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Medicine

一个模型来模拟人类临床相关性缺氧

Published: December 22, 2016 doi: 10.3791/54933

Summary

在人类缺氧模拟通常也被因吸入低氧气体混合物进行。在这项研究中,呼吸暂停潜水员被用来模拟人类动态缺氧。另外,在去饱和和再饱和动力学的生理变化与非侵入性工具,例如近红外光谱法(NIRS)和外围氧合饱和度( 血氧饱和度)来评价。

Introduction

临床相关的急性缺氧和高碳酸血症伴大多见于阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS),急性呼吸道阻塞或心肺复苏过程中。在OSAS等低氧条件的领域主要局限包括有关动物研究的病理生理学和人体模型是不存在1有限转让知识。模仿人体缺氧,缺氧的气体混合物迄今已使用2 - 7。然而,这些条件都比较有代表性的高海拔环境比,其中缺氧,在一般情况下,伴随的高碳酸血症的临床情况的。为了监测心脏骤停和复苏过程中的组织氧合,动物研究已经完成8探讨生理代偿机制。

窒息潜水员能够压低呼吸冲动运动员健康是受低动脉血氧饱和度9和增加的pCO 2 10,11诱发。我们以模仿急性缺氧和高碳酸血症相伴12临床情况调查呼吸暂停潜水员。该模型可用于评价临床设置,提高患者的OSAS或病理呼吸病症的病理生理学的了解,并揭示了新的可能性在呼吸暂停的情况下,研究的潜在计数器平衡机制。此外,不同的技术来检测缺氧人类可以在动态缺氧的情况下,可行性和准确性被测试存在于紧急情况下( ,气道阻塞,喉或无法插管,可以不透风的情况),或者以模拟在患者间歇性缺氧OSAS患者。

非侵入性的技术来检测缺氧在人中是有限的。外围脉搏血氧饱和度(SPO 2)预好客的认可工具TAL和医院设置,检测缺氧13。该方法是基于血红蛋白的光吸收。然而, 血氧饱和度测量被限制为外周动脉氧合并且不能在无脉性电活动(PEA)或集中最小循环14的情况下使用。与此相反,近红外光谱法可用于在实时的PEA中出血性休克或蛛网膜下腔出血15中,以评估脑组织氧饱和度(RSO 2), - 19。它的使用在不断增加20和方法论研究显示血氧饱和度和RSO 2 3,4之间的正相关关系。

在这项研究中,我们提供了一个模型来模拟人类的临床相关缺氧并给出了一个一步一步的方法来比较外围脉搏血氧饱和度和NIRS在德和再饱和的情况下。通过在的情况下进行分析生理数据pnea,我们的反平衡机制的认识得以提高。

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Protocol

道德守则
在涉及人类受试者的研究进行的所有程序均符合1964年赫尔辛基宣言的道德标准和其后来的修正。这项研究的设计得到了德国波恩大学医院的伦理委员会。

注:请确保受试者处于良好的健康状态,不含任何抗高血压药物和至少24小时的免费如咖啡因或等于物质儿茶酚胺诱导剂。

1.被检者的制备

  1. 清洁用70%酒精前额皮肤脱脂前NIRS电极定位在皮肤上。
  2. 上方放置眉和矢状沟(轨迹额极2)的权额头上的近红外光谱电极来测量脑(=中心)组织氧合。
  3. 评估信号的稳定性。该RSO 2 -信号应该是恒定的(7; 3%)为至少5分钟。
  4. 用于测量与NIRS(近红外光谱组织 -电极)外围组织氧合,放置一个电极的股四头肌(或者在前臂)的中间的上方。不要将电极之上的静脉丛或动脉。
  5. 将心电电极在头发上免费的胸部。心电图导联都标有不同的字母。在胸大肌上胸大肌左侧的上左下肋缘的medioclavicular线,“F”的第五肋间中间胸肋头,“C”的胸肋头大的权利,“L”地方“R”,“ N“上右下肋缘。
  6. 在同一肢体和侧面,其中NIRS 组织 -电极置于指尖末梢测量脉搏血氧饱和度(SPO 2)。
  7. 测量无创血压(NIBP),通过使用血压袖带。用对侧肢体,使外周脉搏肟待测量etry。为了得到高时间分辨率血压效果,请选择用于测量一分钟的间隔。通过触摸屏幕,然后选择“设置”选择无创血压。
  8. 呼吸暂停前至少20分钟,建立的静脉内行成的过程中和呼吸暂停后绘制在各个时间点的血液样本的右侧或左侧臂内侧肘静脉。
    1. 清洁用70%酒精皮肤。
    2. 使用止血带,以帮助更加突出的静脉。
    3. 使用皮肤消毒,避免感染和经皮肤进针。
    4. 减少在导管毂血液回闪后的插入角度。推导管插入静脉。
    5. 取出针和冲洗导管用无菌生理盐水(氯化钠0.9%)。

