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Medicine

味觉考试: 一个简短的验证测试

Published: August 17, 2018 doi: 10.3791/56705

Summary

该协议测量人的味觉反应, 包括一个简短的解剖评估, 短的味觉测试, 和一个验证方法使用的主题的感觉和味觉受体基因型。

Abstract

味觉在医学和生物医学研究中的日益重要, 以及对其遗传基础的新认识, 促使我们在两方面补充了经典的味觉测试方法。首先, 我们解释如何做一个简短的评价口腔, 包括舌头, 以确保味觉乳突存在, 并注意到有关疾病的证据。其次, 通过比较感知苦味强度和先天受体基因型的报告, 利用遗传学来验证味觉测试数据。基因型客观测度与味觉体验主观报告之间的不一致可以识别数据收集错误、分心的主题或那些不理解或遵循指令的人。我们的期望是快速有效的味觉测试可以说服研究人员和临床医生定期评估味觉, 使味觉测试与听力和视力测试一样普遍。最后, 由于许多组织的身体表达味觉受体, 味觉反应可能提供一个代理的组织敏感性在其他地方的身体, 从而, 作为一个快速的, 护理点测试指导诊断和研究工具, 评估味觉受体蛋白质功能。

Introduction

人类味觉知觉的衡量方法既可以是医疗保健的一部分, 也是生物医学研究的目标, 但与听觉和视力相比, 味觉却很少受到重视 (表 1)。从医学的角度来看, 当临床医生评估病人抱怨的味觉损失, 在大多数情况下, 实际损失的气味1, 这导致解雇的味觉损失作为一个罕见的, 往往是无效的提出投诉。味觉畸变 (dysgeusia) 是更常见的, 经常出现的副作用的药物或周围神经损伤2,3, 但两种形式都没有有效的治疗 (除了停止用药)。临床医生也忽略了味觉的丧失, 因为它迄今对自身的诊断和预后价值甚少。然而, 虽然味觉的测量是一个回水, 它现在可能进入主流医学与复兴的历史欣赏, 味觉可能是诊断或预后工具4,5。例如, 苦味知觉可以预测免疫功能6或患者愿意服用药物7。然而, 生物医学研究人员基本上忽略了味觉。这种疏忽可能在一定程度上反映了这样一个事实: 在理解这个感官系统的早期进展有它的根源在实验心理学8, 一个领域与那些在医学可能是相对地不熟悉的。此外, 对味觉的重新兴趣带来了标准化的味觉方法9 , 建立在早期的方法10, 而全面是漫长的, 不适合临床设置。最后, 对味觉措施的信心可能是微弱的, 因为受试者报告他们自己的经验和证实他们的观察一直是缺乏的。我们的希望是, 一个简单的措施, 调查人员或临床医生可以很容易地管理将获得在流行与两个成分。这里我们描述了一个简单的味觉检查协议, 它有三部分: 对口腔的评估, 味觉测试, 以及使用先天基因型的验证步骤。首先, 我们为这些程序提供了生物学背景, 将医学中的简单实践、实验心理学的感官测量和基因型和遗传学的反应验证结合起来。

味觉知觉开始在嘴里, 因此有效的味觉检查需要包括简要的临床评估为明显的口腔疾病, 红肿, 肿胀和其他变色。口腔含七个子体: 舌、牙龈、口底、颊粘膜、唇粘膜、硬腭、retromolar 三角。以往对人体味觉的研究集中在健康参与者或有明确疾病的人身上, 但随着味觉测试成为医学考试的常规, 重要的是记录口腔的状况作为手术的一部分。

舌头本身是一种肌肉结构, 包裹在粘膜中;点缀其背表面是乳突, 小凸起的结构, 使舌头其独特的纹理和含有味觉受体细胞。我们根据它们的形状对乳突进行分类: 蕈、丝状、叶酸和 circumvallate。蕈乳突 (FP) 位于 anterolaterally 舌上, 呈圆形, 有蘑菇状11。调查人员发表了几种有用的方法来量化 FP, 我们直接向读者提供了测量协议1213141516的信息。叶酸的乳突, 形状像一本书的书页 (folia), 完全位于侧后舌表面11。Circumvallate 的乳突, 发现在舌底的沟终, 是大圆顶状结构包围的粘膜壁 (拉丁环, "环绕," +壁垒, "墙")11。最大量的乳突, 丝状, 长而薄, 不含味觉受体。

