Tape 67019 This model uses compression bands, which makes it easier to identify how firmly the tape measure is being pulled. The compression band is not necessary, but highly recommended.
MUAC measuring tape (ShorrTape© Measuring Tape)  Weigh and Measure, LLC STape The tape measure should be flexible with a single or double slotted insertion window.

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References

  1. Boeke, C. E., Oken, E., Kleinman, K. P., Rifas-Shiman, S. L., Taveras, E. M., Gillman, M. W. Correlations among adiposity measures in school-aged children. BMC Pediatrics. 13 (99), (2013).
  2. Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Kit, B. K., Flegal, K. M. Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011-2012. JAMA. 311 (8), 806-814 (2014).
  3. Erermis, S., Cetin, N., Tamar, M., Bukusoglu, N., Akdeniz, F., Goksen, D. Is obesity a risk factor for psychopathology among adolescents. Pediatr Int. 46 (3), 296-301 (2004).
  4. Gunnell, D., Frankel, S., Nachahal, K., Peters, T., Smith, G. Childhood obesity and adult cardiovascular mortality: A 57-y follow-up study based on the boyd orr cohort. AJCN. 67 (6), 1111-1118 (1998).
  5. Vanhala, M., Vanhala, P., Kumpusalo, E., Halonen, P., Takala, J. Relation between obesity from childhood to adulthood and the metabolic syndrome: Population based study. Brit Med J. 317 (7154), 319 (1998).
  6. Papoutsakis, C., Priftis, K. N., Drakouli, M., Prifti, S., Konstantaki, E., Chondronikola, M., Antonogeorgos, G., Matziou, V. Childhood overweight/obesity and asthma: is there a link? A systematic review of recent epidemiologic evidence. J Acad Nutr Diet. 113 (1), 77-105 (2013).
  7. Rifas-Shiman, S. L., Rich-Edwards, J. W., Scanlon, K. S., Kleinman, K. P., Gillman, M. W. Misdiagnosis of overweight and underweight children younger than 2 years of age due to length measurement bias. MedGenMed. 7 (4), 56 (2005).
  8. Horan, M., Gibney, E., Molloy, E., McAuliffe, F. Methodologies to assess paediatric adiposity. Ir J Med Sci. 814 (1), 1-16 (2014).
  9. Wells, J. C., Fewtrell, M. S. Measuring body composition. Arch Dis Child. 91 (7), 612-617 (2006).
  10. Wells, J. C., Fuller, N. J., Dewit, O., Fewtrell, M. S., Elia, M., Cole, T. J. Four-component model of body composition in children: Density and hydration of fat-free mass and comparison with simpler models. Am J Clin Nutr. 69 (5), 904-912 (1999).
  11. Damilakis, J., Adams, J. E., Guglielmi, G., Link, T. M. Radiation exposure in X-ray-based imaging techniques used in osteoporosis. Eur J Radiol. 20 (11), 2707-2714 (2010).
  12. Ulijaszek, S. J., Kerr, D. A. Anthropometric measurement error and the assessment of nutritional status. Brit J Nutr. 82 (3), 165-177 (1999).
  13. Oken, E., Baccarelli, A. A., Gold, D. R., Kleinman, K. P., Litonjua, A. A., DeMeo, D., Gillman, M. W. Cohort profile: Project Viva. Int J Epidemiol. 44 (1), 37-48 (2015).
  14. Ulijaszek, S. J., Lourie, J. A. Intra- and inter-observer error in anthropometric measurement. Anthropometry: the Individual and the Population. , Cambridge University Press. 30-55 (1994).
  15. Häggström, M. Medical gallery of Mikael Häggström 2014. Wikiversity Journal of. Medicine. 1 (2), (2014).
  16. Meredith, D. Male anatomy study face side. Flickr. , Available from: http://www.flickr.com (2007).
  17. Acromion of Scapula05. DBCLS. , BodyParts3D. Japan. (2013).

Tags

医药,120期,人体测量学,身体成分,肥胖症,身体质量指数(BMI),测量的可靠性,测量技术错误(TEM)
大型流行病学研究儿童人体测量评估
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Cite this Article

Louer, A. L., Simon, D. N.,More

Louer, A. L., Simon, D. N., Switkowski, K. M., Rifas-Shiman, S. L., Gillman, M. W., Oken, E. Assessment of Child Anthropometry in a Large Epidemiologic Study. J. Vis. Exp. (120), e54895, doi:10.3791/54895 (2017).