2,数据收集

  1. 校准所有监视器的内部时钟,以同步供以后处理的测量。
    1. 氯ICK在桌面上右下角的时钟图标,然后在弹出的窗口中点击“更改日期和时间设置”。
    2. 按下NIRS设置菜单按钮设计通过菜单更改日期和时间。
  2. 要存储离线分析生理数据,将显示器设备插入扩展坞,并通过网线连接到计算机。确保对接站的IP地址和子网掩码是正确的网络设置,以获得一个连接。为了得到这个信息,请联系设备供应商。
  3. 使用监控设备特定的软件保存在电脑上的测量。点击“开始”,开始记录和测量结束后,将结果保存。
    注:在某些设备,数据必须在测量过程中实时保存。
    注意: 对于故障的排除采取以下步骤的保养要点:如果NIRS 组织 SIG的变异NALS太高,重新评估电极(避免直接在电极更大的静脉丛或动脉)的位置。近红外光谱信号的高变异性,也可以为潜水员的过度减少部分CO 2的间接标记。指示受呼吸慢,低潮量和重新评估的信号。受试者被允许最终窒息之前采取3很深的启示。避免包括这个时期到基线值的评估。最大吸气后的第30秒被变量值表征。不要用它们进行分析。

3.呼吸暂停

  1. 有受试者在卧位,以免血液循环,由于血管收缩应力引起的变化休息至少15分钟。有科目呼吸正常,以避免过度的影响,造成血管收缩。限制呼吸频率≤15次/ min。
  2. 抽血样本S代表基线分析。丢弃前5毫升血液抽取,避免测量不确定度。每个静脉采血用无菌生理盐水,以防止凝血后冲洗导管。
  3. 确保监测值是不可见的主题,以避免视觉影响他们的呼吸暂停的表现。
  4. 检查每个设备功能和信号质量。确保电极不能通过在呼吸暂停的端测试受试者的不自主运动中除去。
  5. 有明确的协议的结论。给最后2分钟的倒计时口头。受试者应该在这个准备时间正常呼吸。到最后一口气3深灵感此前是允许的。让拍摄对象表示通过手指标志的最后吸入。呼吸暂停应尽可能长地进行。
    注:最后一口气的结束表明呼吸暂停的开始。呼吸暂停的端部被定义为呼吸暂停后的第一启示。
  6. 马克重要的事件( 即,开始了次呼吸暂停结束)以电子方式按“事件标记按钮”的NIRS设备上避免更多的时间分析不准确。
    注:胸部和腹部非自愿隔膜活动引起的变动都在呼吸暂停下半年共同并注明斗争阶段。
  7. 在不同的时间点取决于研究的目的绘制血样。
  8. 离心血液样品在1500×g离心10分钟。取上清,并将其存储在-80℃下以供将来分析。

4.处理数据

  1. 从监控设备处理数据:
    1. 打开电脑,然后按上保存的文件“启动”来分析数据。
    2. 点击“审核”来获得访问趋势监测和在菜单中选择子网掩码“选项”,然后选择“工具”。时间间隔可以通过“走势区间”如果有必要进行修改。
    3. 选择面具“趋势”和SAV即打开文件“趋势”,在做进一步处理电子表格程序。
  2. 从近红外光谱设备处理数据:
    1. 在电脑上打开软件通过 WIFI连接NIRS设备。
    2. 从近红外光谱设备的数据传送到计算机。
    3. 保存为CSV格式的数据。
    4. 在进一步的处理电子表格程序打开文件。

