En anestesi, kirurgi och skördmetod för utvärdering av transpedikulära skruvar med användning av en<em> In vivo</em> Porcin Lumbar Spine Model
Summary
Här introducerar vi en metod för att utvärdera transpedikulära skruvar med hjälp av en in vivo porcine ländryggen modell.
Abstract
Pedicle skruvfixering är guldstandarden för behandling av ryggradssjukdomar. Många studier har emellertid rapporterat frågan om lossande pedikelskruvar efter ryggraden, vilket är ett allvarligt problem. För att lösa detta problem har olika typer av pedikelskruvar undersökts för att identifiera de med bra fixeringsstyrka och osseointegration i ryggradsbenet. Den svarta ryggraden är ett bra alternativ för mänsklig ryggrad vid utvärderingen av pedikelskruvar på grund av den anatomiska storleken, mekaniska egenskaper och kostnad. Även om flera studier har rapporterat att pedikelskruvar är effektiva i svinmodellen har ingen studie beskrivit detaljerade protokoll för utvärdering av en pedicleskruv med hjälp av svinmodellen. Här beskriver vi en detaljerad metod för utvärdering av transpedikulära skruvar med användning av en in vivo porcine lumbar ryggradsmodell. De tekniska detaljerna för anestesi, ryggradskirurgi och skörd som tillhandahålls här kommer att underlätta med utvärderingen av tRanspedikulär skruvfixeringsmodell.
Introduction
Transpedicular screw fixation is a gold-standard treatment for degenerative lumbar spine and bursting fracture because it involves three columns of the spine and achieves stabilization1,2. However, most patients who undergo such surgery also have osteoporosis3,4. Many studies have evaluated the fixation strength and the osseointegration status of transpedicular screws, because the loosening of pedicle screws currently in use has been reported in patients with osteoporosis5,6.
The porcine spine is similar to the human spine in terms of size. It is less expensive compared to a primate model7. Furthermore, an in vivo mechanical study has demonstrated that the quadruped porcine spine is essentially loaded in the same way as that of the human spine8, which is why many researchers use porcine spines for studies on the prevention of pedicle screw loosening. However, it takes several months to study pedicle screws in the porcine spine because identifying the long-term stability of pedicle screws takes times. In order to compare different types of screws in the vertebral body, it is necessary to insert the screws in similar positions. Therefore, researchers should be well-acquainted with proper anesthesia techniques, standardized surgical protocols, and harvest procedures before performing any experiments. Here, we describe a detailed method for anesthesia, surgery, and harvest for the evaluation of pedicle screw fixation using a porcine spine model, including ex vivo imaging, histology, and strength testing.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
Utvärderingen av transpedikulära skruvar i den svarta ryggraden kräver mycket tid och ansträngning. För det första är miniatyren ett stort djur. För djurvård och anestesi behöver forskaren ett specialprotokoll. För det andra bör operationen bibehålla en miljö som liknar den för human kirurgi. Syftet med att utvärdera pedikelskruvarna i svinsryggen är att utveckla en effektiv skruv som kan appliceras på människor. För det tredje kräver utvärdering av långsiktig stabilitet hos transpedikulära skruv…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
Denna studie stöddes av ett bidrag (CNUH-BRI-2012-02-005) finansierat av Biomedicinska forskningsinstitutet Chonbuk National University Hospital (CNUH-BRI), Republiken Korea.
Materials
| Miniature pig | OrientBio | ||
| Atropine | Jeil pharmaceutical | A04900241 | Anesthesia |
| Over-the needle plastic catheter | BD | REF382412 | Maintenance of IV line |
| Ketamine | Yuhan | A04502441 | Anesthesia |
| Xylazine | Bayer Korea | A00800071 | Anesthesia |
| Laryngoscope | Karl storz | Intubation | |
| Endotracheal tube | Covidien | Intubation | |
| Isoflurane | JW pharmaceutical Co | A02104781 | Anesthesia |
| Eye ointment | Hanlim pharma | A37851721 | Protection of pig's eye |
| Cefazolin | Donga pharma | A01503951 | Antibiotics |
| Saline | JW pharmaceutical Co | A02151392 | Maintenance of fluid homeostasis |
| Fentanyl | Hana pharm | C03200032 | Pain control |
| Enrofloxacin | Bayer | 93106-60-6 | Antibiotics |
| Morphine | Myungmoon pharma | C03700091 | Pain control |
| Meloxicam | Boehringer Ingelheim | A07600711 | Antibiotics |
