Summary

Bruk av Retinal Imaging demens

Published: November 06, 2017
doi:

Summary

Netthinnen deler fremtredende likheter med hjernen, og dermed representerer et unikt vindu å studere blodkar og neuronal strukturen i hjernen ikke-invasively. Denne protokollen beskriver en metode for å studere demens med retinal imaging teknikker. Denne metoden kan hjelpe i diagnosen og risiko vurdering av demens.

Abstract

Netthinnen tilbyr en unik “vindu” for å studere patofysiologiske prosesser for demens i hjernen, som det er en forlengelse av sentralnervesystemet (CNS) og deler fremtredende likheter med hjernen i embryologiske opprinnelse, anatomisk funksjoner og fysiologiske egenskaper.  Vaskulær og neuronal strukturen i netthinnen kan nå visualisert lett og ikke-invasively bruker retinal imaging teknikker, inkludert fundus fotografi og optical coherence tomografi (OCT) og kvantifisert semi automatisk Computer-assistert analyse programmer. Studere tilknytningene mellom vaskulær og nevronale endringer i netthinnen og demens kan forbedre vår forståelse av demens og eventuelt hjelpe i diagnosen og risiko vurdering.  Denne protokollen skal beskriver en metode for å kvantifisere og analysere retinal blodkar og neuronal struktur, som er potensielt forbundet med demens. Denne protokollen også gir eksempler på netthinnen endringer i fag med demens, og diskuterer tekniske problemer og gjeldende begrensninger retinal imaging.

Introduction

På grunn av økning i forventet levealder, demens blitt et store medisinske problem, bidra til betydelige sosiale og økonomiske helse byrde globalt1,2,3,4,5. I dag, utvikler en person i USA Alzheimers sykdom (AD), den vanligste formen for demens, hver 66 s6. Det har blitt anslått at innen år 2050, 115 millioner mennesker påvirkes av AD7.

Netthinnen tilbyr en unik “vindu” for å studere demens på grunn av lignende anatomiske og fysiologiske egenskapene med hjernen. I blodkar, netthinnen arterioler og venules, måler 100-300 µm i diameter, dele lignende funksjoner med cerebral små båter, som slutten arterioler uten forekomst, barriere-funksjonen og auto-regulering8, 9. når det gjelder neuronal struktur, netthinnen ganglionic celler (RGCs) dele typiske egenskaper med nevroner i sentralnervesystemet (CNS) 10. RGCs er tydelig forbundet med hjernen som de danner de optiske nerven og prosjekt visuelle signalene fra netthinnen lateral geniculate kjerner og overlegen colliculus. Synsnerven, ligner på mange neuronal fibre i CNS er myelinated av oligodendrocytes og ensheathed i meningeal lag. Spesielt, en fornærmelse mot synsnerven kan resultere i lignende svar observert i andre CNS axons, som retrograd og anterograd degenerasjon av axon, skjemmende arr, myelin ødeleggelse, sekundær degenerasjon og en unormal nivå av nevrotropisk faktorer og nevrotransmittere11,12,13,14. Utseendet på visuelle symptomer i noen AD pasienter kan også forklares med robust assosiasjonene netthinnen og hjernen15,16. Som et resultat har det blitt foreslått at netthinnen kan gjenspeile patologisk prosessene av demens i hjernen og retinal imaging kan brukes til å studere demens.

Netthinnen blodkar og neuronal struktur kan nå visualiseres ikke-invasively ved hjelp av retinal imaging teknikker. For eksempel netthinnen fundus fotografier kan hentes ved hjelp av fundus kameraer og kjennetegner er netthinnen blodkar (f.eks fartøyet kaliber, tortuosity og fraktal dimensjon) kan deretter kvantifiseres computer-assistert analyse programmer. I tillegg parametere av netthinnen neuronal (for eksempel tykkelsen på ganglion celle-indre plexiform lag [GC-IPL] og netthinnen nerve fiber lag [RNFL]) kan også måles med fiberoptisk coherence tomografi (OCT) og kvantifisert ved hjelp av innebygget analysealgoritmer.

I lys av viktigheten av retinal imaging å studere demens, skal denne protokollen beskrive en metode for imaging og analyserer retinal blodkar og neuronal strukturen i vivo bruke retinal imaging teknikker. Denne protokollen også gir eksempler på netthinnen endringer i fag med demens, og diskuterer tekniske problemer og gjeldende begrensninger retinal imaging.

Protocol

alle metodene som er beskrevet her er godkjent av en lokal klinisk forskning etikk i Hong Kong. Merk: For enkelhet, utstyret som er oppført i Tabellen for materiale for å illustrere prosedyrene for retinal imaging og påfølgende analyse. Måling av netthinnen vaskulær parametere er illustrert med Singapore I fartøyet vurdering program (SIVA) 17 (versjon 4.0, National University of Singapore, Singapore). Imidlertid bør det bemerkes at et annet s…

Representative Results

Figur 10: Et eksempel for å vise forskjellene i netthinnen blodkar mellom et vanlig tema og en AD-fag. Sammenlignet med normal emnet, fundus bilde av AD viste smalere fartøyet kalibre (CRAE av sone B, 116.4 µm vs 156.4 µm; CRVE sone B 186.9 µm vs 207.5 µm; CRAE sone C, 138.5 µm vs 165.8 µm; CRVE sone c, 206.6 µm vs</e…

Discussion

Denne protokollen beskriver prosedyrene for kvantifisere neuronal og vaskulær endringer i netthinnen i vivo. Som netthinnen aksjer lignende embryologiske opphav, anatomisk funksjoner og fysiologiske egenskaper med hjernen, kan endringene retinal gjenspeiler lignende endringer av blodkar og neuronal strukturen i hjernen.

Som vist i Figur 10 og tabell 1, AD emnet viste redusert fartøyet kalibre sammenlignet med sunn emnet. Det har blitt r…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

Om potensielle finansielle bånd er forfatteren Tien Y. Wong en av oppfinnerne av Singapore I fartøyet vurdering (SIVA) programmet brukes i denne artikkelen.

Materials

Non-mydriatic Retinal Camera  Topcon, Inc, Tokyo, Japan TRC 50DX  N/A
Singapore I Vessel Assessment Program National University of Singapore Version 4.0 N/A
CIRRUS HD-OCT  Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc, Dublin, CA Model 4000 N/A
Mydriatic Agents  N/A N/A Prepared from 1% tropicamide and 2.5% phenylephrine hydrochloride

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Chan, V. T., Tso, T. H., Tang, F., Tham, C., Mok, V., Chen, C., Wong, T. Y., Cheung, C. Y. Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia. J. Vis. Exp. (129), e56137, doi:10.3791/56137 (2017).

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