5.分析值

  1. 创建两个数据集的电子表格来比较值。识别至少30秒其中,NIRS值和血氧饱和度是不变的(±3%)的时间间隔。取这些值的平均值来定义基线水平。
    注:心率是众所周知的显着变化之前,呼吸暂停。为了进行进一步的分析,基线心脏速率在时间点30秒的呼吸暂停开始后所定义。
  2. 找到单调减少的开始点在RSO 2血氧饱和度
  3. 识别在呼吸暂停的端部作为呼吸暂停终止后的值单调增加的RSO 2血氧饱和度增加的起点。这点被定义为“开始重新饱和的”。
  4. 计算“呼吸暂停启动”和“开始饱和度”和“呼吸暂停结束”和“开始重新饱和”为NIRS ,NIRS 组织 血氧饱和度之间的时间差之间的时间差。保存在单独的电子表格以秒为单位的每个差异。
  5. 可选:计算在第二和呼吸暂停的最后一分钟的每一个参与者的心脏心率变异。这可能会在此压力阶段揭示交感神经/副交感神经的平衡信息。

6.统计处理

  1. 比较血氧饱和度的,NIRS 和NIRS 组织价值观“饱和的开始”之间的时间差。试验的测量差高斯分布( 例如,使用夏皮罗-威尔克常态试验样品50大小小)。
  2. 如果测量差的分布是正态分布显著不同,使用Wilcoxon符号秩检验。如果可以假设正态分布,可以考虑使用配对t检验。

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Representative Results

图1显示血氧饱和度和NIRS值(NIRS 和NIRS 组织 )的同步录音暂停期间,一个病人。总的呼吸暂停时间为363秒。继呼吸暂停NIRS和血氧饱和度值约140秒保持稳定。通过外围血氧饱和度,而238秒后,被检出近红外光谱的减少204秒后,检测血氧饱和度的下降。最小测量血氧饱和度以下呼吸暂停为58%,最低的近红外光谱测量大脑为46%。在呼吸暂停NIRS的最后12秒的时间延迟后脑增加,而血氧饱和度30秒的时间延迟后上升。

在最近十潜水员呼吸暂停,我们的研究显示, 大脑 NIRS值显著下跌71%(变化范围为85 - 55)至54%(范围74 - 24)12 血氧饱和度从98%(100 - 98)下降至81%(范围94 - 67)。 图2显示呼吸暂停和下降的开始之间的平均时间延误近红外光谱氧饱和度与这十个潜水员2的值。通过近红外光谱测量血氧饱和度下降显著不迟于氧饱和度对血氧饱和度[175秒测量的指尖; SD = 50秒134 相比秒; SD = 29秒; (吨(9)= 2.865,P = 0.019,R 2 = 0.477)〕。这可以作为为升高脑血流和呼吸暂停期间脑组织的优惠供氧的标志。

呼吸( 图2c)的重启后,NIRS 的值比血氧饱和度值[10秒显著同期增加; SD = 4秒 21秒; SD = 4秒(T(9)= 7.703,P <0.001,R 2 = 0.868)。 图2b 2)和上面的股四头肌测量三维显示德和再饱和了大腿呼吸暂停(NIRS 组织 )。 NIRS 组织价值观显著同期下降超过血氧饱和度值[39秒; SD = 13秒125 相比秒的延迟; SD = 36秒(T(6)= 4.869,P = 0.003,R 2 = 0.798)。这个时间延迟可能表明,外周血管收缩导致组织氧合下降,甚至在动脉血氧饱和度下降之前-由血氧饱和度可视化-是可测量的。有NIRS 组织 血氧饱和度[NIRS 组织 30秒间呼吸重启后,在延时无差异; SD = 16秒 血氧饱和度27秒;差= 7秒(T(6)= 0.631,P = 0.551,R 2 = 0.062)〕。这表明,所观察到的时间延迟不是由不同的设备本身造成的。

血氧饱和度- ,NIRS 组织 -和NIRS -baseline值100%( 图3)。来比较各个呼吸暂停的持续时间,每个受试者的总呼吸暂停持续时间也设定为100%。 12

图1
图1:睡眠呼吸暂停NIRS, 血氧饱和度和心率(HR)的时间过程。显示一个参与者的原始数据。总睡眠呼吸暂停时间为363秒。主题表现出血氧饱和度比脑RSO 2较早的下降。 请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。

图2 />
图2:呼吸暂停和呼吸的重新启动过程中时间延迟。 一)平均呼吸暂停和NIRS的减少 血氧饱和度值的开始之间的时间延迟; B)平均呼吸暂停和NIRS 组织 血氧饱和度值下降的开始之间的时间延迟; C)平均呼吸重启和 血氧饱和度值同比增长近红外光谱之间的时间延迟; D)平均呼吸重启并增加NIRS 组织 血氧饱和度值之间的时间延迟。误差棒表示平均值的标准误差。数据和艾希霍恩等人的身影 2015年12。 请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。