人的舌头解剖不同。虽然这种解剖变异的来源是未知的, 它部分地由先天遗传变异决定, 调查人员报告31% 卵双胞胎舌解剖学的一致性和60% 单卵双生子双胞胎17之间的一致性。在人群中, 乳突密度也不同, 虽然罕见, 至少有一个遗传性疾病 (家族性 dysautonomia) 导致先天性缺乏味觉乳癌18,19,20。因此, 在进行心理测试之前, 确认 FP 的存在是简要评估的一部分, 并注意到口腔疾病的舌头和证据的相对大小和颜色。

口感乳突含有刺激引发味觉感觉的感官细胞。人类能够感知至少五类的味道: 咸, 酸, 苦, 甜, 和鲜味。虽然咸, 甜, 和鲜味的味道信号的存在有价值的食物来源含有氯化钠, 葡萄糖和氨基酸, 分别, 苦味和酸味信号的存在潜在的毒素和酸的细菌分解食物, 分别和诱发厌恶行为21。咸和酸的味道是转基因通过活化离子通道发现在某些类型的味觉细胞, 虽然对盐转导的理解正在演变, 它可能需要 I 型细胞, 以及22,23。苦、甜、鲜味是由 G 蛋白偶联受体在 II. 型味觉细胞上活化而成, 每一种都能适应特定的口味。三种特殊受体亚基的 Heterodimers 传感器甜和鲜味, 而苦味化合物激活25种不同苦味受体24的组。这些苦味的受体可以反应多种苦味化合物, 一个单一的苦味化合物往往刺激超过一个受体25。尽管最近关于味觉的分子基础知识的扩展, 新的路径26和超越传统的五种口味品质 (例如, 钙27或脂肪酸28知觉) 的最新发现可能会在前面。

有至少两个令人惊讶的方面的味觉家庭的受体: 基因, 这些受体编码可以明显不同的 DNA 序列, 从而在人之间的功能, 和身体的许多组织表达这些基因21,29,30,31. 这些口外部位包括脑、甲状腺、上、下呼吸道和胃肠道, 其中许多人21293031。当口味感受器官在这些地点不参与口味知觉在传统感觉, 他们可能感觉地方化学环境29,32。例如, 上呼吸道纤毛上皮表达苦味受体 T2R38 (苦味受体 38), 它响应细菌产生的化合物, 并影响先天免疫反应32, 如增加黏膜纤毛间隙和抗微生物肽和一氧化氮的水平。这一发现对慢性鼻窦炎、慢性细菌感染疾病和上呼吸道和鼻窦炎症有医学意义。

与我们这里描述的味觉检查特别相关的是, T2R38 苦味受体, 编码的TAS2R38基因, 表现出遗传变异, 因此变化的味觉敏感性。对苦味化合物 phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) 的知觉差异首先由化学家亚瑟狐狸33描述;后来这个化合物被确定为 T2R38 受体34的激动剂。个体差异产生于 DNA 序列的TAS2R38基因, 其中有三单核苷酸多态性, 每一个产生氨基酸替代品 (A49P, A262V 和 I296V;A: 丙氨酸, P: 脯氨酸, V: 缬氨酸, I。两个常见的单体结果, PAV 和 AVI, 与 PAV/PAV 个人高度敏感的 PTC ("品酒师"), avi/avi 个人是相对不敏感 ("非品酒师"), 和异型的 AVI/PAV 个人在他们的灵敏度更可变35. 有更多的基因变异的例子影响苦味,例如, TAS2R19基因编码的味觉受体 T2R19, 同样表现出遗传变异和对苦味化合物的不同口味敏感性。奎宁36同样, TAS2R31的变异也会影响到高效甜味剂373839的感知苦味。