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  • Research • Medicine
    'Boden Food Plate': Novel Interactive Web-based Method for the Assessment of Dietary Intake
  • Research • Medicine
    Anogenital Distance and Perineal Measurements of the Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) Quantification System
  • Research • Medicine
    Bedside Ultrasound for Guiding Fluid Removal in Patients with Pulmonary Edema: The Reverse-FALLS Protocol
  • Research • Medicine
    Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation of Primary Human Decidual Cells from the Fetal Membranes of Term Placentae
  • Research • Medicine
    Skeletal Muscle Neurovascular Coupling, Oxidative Capacity, and Microvascular Function with 'One Stop Shop' Near-infrared Spectroscopy
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting Hair Samples for Hair Cortisol Analysis in African Americans
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vivo Morphometric Analysis of Human Cranial Nerves Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Menière's Disease Ears and Normal Hearing Ears
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (Cf-PWV) to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness
  • Research • Medicine
    Standardized Measurement of Nasal Membrane Transepithelial Potential Difference (NPD)
  • Research • Medicine
    Taste Exam: A Brief and Validated Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Absorption of Nasal and Bronchial Fluids: Precision Sampling of the Human Respiratory Mucosa and Laboratory Processing of Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Methodology for Sputum Induction and Laboratory Processing
  • Research • Medicine
    Electrophysiological Measurement of Noxious-evoked Brain Activity in Neonates Using a Flat-tip Probe Coupled to Electroencephalography
  • Research • Medicine
    A Detailed Protocol for Physiological Parameters Acquisition and Analysis in Neurosurgical Critical Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Oral Biofilm Sampling for Microbiome Analysis in Healthy Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia
  • Research • Medicine
    Application of an Amplitude-integrated EEG Monitor (Cerebral Function Monitor) to Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    3D Ultrasound Imaging: Fast and Cost-effective Morphometry of Musculoskeletal Tissue
  • Research • Medicine
    The 4-vessel Sampling Approach to Integrative Studies of Human Placental Physiology In Vivo
  • Research • Medicine
    A Component-resolved Diagnostic Approach for a Study on Grass Pollen Allergens in Chinese Southerners with Allergic Rhinitis and/or Asthma
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
  • Research • Medicine
    A Method for Quantifying Upper Limb Performance in Daily Life Using Accelerometers
  • Research • Medicine
    Non-invasive Assessments of Subjective and Objective Recovery Characteristics Following an Exhaustive Jump Protocol
  • Research • Medicine
    Experimental Protocol of a Three-minute, All-out Arm Crank Exercise Test in Spinal-cord Injured and Able-bodied Individuals
  • Research • Medicine
    Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Pulmonary Capillary Blood Volume, Membrane Diffusing Capacity, and Intrapulmonary Arteriovenous Anastomoses During Exercise
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Child Anthropometry in a Large Epidemiologic Study
  • Research • Medicine
    Video Movement Analysis Using Smartphones (ViMAS): A Pilot Study
  • Research • Medicine
    Network Analysis of Foramen Ovale Electrode Recordings in Drug-resistant Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Induction and Assessment of Exertional Skeletal Muscle Damage in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    A Detailed Protocol for Perspiration Monitoring Using a Novel, Small, Wireless Device
  • Research • Medicine
    Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
  • Research • Medicine
    Integrated Compensatory Responses in a Human Model of Hemorrhage
  • Research • Medicine
    Transthoracic Speckle Tracking Echocardiography for the Quantitative Assessment of Left Ventricular Myocardial Deformation
  • Research • Medicine
    Impression Cytology of the Lid Wiper Area
  • Research • Behavior
    A Protocol of Manual Tests to Measure Sensation and Pain in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    Unbiased Deep Sequencing of RNA Viruses from Clinical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    A Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cell-based Model of the Human Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier to Study Bacterial Infection from the Basolateral Side
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Profiling of MicroRNA-containing Exosomes from Human Bile
  • Research • Medicine
    Generation of Microtumors Using 3D Human Biogel Culture System and Patient-derived Glioblastoma Cells for Kinomic Profiling and Drug Response Testing
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Using a Laminating Technique to Perform Confocal Microscopy of the Human Sclera
  • Research • Medicine
    Intravenous Endotoxin Challenge in Healthy Humans: An Experimental Platform to Investigate and Modulate Systemic Inflammation
  • Research • Medicine
    Modeling and Simulations of Olfactory Drug Delivery with Passive and Active Controls of Nasally Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols
  • Research • Medicine
    Exosomal miRNA Analysis in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Patients' Plasma Through qPCR: A Feasible Liquid Biopsy Tool