1“> 图3
图3:归血氧饱和度的时间进程,NIRS 和NIRS 组织价值观:在呼吸暂停的时间平衡的个体差异,所有的呼吸暂停时间被标准化为100%。因此,在这三个绘制参数的变化被分配到的相对呼吸暂停次数。前呼吸暂停被定义为100%基线值测定。误差棒表示平均值的标准误差。数据和艾希霍恩等人的身影 2015年12。 请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。

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Discussion

总呼吸暂停时间主要是由肺尺寸和每分钟的氧气消耗,并通过一个个人承受造成增加的pCO 2或减小PO 2的呼吸反射能力的影响。呼吸暂停潜水员培训,以最大限度地发挥他们的屏气时间,用于在最大吸气这样做。因此,时间直到缺氧是个体之间可检测的不同,并取决于受试者的身体状况和训练状态,甚至可能通过他们的日常状态和意愿而改变承受呼吸反射。可以通过协议步骤的详细的教育和平静的周围环境,可以减少受到的应力水平。

有迹象表明,影响总呼吸暂停时间,这意味着,测试环境应,以便进行标准化,以得到的结果是可靠的和可重复的许多因素。如果研究人员对研究儿茶酚胺increaSE或交感神经活动,既影响( 即,咖啡因,尼古丁,如香蕉,坚果,或任何医疗物质,如单胺氧化酶(MAO)抑制剂食品)应避免的物质。还静脉线路应建立呼吸暂停前至少20分钟。一个受试者的应力水平将主要影响儿茶酚胺水平,并可能伪造研究人员的血液分析的结果。一般情况下,研究人员应创建每个主题的基线水平正常化,因为大的个体间差异的结果。

通过近红外光谱技术组织氧合的非侵入性的测量使用的氧化和还原血红蛋白21半定量的变化。利用近红外技术在不断增加20和它可以检测脑及周围组织的饱和度,独立搏动血流。 NIRS值取决于下N个放置在静脉和动脉血管的数量IRS-电极。因此NIRS值可以根据静脉下电极动脉血管的金额不同显著。此外,放置和接触压力将影响值的可靠性。值应稳定在开始测量前进行检查。如果NIRS信号时基线测量不同,更换电极或检查全身皮肤接触。对于近红外光谱的结果,相对于德或较基础值的值的增加的解释应该使用(不是绝对)。

由于最大屏气的体力负担,呼吸暂停的每个受试者的数目是有限的。编制协议应等于为每个主题和所有设备应仔细检查后才可以使用。不要修改该协议在一个队列。标准化的设置是强制性的创建结果是重复的。虽然最大屏气前过度换气可降低动脉二氧化碳水平和Delays呼吸的刺激,它也会影响脑自动调节及血管舒缩反应22。活性过度,应避免以减少由对象的破坏性影响。

该模型的总体目标是通过屏气来模拟人类的缺氧。因此,附加的测量装置,可以建立以获得有关血压( 即,有创血压测量)或交感神经活动的详细信息。血压测量可以用来延长呼吸暂停的负担估计到容器系统。 ECG信号可以用来计算拍子到搏动变异RR间隔或检测心律失常。此外,在唾液或血液样品中的儿茶酚胺水平29皮质醇的水平可以在中和呼吸暂停后不同的时间点进行测量。这些值的动力学开辟了许多可能的学习机会。仍然,缺氧的可靠检测是必要确保引起窒息缺氧条件。由不同的设备,但在相同的呼吸暂停会话测量值可以直接进行比较。时间差(例如,直到血压增加,饱和度开始, 等等 )从不同的个人应被归一化至总呼吸暂停时间。