| Povidone-iodine | Hyundai pharma | Wound dressing | |
| Scalpel blade size 15 | Braun | I1 BB515 | Skin incision |
| Cobb elevator | Codman | 65-2546 | Dissection of muscle |
| Burr | Medtronic | Making of starting point of screw | |
| Rongeur | Aesculap | FO515R | Making of starting point of screw |
| Guide pin (K-wire) | CE | 01067803 | Guidance of screw trajectory |
| C-arm | GE | OEC 9800 plus | Guidance of screw trajectory |
| Portable X-ray | Siemens | Mobile XP hybrid | Guidance of screw trajectory |
| Pedicle probe | OtisBiotech | SPI-02-01 | Guidance of screw trajectory |
| Pedicle sounding device | OtisBiotech | SPI-03-01 | Guidance of screw trajectory |
| Pedicle screw | OtisBiotech | MS-40025 | |
| Posterior fixator systems | OtisBiotech | ||
| Rod | OtisBiotech | ROD-60140 | Rigid fixation between screws |
| Universal handle | OtisBiotech | SPI-08-01 | To fix the screws to the rod |
| Straight socket wrench | OtisBiotech | SPI-06-01 | To fix the screws to the rod |
| counter torque wrench | OtisBiotech | SPI-07-01 | To fix the screws to the rod |
| Bulb irrigation syringe | Hyupsug medical | HS-IR-140 | Irrigation |
| Silicone drain | Sewon medical | 2205-006 | To drain the fluid at the surgical site |
| 3.0 metric absorbable suture | Ethicon | BA1673H | Muscle suture |
| 2.0 metric nonabsorbable nylon suture | Ethicon | W1626T | Skin suture |
| Gauze | Kingphar Korea | KP120-06 | |
| Pentobarbital | Hanlim pharma | 645301221 | Euthanasia |
| Oscillating saw | Zimmer | Harvest spine | |
| Tower forceps | Aesculap | BF461R | Harvest spine |
References
- Greenfield, R. T., Grant, R. E., Bryant, D. Pedicle screw fixation in the management of unstable thoracolumbar spine injuries. Orthop Rev. 21 (6), 701-706 (1992).
- Upasani, V. V., et al. Pedicle screw surface coatings improve fixation in nonfusion spinal constructs. Spine. 34 (4), 335-343 (2009).
- Halvorson, T. L., Kelley, L. A., Thomas, K. A., Whitecloud, T. S., Cook, S. D. Effects of bone mineral density on pedicle screw fixation. Spine. 19 (21), 2415-2420 (1994).
- Weinstein, J. N., Spratt, K. F., Spengler, D., Brick, C., Reid, S. Spinal pedicle fixation: reliability and validity of roentgenogram-based assessment and surgical factors on successful screw placement. Spine. 13 (9), 1012-1018 (1988).
- Fini, M., et al. Biological assessment of the bone-screw interface after insertion of uncoated and hydroxyapatite-coated pedicular screws in the osteopenic sheep. J Biomed Mater Res A. 66 (1), 176-183 (2003).
- Kim, D. Y., et al. Evaluation of Titanium-Coated Pedicle Screws: In Vivo Porcine Lumbar Spine Model. World Neurosurg. 91, 163-171 (2016).
- Upasani, V. V., et al. Pedicle screw surface coatings improve fixation in nonfusion spinal constructs. Spine. 34 (4), 335-343 (2009).
- Smit, T. H. The use of a quadrupted as an in vivo model for the study of the spine-biomechanical considrations. Eur Spine J. 11 (2), 137-144 (2002).
- Aldini, N. N., et al. Pedicular fixation in the osteoporotic spine: a pilot in vivo study on long-term ovariectomized sheep. J Orthop Res. 20 (6), 1217-1224 (2002).
- Fini, M., et al. Biological assessment of the bone-screw interface after insertion of uncoated and hydroxyapatite-coated pedicular screws in the osteopenic sheep. J Biomed Mater Res A. 66 (1), 176-183 (2003).
- Branemark, R., Ohrnell, L. O., Skalak, R., Carlsson, L., Branemark, P. I. Biomechanical characterization of osseointegration: an experimental in vivo investigation in the beagle dog. J Orthop Res. 16 (1), 61-69 (1998).
- McLain, R. F., Yerby, S. A., Moseley, T. A. Comparative morphometry of L4 vertebrae: comparison of large animal models for the human lumbar spine. Spine. 27 (8), E200-E206 (2002).
- Giavaresi, G., et al. In vivo preclinical evaluation of the influence of osteoporosis on the anchorage of different pedicle screw designs. Eur Spine J. 20 (8), 1289-1296 (2011).
- Hasegawa, T., et al. Hydroxyapatite-coating of pedicle screws improves resistance against pull-out force in the osteoporotic canine lumbar spine model: a pilot study. Spine J. 5 (3), 239-243 (2005).
- Smorgick, Y., et al. Single- versus multilevel fusion for single-level degenerative spondylolisthesis and multilevel lumbar stenosis: four-year results of the spine patient outcomes research trial. Spine. 38 (10), 797-805 (2013).
- Busscher, I., Ploegmakers, J. J., Verkerke, G. J., Veldhuizen, A. G. Comparative anatomical dimensions of the complete human and porcine spine. Eur Spine J. 19 (7), 1104-1114 (2010).