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multimodal Imaging- and Stimulation-based Method of Evaluating Connectivity-related Brain Excitability in Patients with Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges
  • Research • Medicine
    Using Saccadometry with Deep Brain Stimulation to Study Normal and Pathological Brain Function
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Fundus Autofluorescence for the Evaluation of Retinal Diseases
  • Research • Medicine
    Diagnosis of Musculus Gastrocnemius Tightness - Key Factors for the Clinical Examination
  • Research • Medicine
    Stereo-Electro-Encephalo-Graphy (SEEG) With Robotic Assistance in the Presurgical Evaluation of Medical Refractory Epilepsy: A Technical Note
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Transcutaneous Microcirculatory Imaging in Preterm Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    Using an Ingestible Telemetric Temperature Pill to Assess Gastrointestinal Temperature During Exercise
  • Research • Medicine
    Design, Fabrication, and Administration of the Hand Active Sensation Test (HASTe)
  • Research • Medicine
    MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder
  • Research • Medicine
    Functional Human Liver Preservation and Recovery by Means of Subnormothermic Machine Perfusion
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multicenter MRI Protocol for the Evaluation and Quantification of Deep Vein Thrombosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Determining The Electromyographic Fatigue Threshold Following a Single Visit Exercise Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of Electromagnetic Navigational Transthoracic Needle Aspiration (E-TTNA) for Sampling of Lung Nodules
  • Research • Medicine
    Trabecular Meshwork Response to Pressure Elevation in the Living Human Eye
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vivo, Percutaneous, Needle Based, Optical Coherence Tomography of Renal Masses
  • Research • Medicine
    Establishment of Human Epithelial Enteroids and Colonoids from Whole Tissue and Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Human Brown Adipose Tissue Depots Automatically Segmented by Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography and Registered Magnetic Resonance Images
  • Research • Medicine
    Preparation and Respirometric Assessment of Mitochondria Isolated from Skeletal Muscle Tissue Obtained by Percutaneous Needle Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    A Methodological Approach to Non-invasive Assessments of Vascular Function and Morphology
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Immortalization of Patient-derived Cell Lines from Muscle Biopsy for Disease Modeling
  • Research • Medicine
    State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
  • Research • Medicine
    The Supraclavicular Fossa Ultrasound View for Central Venous Catheter Placement and Catheter Change Over Guidewire
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of the Brachial Artery in Clinical Research
  • Research • Medicine
    Tracking the Mammary Architectural Features and Detecting Breast Cancer with Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes
  • Research • Medicine
    DTI of the Visual Pathway - White Matter Tracts and Cerebral Lesions
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection, Isolation, and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Human Endocervical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multi-Modal Approach to Assessing Recovery in Youth Athletes Following Concussion
  • Research • Medicine
    Clinical Assessment of Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Patients and Older Adults
  • Research • Medicine
    Multi-electrode Array Recordings of Human Epileptic Postoperative Cortical Tissue
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection and Extraction of Saliva DNA for Next Generation Sequencing
  • Research • Medicine
    Fast and Accurate Exhaled Breath Ammonia Measurement
  • Research • Medicine
    Developing Neuroimaging Phenotypes of the Default Mode Network in PTSD: Integrating the Resting State, Working Memory, and Structural Connectivity
  • Research • Medicine
    Two Methods for Establishing Primary Human Endometrial Stromal Cells from Hysterectomy Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Coordinate Mapping of Hyolaryngeal Mechanics in Swallowing
  • Research • Medicine
    Network Analysis of the Default Mode Network Using Functional Connectivity MRI in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    EEG Mu Rhythm in Typical and Atypical Development
  • Research • Medicine
    The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT): An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Functional Characterization of Human Ventricular Cardiomyocytes from Fresh Surgical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Primary Culture of Human Vestibular Schwannomas
  • Research • Medicine
    Utility of Dissociated Intrinsic Hand Muscle Atrophy in the Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Lesion Explorer: A Video-guided, Standardized Protocol for Accurate and Reliable MRI-derived Volumetrics in Alzheimer's Disease and Normal Elderly
  • Research • Medicine
    Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Culture, and Imaging of Human Fetal Pancreatic Cell Clusters
  • Research • Medicine
    3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Computerized Dynamic Posturography for Postural Control Assessment in Patients with Intermittent Claudication