在这里, 我们描述了一个快速的方法来表征病人的味觉, 利用高产量的协议, 在临床医学, 实验心理学和遗传学。

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Protocol

宾夕法尼亚大学机构审查委员会批准了这项议定书。如果他们18岁以下或怀孕, 我们就排除了这些科目。

1. 口腔评价: 疾病评估和乳突鉴定

  1. 指示主语张开嘴。
  2. 使用光源, 如手电筒或前照灯, 照亮口腔和检查该地区的七个子网站 (舌, 口, 颊粘膜, 唇粘膜, 牙龈, 硬腭, 和 retromolar 三角)。
    1. 可视化舌头的背表面。指导主体抬起舌头, 检查腹舌表面和口底, 确保将检查向后至磨牙。
    2. 使用舌抑制剂, lateralize 的脸颊, 以可视化颊粘膜, 以及侧牙龈两侧周围的上下牙齿。
    3. 通过抬起上下唇, 使检查前方, 以可视化唇粘膜和前牙龈的表面。
    4. 最后, 形象化的硬腭和 retromolar 三角。
    5. 注意病灶、擦伤、肿块或炎症症状。
    6. 再一次, 问这个问题, 张开嘴巴, 伸出舌头。
    7. 使用光源来可视化舌头的背表面。
    8. 确定 FP 的存在或不存在,平滑的舌面
  3. 在进行味觉测试之前, 注意口腔检查的结果。如果调查人员在医学背景下进行这种味觉测试, 意想不到的发现会促使进一步的工作。

2. 心理生理味觉测试

注: 下面的网页还提供了关于心理测试的资源和描述: https://osf.io/hn87s/。

  1. Tastant 准备
    1. 按以下指示准备解决方案。使用容积瓶使每个解决方案, 以确保浓度精度为 0.0002 m. 用超纯水溶解样品。为研究目标量身定做化合物的选择。这里包含的化合物就是一个例子。
      1. 地那铵苯甲酸酯 (苦味): 在1升水中溶解2.228 克苯甲酸地那铵, 以制备 4.99 x 10-3米地那铵苯甲酸酯的库存溶液。将此库存溶液的180µL 添加到500毫升容积烧瓶中。加入水, 使体积到500毫升, 产生一个溶液, 最终浓度为1.8 µM。
      2. ptc (苦涩): 在500毫升容量瓶中放置0.0135 克 ptc。加水使体积增加到500毫升。PTC 很难溶解, 所以在烧瓶中放置一个搅拌棒, 并将溶液加热到70摄氏度的热板上。使用搅拌杆混合溶液, 直到所有溶质溶解 (~ 15 分钟)。这将产生一个最终浓度为180µM 的解决方案。
      3. 奎宁 (苦味): 将0.011 克奎宁盐酸盐放入500毫升容积瓶中。加入水, 使体积到500毫升, 产生一个溶液, 最终浓度为56µM。
      4. 氯化钠 (咸): 在500毫升容积的烧瓶中放置7.5 克氯化钠。加入水, 使体积到500毫升, 产生一个解决方案, 最终浓度为 0.25 m。
      5. 蔗糖 (甜): 在500毫升容积烧瓶中放置60克蔗糖。加入水, 使体积到500毫升, 产生一个解决方案, 最终浓度为 0.35 m。
    2. 商店的口味解决方案在4摄氏度。一些常用的味觉化合物是光敏的, 调查人员应该用箔或其他材料包装, 以减少暴露在光线中。
    3. 要确定解决方案准备中的常见错误, 请用旧的解决方案和一个新的解决方案填充一个品尝杯。品尝每个解决方案以验证它们在强度上是否相同。
    4. 包括水作为控制解决方案, 提出在第一位验证对象了解测试程序。与每个 tastant 和控制 tastant 两次, 注意避免连续呈现相同的 tastant。例如, 要测试五个唯一的 tastants, 请在调查表中显示十二个样本 (见 2.2): 五 tastants 和水, 每两次提出。整除5毫升的水进入单个的玻璃闪烁瓶。标签的瓶子帽与一个深蓝色的标签轴承的数字1。
    5. 对每个 tastant 重复此过程。标签瓶帽与圆形贴纸按顺序显示和一些颜色代码, 示例详细如下;将药瓶标签与味觉调查表上的标签匹配 (见 2.2)。
      水 (深蓝色)
      奎宁 (浅蓝色)
      NaCl (绿色)
      PTC (黄色)
      蔗糖 (橙)
      地那铵苯甲酸酯 (红)
      NaCl (深蓝色)
      地那铵苯甲酸酯 (浅蓝色)
      水 (绿色)
      奎宁 (黄色)
      蔗糖 (橙)
      PTC (红色)
    6. 将样品包装成两个盒子, 分别在标签为 "方框 A" 和 "方框 B" 的方框中取样1–6和 7–12 (图 1);其他的包装策略是可能的。

Figure 1
图 1: 味觉套件.受试者使用该套件来对各种颜色编码的 tastants 的口感强度和质量进行率。方框 A 包含示例 1–6, 方框 B 包含7–12。请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.

