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Environment

在穿孔的包装系统二氧化氯的控释，延长贮藏寿命，提高葡萄番茄的安全

Published: April 07, 2017
doi:
10.3791/55400
, , , , , , , ,
1USDA, ARS, USHRL, 2Indian River Research and Education Center,University of Florida, 3Worrell Water Technologies, LLC

Summary

Here, we describe a protocol for the application of a novel, slow-release ClO2 product that reduces spoilage and extends the shelf life of fresh fruit. The slow-release ClO2 product was added to standard commercial grape tomato packaging and tested against Escherichia coli and Alternaria alternata.

Abstract

的控释二氧化氯（CLO 2）袋是由密封二氧化氯的浆液形式成半透聚合物膜显影;袋的释放特性在有或无果的容器进行了监测。将袋固定到含有葡萄西红柿穿孔蛤壳的内部，并在微生物群体，坚固性的效果，并在在20℃下14天的储存期进行评价的重量损失。在3天后，将二氧化氯浓度在蛤壳达到为3.5ppm和保持不变，直到第10天。此后，通过3.08日志CFU降低至2ppm白天14.二氧化氯袋显示出强大的抗微生物活性，从而减少大肠杆菌群体/克和链格孢种群由2.85日志CFU /克后存储14天。的二氧化氯处理也降低软化和体重减轻和延长了的西红柿的整体的货架寿命。我们的研究结果表明，二氧化氯的治疗是用于延长保质期和储存过程中改善的西红柿的微生物安全性而不损害它们的质量是有用的。

Introduction

丰富的新鲜水果和蔬菜的饮食可能有助于减少许多疾病，包括冠状动脉心脏疾病和特定类型的癌症1的风险。不过，也有一些食源性致病微生物，如大肠杆菌 ， 沙门氏菌和李斯特菌 ，新鲜水果和蔬菜，可能会导致消费者谁食用被污染的农产品2中患病甚至死亡的消费有关。例如， 大肠杆菌（E.coli）O157：H7爆发已经与葡萄，番茄，草莓和3,4相关联，并且甲型肝炎爆发已与新鲜蓝莓5相关联。此外，微生物污染可导致通过采后腐烂6实质的产品损失。 交链孢是一种重要的植物病原真菌ŧ帽是已知会导致叶斑和其他疾病中的植物7的超过380宿主物种。它已被证明是一种黑斑病 8，茎溃疡病，西红柿9的叶枯病的原因。因此，安全有效的采收后处理净化是需要两个控制食源性致病菌并防止采后腐烂在新鲜的农产品。

低收入和无渣技术是替代消毒剂的新趋势。各种采后杀菌剂已被用于减少腐败菌，防止食源性疾病。臭氧，强大的抗微生物剂，已显示出保留草莓和蓝莓10，11的质量和新鲜度。然而，臭氧可以引起水果表面组织的氧化，可导致变色和风味质量的恶化S = “外部参照”> 12。氯已被用于消毒新鲜农产品，如蓝莓和苹果13。虽然有效，氯可以与含氮化合物或氨反应，导致致癌的副产物14，用于新鲜水果15中的消毒时尤其如此。

二氧化氯（二氧化氯 ），洗手液的替代物，正在为水果和蔬菜16的采后处理批准中国和美国。二氧化氯是一种水溶性氧化剂与氧化能力比的游离氯17的大2.5倍。二氧化氯是在低浓度和具有短接触时间18非常有效。二氧化氯具有用于消毒浓度低毒性和最小的腐蚀性，并且它被认为是最有效的杀菌之一并在各种设置19，20，21使用杀菌剂。

众多的研究结果已经表明，二氧化氯可以控制食源性致病菌和采后腐烂16。例如，二氧化氯的气体已被用于灭活单增李斯特菌 ， 沙门氏菌和大肠杆菌 O157：H7和防止蓝莓，草莓变质22,23。二氧化氯的气体减少了微生物污染的风险，同时保持新鲜水果的属性，并且它是在控制草莓24的采后腐烂有效。然而，在高浓度和不可传输不稳定的，需要在历史上的网站或低效的两部分粉末混合昂贵发电机。