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting Saliva and Measuring Salivary Cortisol and Alpha-amylase in Frail Community Residing Older Adults via Family Caregivers
  • Research • Medicine
    Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Analysis of Neurodegenerative Diseases
  • Research • Medicine
    Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Retinal Surgical Specimens Using jouRNAl
  • Research • Medicine
    Improved Protocol For Laser Microdissection Of Human Pancreatic Islets From Surgical Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Respiratory Muscle Activation Using Respiratory Motor Control Assessment (RMCA) in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury
  • Research • Medicine
    Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting And Measuring Wound Exudate Biochemical Mediators In Surgical Wounds
  • Research • Medicine
    A Research Method For Detecting Transient Myocardial Ischemia In Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome Using Continuous ST-segment Analysis
  • Research • Medicine
    Using a Chemical Biopsy for Graft Quality Assessment
  • Research • Medicine
    Characterizing Exon Skipping Efficiency in DMD Patient Samples in Clinical Trials of Antisense Oligonucleotides
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vitro Assessment of Cardiac Function Using Skinned Cardiomyocytes
  • Research • Medicine
    Normothermic Ex Situ Heart Perfusion in Working Mode: Assessment of Cardiac Function and Metabolism
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Vascular Control Mechanisms Utilizing Video Microscopy of Isolated Resistance Arteries of Rats
  • Research • Medicine
    Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) for Research; Obtaining Adequate Sample Yield
  • Research • Medicine
    Non-invasive Optical Measurement of Cerebral Metabolism and Hemodynamics in Infants
  • Research • Medicine
    Tilt Testing with Combined Lower Body Negative Pressure: a "Gold Standard" for Measuring Orthostatic Tolerance
  • Research • Medicine
    Driving Simulation in the Clinic: Testing Visual Exploratory Behavior in Daily Life Activities in Patients with Visual Field Defects
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Characterization and Comparative Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Derived from Permanent Teeth by Using Two Different Methods
  • Research • Medicine
    Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking (IPL): Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Intraoperative Detection of Subtle Endometriosis: A Novel Paradigm for Detection and Treatment of Pelvic Pain Associated with the Loss of Peritoneal Integrity
  • Research • Medicine
    The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection Protocol for Human Pancreas
  • Research • Medicine
    The α-test: Rapid Cell-free CD4 Enumeration Using Whole Saliva
  • Research • Medicine
    The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Donor Tissue Preparation for Endothelial Keratoplasty
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantification of Atherosclerotic Plaque Activity and Vascular Inflammation using [18-F] Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (FDG-PET/CT)
  • Research • Medicine
    Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography of Retinal Circulation
  • Research • Medicine
    Utilizing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Study the Human Neuromuscular System
  • Research • Medicine
    Detection and Genogrouping of Noroviruses from Children's Stools By Taqman One-step RT-PCR
  • Research • Medicine
    Method to Measure Tone of Axial and Proximal Muscle
  • Research • Medicine
    The Trier Social Stress Test Protocol for Inducing Psychological Stress
  • Research • Medicine
    Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Multifocal Electroretinograms
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation of Human Islets from Partially Pancreatectomized Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quantification of Pulmonary Perfusion using Calibrated Arterial Spin Labeling
  • Research • Medicine
    Manual Muscle Testing: A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department
  • Research • Medicine
    A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
  • Research • Medicine
    An Investigation of the Effects of Sports-related Concussion in Youth Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Head Impact Telemetry System
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Confocal Microscopy: A Novel Non-invasive Technique to Quantify Small Fibre Pathology in Peripheral Neuropathies
  • Research • Medicine
    Methods to Quantify Pharmacologically Induced Alterations in Motor Function in Human Incomplete SCI
  • Research • Medicine
    Multispectral Real-time Fluorescence Imaging for Intraoperative Detection of the Sentinel Lymph Node in Gynecologic Oncology
  • Research • Medicine
    Technique to Collect Fungiform (Taste) Papillae from Human Tongue
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessing Endothelial Vasodilator Function with the Endo-PAT 2000
  • Research • Medicine
    Making Sense of Listening: The IMAP Test Battery
  • Research • Medicine
    An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)
  • Research • Biology
    Bioelectric Analyses of an Osseointegrated Intelligent Implant Design System for Amputees
  • Research • Biology
    Demonstration of Cutaneous Allodynia in Association with Chronic Pelvic Pain
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