  1. 品味问卷
    1. 使用类别刻度来准备味觉调查表, 以评定味觉强度和确定每个 tastant 的口感质量的强制选择 (图 2)。
    2. 在味觉调查表中, 在适当的样品旁边放置适当颜色和编号的圆形标签 (见 2.1.6)。

Figure 2
图 2: 味觉调查表条目, 包括强度分级的类别刻度和 tastant 质量的强制选择响应.味觉调查表将包括每个测试的彩色编码 tastants 的一个条目。请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.

  1. 味觉测试管理
    1. 为主题提供方框 A、方框 B、一瓶水、空杯子、钢笔和笔纸味觉问卷, 其中包含12个样本的条目。在任何特定的研究期间, 使用相同牌子的瓶装水。作为一份纸质问卷的替代品, 将材料放入在线调查软件中, 并通过平板电脑或台式机/笔记本电脑进行管理。示例模板可在 https://osf.io/hn87s/中使用。
    2. 指导主题, 他们将被要求对每 tastant 的强度和质量 (咸, 酸, 苦, 甜, 或没有味道) 进行率。此外, 告知主题, 他们可能不会经历所有的品质。
    3. 解释测试程序, 如下所示: 用清水冲洗两次嘴, 并在所提供的杯子里吐出来。把所有样品1倒入你的嘴里, 把它放在那里5秒钟, 然后把溶液吐到杯子里。不要漱口或吞下溶液。圆形的13条垂直线与样品的强度相对应, 在0到12的尺度上, 从 "无强度" 到 "极强", 选择单一品质来描述味道。然后, 用清水冲洗你的嘴两次, 然后再继续下一个样品。
    4. 观察主题品尝和评分样本 1 (水)。如果评级偏离 "根本没有强度" 和 "无风味", 则在允许测试继续之前, 重复调查表的说明。
    5. 检查完成的调查表是否完整。
    6. 评分强度评分的比例为0到12从垂直线, 主题盘旋。平均两个 tastant 的强度等级;此值将用于分析。

3. 基因型

  1. 使用唾液 DNA 收集工具收集每个主题的唾液。
  2. 按照制造商的指示, 从样品中纯化基因组 DNA。
  3. 用 SNP 基因分型测定 (rs713598,rs1726866, rs10246939) 测定 TAS2R38基因。
  4. 用 SNP 基因分型测定 (rs10772420)36测定TAS2R19基因。

4. 基因型-表位验证

  1. 在下面的网页中, 查看来自800多个主题 genotyped 的可用池控制数据 (rs713598、rs1726866、rs10246939) 和TAS2R19 (rs10772420): https://carayata.shinyapps.io/TasteBoxplots/。
  2. 基于一个主题的TAS2R38基因型, 比较他或她的心理味觉反应的苦复方 PTC 与规范的个体的同一基因型。反应应匹配;然而, 在罕见的情况下, TAS2R38基因型并不完全预测 PTC 感官结果35
  3. 如果反应显示出显著的差异, 比较的主题的味觉反应的奎宁与规范的个人相同的TAS2R19基因型。对奎宁强度和基因型的反应应匹配36。如果所有的味觉结果都不能与基因型相对应, 那么这个主题 (a) 就可能不理解任务 (b) 是否提供了虚假评级或伪装, 或者 (c) 调查人员的数据收集错误。
  4. 识别数据点的异常值, 并可能将它们排除在分析中 (图 3)。感官结果与客观基因分型的对应性验证了心理测试程序的可靠性。

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Representative Results

从味觉测试的结果已汇集为所有被评估的科目 (n = 840), 并提出后, 分离的基因型。完整的数据集可在 https://carayata.shinyapps.io/TasteBoxplots/中访问, 可以对评估的每个 tastant 和TAS2R38TAS2R19基因型进行审查。结果证实了TAS2R38受体基因型 (图 3) 中 PTC 的知觉味觉差异的存在。PTC 强度的评分在TAS2R38基因型 (avi/avi, 0.86) 有显著差异;AVI/PAV, 6.95;PAV/PAV, 8.18;单向方差分析, p < 0.0001)。在TAS2R19基因型 (a: 3.77, 奎宁强度的结果也有显著差异;A: G, 3.08;g: g, 2.26;单向方差分析, p < 0.0001)。