然而，一个新的CLO2产物与现成的，控制释放制剂（ 即，它不要求一个发生器或成分的预混合）已被证明是在控制的预备试验25食品腐败生物和病原体非常有效。它是一种安全，经济高效，无腐蚀性，易于运输和控释二氧化氯的形式，对环境无不良影响。先前的实验已经证明，该缓释CLO 2粉末包裹在过滤材料，并放置在吸塑包装显著减少的新鲜蓝莓和草莓的衰退，减少浆果失水，和采后存储器25，26期间维持果实硬度。最近，一种控释二氧化氯包通过在半透性聚合物膜密封二氧化氯的浆液形式开发的。这项工作的目标是：于：1）监测在两个封闭的容器中二氧化氯的气体释放性和在穿孔的蛤壳，2）调查控制释放二氧化氯袋封闭在上食源性致病菌的容器和葡萄西红柿的衰减的效果，以及3）评价对葡萄西红柿的质量存储控释二氧化氯的影响。

Protocol

1.在封闭腔室的顶部空间气体二氧化氯的测定获得的材料：二氧化氯袋（0.5克在选择用于其释放速率的聚合物膜CLO 2浆料（9.5％AI）的（6厘米2）的总表面面积;确切的组分是专有的），玻璃室（19.14 L），并具有可切换气体入口和出口的盖子。 附加二氧化氯袋使用双面胶带盖子。 通过密封用凡士林盖关闭所述腔室。 连接CLO 2</…

Representative Results

二氧化氯的释放显示出在最初的几个小时的线性图案。浓度在第一4小时增加约2.38 PPM /小时。温育24个小时后的释放速度减慢，并且二氧化氯浓度达到25.4 ppm的。然而，浓度趋向于孵育的24个小时（ 图1）后保持稳定。 顶部空间二氧化氯浓度与葡萄西红柿蛤壳为3天和第10天之间约4ppm，它储存?…

Discussion

二氧化氯是防止食品腐烂的理想杀菌剂。然而，在高浓度和非运输的，需要昂贵的发电机或低效的两部分粉末混合不稳定。本研究二氧化氯的稳定，随时可以使用形式的应用，以减少食品腐败和食源性疾病的发生率。相较于目前使用的其他二氧化氯应用技术，这里使用的商业二氧化氯具有成本效益，具有保质期长，且不需要大型发电机或预混。然而，由于二氧化氯的强氧化性，二…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

我们要感谢由Worrell水技术有限责任公司提供的财政支持。商标或专利产品的提及仅是为了进行识别，并不意味着由农业部美国农业部保证或产品的保证。

Materials

Curoxin chlorine dioxide pouch Worrell Water Technologies Slurry, a.i. 9.5% in sealed permeable polymer film
Grape tomato Santa Sweets, Inc Santa Sweets Authentic 
ClO2 gas detector Analytical Technology, Inc., Collegeville, PA PortaSens II 
Perforated clamshell Packaging Plus LLC, Yakima, WA OSU #1, 1 lb
Escherichia coli  Wild Type (WT) from fruit surface
Alternaria alternata from fruit surface
E. coli agar  EC Broth, Oxoid, UK EC Broth with 1.5% agar
Potato dextrose agar  BD Difco, Sparks, MD
Levine eosin methylene blue agar BD Difco, Sparks, MD
Trigger spray bottle  Impact Products, LLC., Toledo, OH
Sterilized sampling bag  Fisherbrand, Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA
Orbit shaker  New Brunswick Scientific, New Brunswick, NJ Innova 2100
IUL Instruments Neutec Eddy jet spiral plater inoculation plating system Neutec Group Inc., Farmingdale, NY
EZ micro optical plate reader  Synoptics, Ltd., Cambridge, UK ProtoCOL
Fruit firmness tester  Bioworks Inc, Wamego, KS FirmTech 2 
Tinytag temperature and RH data logger Gemini Data Loggers, West Sussex, UK
McFarland equivalence turbidity standard Fisherbrand, Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA
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Tags

Chlorine DioxideControlled ReleaseFood PreservationGrape TomatoesShelf LifeE. ColiAlternaria AlternataAntimicrobialPost-harvestProduce Storage
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Sun, X., Baldwin, E., Plotto, A., Narciso, J., Ference, C., Ritenour, M., Harrison, K., Gangemi, J., Bai, J. Controlled-release of Chlorine Dioxide in a Perforated Packaging System to Extend the Storage Life and Improve the Safety of Grape Tomatoes. J. Vis. Exp. (122), e55400, doi:10.3791/55400 (2017).
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