呼吸反射是人体的最强的刺激中的一个。因此,急性缺氧和高碳酸血症仅见于患者的病症( 即,OSA,紧急情况下,喉痉挛,CPR )。晴意外,缺氧是因为受试者的合并症不易察觉,总是由触发事件的影响,难以评估。虽然潜水员和经历缺氧患者的总呼吸暂停时间不应由于完全不同的初始条件进行比较,人的补偿机制,以避免对脑损伤在缺氧的情况下是相同的23 -28。扩展自愿屏气也清空了机体对氧的存储和增加一个主题的二氧化碳29。窒息潜水员被证明产生在人体12动态缺氧的模拟过程中可靠的结果。我们测得的最低脑饱和度仅比心脏骤停(42.2±10.7%,1537.2±17.0%14)期间,患者看到值略高。这表明,我们的模型能够模拟临床相关缺氧。虽然缺氧会导致严重的健康问题,下属生理机制尚未尚未完全了解1到现在为止没有相关的临床人体模型存在模拟人类急性缺氧。使用健康窒息潜水员作为临床相关的模型来模拟缺氧和二氧化碳潴人类适用于今后的调查巨大潜力。此模型允许科学家们研究的代偿机制,以避免缺氧损坏可再现的人体模型。它允许缺氧紧急情况下,如喉痉挛或临床相关的模拟“不能通风 - 无法插管”。它可能被用来证明的新侵入性或非侵入性工具的可行性,用于测量人的缺氧。此外,这种模式可能有助于了解增加内源性儿茶酚胺的相关性及其对心脏功能( 心脏心率变异性,心输出量 )的影响。通过使用不同的新设备中呼吸暂停潜水员观察缺氧的新参数可以被探索和可能扩大我们的缺氧理解的未来。

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Materials

Name Company Catalog Number Comments
SpO2 Dräger Medical AG&CO.KG SHP ACC MCABLE-Masimo Set peripheral SpO2-Monitoring
Non Invasive Blood Pressure (NIBP) Dräger Medical AG&CO.KG NIBP cuff M+,  MP00916 
Electrocardiographic (ECG)   Dräger Medical AG&CO.KG Infinity M540 Monitor ECG monitoring
Docking station Dräger Medical AG&CO.KG M500 Docking Station connection of M540 to laptop
NIRS NONIN Medical’s EQUANOX Model 7600 Regional Oximeter System measuring of cerebral and  tissue oxygenation
NIRS diodes EQUANOX Advance Sensor Model 8004CA suited for measuring cerebral and somatic oxygen-saturation
Laptop 
DataGrabber Dräger Medical AG&CO.KG DataGrabber v2005.10.16 software to synchronize M540 with laptop
eVision Nonin Medical. Inc. Version 1.3.0.0 software to synchronize NONIN with laptop

DOWNLOAD MATERIALS LIST

References

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Tags

医药,118期,缺氧,呼吸暂停,近红外光谱,脑,紧急情况下,RSO
一个模型来模拟人类临床相关性缺氧
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Cite this Article

Eichhorn, L., Kessler, F.,More

Eichhorn, L., Kessler, F., Böhnert, V., Erdfelder, F., Reckendorf, A., Meyer, R., Ellerkmann, R. K. A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans. J. Vis. Exp. (118), e54933, doi:10.3791/54933 (2016).