Figure 3
图 3: PTC 味觉问卷结果TAS2R38基因型。味觉问卷可以用来隔离个体的TAS2R38基因型基于 PTC 苦味强度评分的类别规模 (* p < 0.0001)。在这里, 我们看到了一些异常点, 位于这个箱线图的栅栏 ("胡须") 外的数据点数 (例如, 在上面四分位以上的四分位范围的1.5 倍以上和低四分位的波纹管)请点击这里查看这个更大的版本图.

度量 味道 听到 视觉 听觉/味觉 视觉/品味
Pubmed 36302 123101 171522 3.39 4.72
NIH 记者 6144 23873 54858 3.89 8.93
我们进行了PubMedNIH 记者的文本搜索, 以某种意义上的关键字。PubMed是一个发布实验结果的在线数据库, NIH 的记者是一个在线数据库, 列出了由国立卫生研究院资助的研究项目。"听觉/味觉" 栏目中的价值观显示出一个比率,也就是说, 与味觉相比, 引用听力的出版物有三倍多。我们访问了下面的网址在2018年1月31日在上午10点 EST。
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/
https://projectreporter.nih.gov/reporter.cfm

表 1: 使用 "味觉" 与 "听觉" 和 "视觉" 作为关键词识别的记录。

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Discussion

这种方法的意义在于它采用了多学科的方法, 具有医学 (口试)、实验心理学 (味觉测试) 和遗传学 (验证步骤) 的特点。味觉信息可能会发展成为一种诊断和预后的工具, 因为味觉提供了一个窗口, 在身体其他地方的蛋白质功能。从实验心理学的角度看, 增加一个简单的考试可以识别不适合研究规范味觉功能的科目。从遗传学的角度来看, 这些程序提供了一种简单的方法来研究容易重现的基因型-表观关系。

测量人的味觉有几个关键的特征是无形的, 但重要的, 包括帮助主体感到轻松和面向的任务, 特别是在医疗设置, 保持程序短, 所以关注的主题不动摇。同样重要的是, 如果受试者看起来不舒服, 并且麻烦地拍摄他们的担忧, 比如关于测试刺激的性质的话。受试者通常会确信, 大多数的测试刺激都在食物中,例如盐和糖。这个过程虽然简单, 但有很大的局限性。虽然口试是调查人员接受医学训练的例行程序, 但那些有实验心理学或遗传学训练的人在识别口腔疾病方面可能不那么容易。另一个限制是评分表, 虽然没有事先培训的受试者容易理解, 但可能会模糊个人或个人群体之间的差异41。最后, 在数据统计处理中, 如何处理与基因型和表型不匹配的主题的指导还未编入简单的规则,例如, 删除那些未能达到一定标准的科目。

展望未来的应用, 味觉考试可能成为医学的常规部分, 如视力和听力测试, 这将增加我们对味觉与人类疾病和福祉的关系的理解, 并将使我们能够改进这个简单的测试。

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Disclosures

NAC 和 DRR 是共同发明者在被审查的专利 (治疗和诊断为呼吸道传染 61/697652, WO2013112865)。

Acknowledgments

来自国立卫生研究院的奖项支持这项研究 (R01DC013588 到 nac、R21DC013886 和 DRR, 以及 NIDCD 行政研究补充, 以促进临床医生科学家在化学感受研究中的出现)。我们收集了部分从 OD018125 的 NIH 基金购买的设备的基因型数据。

Materials

Name Company Catalog Number Comments
Disposable diagnostic penlight Primacare DL-9223
UltraLite Pro headlight Integra LifeSciences AX2100BIF
Millipore Q-Gard 2 water purification system EMB Millipore QGARD00D2
Denatonium benzoate  Sigma Aldrich D5765
Phenylthiocarbamide Sigma Aldrich P7629
Quinine hydrochloride dihydrate Sigma Aldrich Q1125
Sodium Chloride Sigma Aldrich S1679
Sucrose Sigma Aldrich S0389
Glass scintillation vials Thomas Scientific 1230L59 Same as Wheaton catalog no. 986580
Oragene Discover OGR-500 DNA collection kit DNA Genotek OGR-500
prepIT L2P Protocol reagents DNA Genotek PT-L2P-5
rs713598 TaqMan SNP genotyping assay ThermoFisher Scientific C___8876467_10
rs1726866 TaqMan SNP genotyping assay ThermoFisher Scientific C___9506827_10
rs10246939 TaqMan SNP genotyping assay ThermoFisher Scientific C___9506826_10
rs10772420 TaqMan SNP genotyping assay ThermoFisher Scientific C___1317426_10

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Tags

医学 问题 138 心理物理学界 舌头 味觉细胞 TAS2R38 phenylthiocarbamide 心理物理味觉测试
味觉考试: 一个简短的验证测试
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Cite this Article

Douglas, J. E., Mansfield, C. J.,More

Douglas, J. E., Mansfield, C. J., Arayata, C. J., Cowart, B. J., Colquitt, L. R., Maina, I. W., Blasetti, M. T., Cohen, N. A., Reed, D. R. Taste Exam: A Brief and Validated Test. J. Vis. Exp. (138), e56705, doi:10.3791/56705 (2018).

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  • Research • Medicine
    Determining The Electromyographic Fatigue Threshold Following a Single Visit Exercise Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of Electromagnetic Navigational Transthoracic Needle Aspiration (E-TTNA) for Sampling of Lung Nodules
  • Research • Medicine
    Trabecular Meshwork Response to Pressure Elevation in the Living Human Eye
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vivo, Percutaneous, Needle Based, Optical Coherence Tomography of Renal Masses
  • Research • Medicine
    Establishment of Human Epithelial Enteroids and Colonoids from Whole Tissue and Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Human Brown Adipose Tissue Depots Automatically Segmented by Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography and Registered Magnetic Resonance Images
  • Research • Medicine
    Preparation and Respirometric Assessment of Mitochondria Isolated from Skeletal Muscle Tissue Obtained by Percutaneous Needle Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    A Methodological Approach to Non-invasive Assessments of Vascular Function and Morphology
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Immortalization of Patient-derived Cell Lines from Muscle Biopsy for Disease Modeling
  • Research • Medicine
    State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
  • Research • Medicine
    The Supraclavicular Fossa Ultrasound View for Central Venous Catheter Placement and Catheter Change Over Guidewire
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of the Brachial Artery in Clinical Research
  • Research • Medicine
    Tracking the Mammary Architectural Features and Detecting Breast Cancer with Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes
  • Research • Medicine
    DTI of the Visual Pathway - White Matter Tracts and Cerebral Lesions
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection, Isolation, and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Human Endocervical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multi-Modal Approach to Assessing Recovery in Youth Athletes Following Concussion
  • Research • Medicine
    Clinical Assessment of Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Patients and Older Adults
  • Research • Medicine
    Multi-electrode Array Recordings of Human Epileptic Postoperative Cortical Tissue
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection and Extraction of Saliva DNA for Next Generation Sequencing
  • Research • Medicine
    Fast and Accurate Exhaled Breath Ammonia Measurement
  • Research • Medicine
    Developing Neuroimaging Phenotypes of the Default Mode Network in PTSD: Integrating the Resting State, Working Memory, and Structural Connectivity
  • Research • Medicine
    Two Methods for Establishing Primary Human Endometrial Stromal Cells from Hysterectomy Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Coordinate Mapping of Hyolaryngeal Mechanics in Swallowing
  • Research • Medicine
    Network Analysis of the Default Mode Network Using Functional Connectivity MRI in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    EEG Mu Rhythm in Typical and Atypical Development
  • Research • Medicine
    The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT): An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Functional Characterization of Human Ventricular Cardiomyocytes from Fresh Surgical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Primary Culture of Human Vestibular Schwannomas
  • Research • Medicine
    Utility of Dissociated Intrinsic Hand Muscle Atrophy in the Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Lesion Explorer: A Video-guided, Standardized Protocol for Accurate and Reliable MRI-derived Volumetrics in Alzheimer's Disease and Normal Elderly
  • Research • Medicine
    Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Culture, and Imaging of Human Fetal Pancreatic Cell Clusters
  • Research • Medicine
    3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Computerized Dynamic Posturography for Postural Control Assessment in Patients with Intermittent Claudication
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting Saliva and Measuring Salivary Cortisol and Alpha-amylase in Frail Community Residing Older Adults via Family Caregivers
  • Research • Medicine
    Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Analysis of Neurodegenerative Diseases
  • Research • Medicine
    Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Retinal Surgical Specimens Using jouRNAl
  • Research • Medicine