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    Collection, Isolation, and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Human Endocervical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multi-Modal Approach to Assessing Recovery in Youth Athletes Following Concussion
  • Research • Medicine
    Clinical Assessment of Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Patients and Older Adults
  • Research • Medicine
    Multi-electrode Array Recordings of Human Epileptic Postoperative Cortical Tissue
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection and Extraction of Saliva DNA for Next Generation Sequencing
  • Research • Medicine
    Fast and Accurate Exhaled Breath Ammonia Measurement
  • Research • Medicine
    Developing Neuroimaging Phenotypes of the Default Mode Network in PTSD: Integrating the Resting State, Working Memory, and Structural Connectivity
  • Research • Medicine
    Two Methods for Establishing Primary Human Endometrial Stromal Cells from Hysterectomy Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Coordinate Mapping of Hyolaryngeal Mechanics in Swallowing
  • Research • Medicine
    Network Analysis of the Default Mode Network Using Functional Connectivity MRI in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    EEG Mu Rhythm in Typical and Atypical Development
  • Research • Medicine
    The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT): An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Functional Characterization of Human Ventricular Cardiomyocytes from Fresh Surgical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Primary Culture of Human Vestibular Schwannomas
  • Research • Medicine
    Utility of Dissociated Intrinsic Hand Muscle Atrophy in the Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Lesion Explorer: A Video-guided, Standardized Protocol for Accurate and Reliable MRI-derived Volumetrics in Alzheimer's Disease and Normal Elderly
  • Research • Medicine
    Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Culture, and Imaging of Human Fetal Pancreatic Cell Clusters
  • Research • Medicine
    3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Computerized Dynamic Posturography for Postural Control Assessment in Patients with Intermittent Claudication
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting Saliva and Measuring Salivary Cortisol and Alpha-amylase in Frail Community Residing Older Adults via Family Caregivers
  • Research • Medicine
    Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Analysis of Neurodegenerative Diseases
  • Research • Medicine
    Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Retinal Surgical Specimens Using jouRNAl
  • Research • Medicine
    Improved Protocol For Laser Microdissection Of Human Pancreatic Islets From Surgical Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Respiratory Muscle Activation Using Respiratory Motor Control Assessment (RMCA) in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury
  • Research • Medicine
    Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting And Measuring Wound Exudate Biochemical Mediators In Surgical Wounds
  • Research • Medicine
    A Research Method For Detecting Transient Myocardial Ischemia In Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome Using Continuous ST-segment Analysis
  • Research • Medicine
    Using a Chemical Biopsy for Graft Quality Assessment
  • Research • Medicine
    Characterizing Exon Skipping Efficiency in DMD Patient Samples in Clinical Trials of Antisense Oligonucleotides
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vitro Assessment of Cardiac Function Using Skinned Cardiomyocytes
  • Research • Medicine
    Normothermic Ex Situ Heart Perfusion in Working Mode: Assessment of Cardiac Function and Metabolism
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Vascular Control Mechanisms Utilizing Video Microscopy of Isolated Resistance Arteries of Rats
  • Research • Medicine
    Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) for Research; Obtaining Adequate Sample Yield
  • Research • Medicine
    Non-invasive Optical Measurement of Cerebral Metabolism and Hemodynamics in Infants
  • Research • Medicine
    Tilt Testing with Combined Lower Body Negative Pressure: a "Gold Standard" for Measuring Orthostatic Tolerance
  • Research • Medicine
    Driving Simulation in the Clinic: Testing Visual Exploratory Behavior in Daily Life Activities in Patients with Visual Field Defects
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Characterization and Comparative Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Derived from Permanent Teeth by Using Two Different Methods
  • Research • Medicine
    Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking (IPL): Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Intraoperative Detection of Subtle Endometriosis: A Novel Paradigm for Detection and Treatment of Pelvic Pain Associated with the Loss of Peritoneal Integrity
  • Research • Medicine
    The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection Protocol for Human Pancreas
  • Research • Medicine
    The α-test: Rapid Cell-free CD4 Enumeration Using Whole Saliva
  • Research • Medicine
    The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Donor Tissue Preparation for Endothelial Keratoplasty
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantification of Atherosclerotic Plaque Activity and Vascular Inflammation using [18-F] Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (FDG-PET/CT)
  • Research • Medicine
    Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography of Retinal Circulation
  • Research • Medicine
    Utilizing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Study the Human Neuromuscular System
  • Research • Medicine
    Detection and Genogrouping of Noroviruses from Children's Stools By Taqman One-step RT-PCR
  • Research • Medicine
    Method to Measure Tone of Axial and Proximal Muscle
  • Research • Medicine
    The Trier Social Stress Test Protocol for Inducing Psychological Stress
  • Research • Medicine
    Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Multifocal Electroretinograms
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation of Human Islets from Partially Pancreatectomized Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quantification of Pulmonary Perfusion using Calibrated Arterial Spin Labeling
  • Research • Medicine
    Manual Muscle Testing: A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department
  • Research • Medicine
    A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
  • Research • Medicine
    An Investigation of the Effects of Sports-related Concussion in Youth Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Head Impact Telemetry System
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Confocal Microscopy: A Novel Non-invasive Technique to Quantify Small Fibre Pathology in Peripheral Neuropathies
  • Research • Medicine
    Methods to Quantify Pharmacologically Induced Alterations in Motor Function in Human Incomplete SCI
  • Research • Medicine
    Multispectral Real-time Fluorescence Imaging for Intraoperative Detection of the Sentinel Lymph Node in Gynecologic Oncology
  • Research • Medicine
    Technique to Collect Fungiform (Taste) Papillae from Human Tongue
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessing Endothelial Vasodilator Function with the Endo-PAT 2000
  • Research • Medicine
    Making Sense of Listening: The IMAP Test Battery
  • Research • Medicine
    An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)
  • Research • Biology
    Bioelectric Analyses of an Osseointegrated Intelligent Implant Design System for Amputees
  • Research • Biology
    Demonstration of Cutaneous Allodynia in Association with Chronic Pelvic Pain
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