    Improved Protocol For Laser Microdissection Of Human Pancreatic Islets From Surgical Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Respiratory Muscle Activation Using Respiratory Motor Control Assessment (RMCA) in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury
  • Research • Medicine
    Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting And Measuring Wound Exudate Biochemical Mediators In Surgical Wounds
  • Research • Medicine
    A Research Method For Detecting Transient Myocardial Ischemia In Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome Using Continuous ST-segment Analysis
  • Research • Medicine
    Using a Chemical Biopsy for Graft Quality Assessment
  • Research • Medicine
    Characterizing Exon Skipping Efficiency in DMD Patient Samples in Clinical Trials of Antisense Oligonucleotides
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vitro Assessment of Cardiac Function Using Skinned Cardiomyocytes
  • Research • Medicine
    Normothermic Ex Situ Heart Perfusion in Working Mode: Assessment of Cardiac Function and Metabolism
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Vascular Control Mechanisms Utilizing Video Microscopy of Isolated Resistance Arteries of Rats
  • Research • Medicine
    Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) for Research; Obtaining Adequate Sample Yield
  • Research • Medicine
    Non-invasive Optical Measurement of Cerebral Metabolism and Hemodynamics in Infants
  • Research • Medicine
    Tilt Testing with Combined Lower Body Negative Pressure: a "Gold Standard" for Measuring Orthostatic Tolerance
  • Research • Medicine
    Driving Simulation in the Clinic: Testing Visual Exploratory Behavior in Daily Life Activities in Patients with Visual Field Defects
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Characterization and Comparative Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Derived from Permanent Teeth by Using Two Different Methods
  • Research • Medicine
    Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking (IPL): Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Intraoperative Detection of Subtle Endometriosis: A Novel Paradigm for Detection and Treatment of Pelvic Pain Associated with the Loss of Peritoneal Integrity
  • Research • Medicine
    The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection Protocol for Human Pancreas
  • Research • Medicine
    The α-test: Rapid Cell-free CD4 Enumeration Using Whole Saliva
  • Research • Medicine
    The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Donor Tissue Preparation for Endothelial Keratoplasty
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantification of Atherosclerotic Plaque Activity and Vascular Inflammation using [18-F] Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (FDG-PET/CT)
  • Research • Medicine
    Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography of Retinal Circulation
  • Research • Medicine
    Utilizing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Study the Human Neuromuscular System
  • Research • Medicine
    Detection and Genogrouping of Noroviruses from Children's Stools By Taqman One-step RT-PCR
  • Research • Medicine
    Method to Measure Tone of Axial and Proximal Muscle
  • Research • Medicine
    The Trier Social Stress Test Protocol for Inducing Psychological Stress
  • Research • Medicine
    Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Multifocal Electroretinograms
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation of Human Islets from Partially Pancreatectomized Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quantification of Pulmonary Perfusion using Calibrated Arterial Spin Labeling
  • Research • Medicine
    Manual Muscle Testing: A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department
  • Research • Medicine
    A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
  • Research • Medicine
    An Investigation of the Effects of Sports-related Concussion in Youth Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Head Impact Telemetry System
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Confocal Microscopy: A Novel Non-invasive Technique to Quantify Small Fibre Pathology in Peripheral Neuropathies
  • Research • Medicine
    Methods to Quantify Pharmacologically Induced Alterations in Motor Function in Human Incomplete SCI
  • Research • Medicine
    Multispectral Real-time Fluorescence Imaging for Intraoperative Detection of the Sentinel Lymph Node in Gynecologic Oncology
  • Research • Medicine
    Technique to Collect Fungiform (Taste) Papillae from Human Tongue
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessing Endothelial Vasodilator Function with the Endo-PAT 2000
  • Research • Medicine
    Making Sense of Listening: The IMAP Test Battery
  • Research • Medicine
    An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)
  • Research • Biology
    Bioelectric Analyses of an Osseointegrated Intelligent Implant Design System for Amputees
  • Research • Biology
    Demonstration of Cutaneous Allodynia in Association with Chronic Pelvic Pain
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