栗瘿栗瘿致锥害的评价
Summary
通过考虑瘿的丰度, 而不是考虑到相关的分支腐败, 来评估栗瘿栗瘿造成的损害是普遍的做法。我们提出一个综合损伤指数, 考虑到最重要的分支特征, 从而使更现实的损害评估。
Abstract
栗瘿栗瘿Yasumatsu 已成为Castaneasativa的主要害虫, 因为它的到来在欧洲。其擦伤活性导致不同类型的胆类形成, 防止正常芽的发育。重复和失控的攻击造成, 除了生产瘿和随之而来的与胆汁相关的减少叶面积, 逐步腐败的分支体系结构, 包括死亡的分支部分, 并增加休眠芽激活。迄今为止, 很少有人试图量化分支体系结构的损坏。此外, 评估已发展的侵害程度 (女仆) 的不同方法只注重瘿的存在和富足。
利用叶面积与边材区域的关系作为绿色生物量指标, 我们在以前的研究中开发了一种损伤复合指数 (DCI), 它考虑了最重要的分支结构特征, 允许在整个流行病过程。
本研究的目的是提出这一新的方法, 并强调不同的损害描述与其他广泛使用的指数。结果显示, 与女仆相比, 协会对分支损伤的描述是更好的, 尤其是在流行高峰时期。最后, 我们建议如何通过我们的综合损伤指数、使用经典方法的侵扰程度以及冠层透明度评估来正确评估害虫的总体影响。
Introduction
板栗 gallwasp栗瘿栗瘿Yasumatsu (膜翅目: Cynipidae) 是锥1、2、3属最显著的全球害虫。它通过反复的擦伤活动, 防止和抑制正常的芽发育4,5, 导致叶面积逐渐减少, 并由此造成树木绿色生物量和活力5,6 的损失., 休眠芽重新激活5和 gallwasp 后出现分支死亡率7,8增加。
欧洲 gallwasp 流行病的经验表明, 不受控制的和重复的 gallwasp 攻击可能会导致板栗 (锥磨) 的严重的冠层腐败。这可能导致冠叶面积的损失高达 70%, 既不是由激活休眠芽产生的替代叶补偿, 也不通过建立在同一植被期间的第二次冲洗5。
通过天然拮抗剂寄生蜂Torymus 中华Kamijo (膜翅目: Torymidae)9、10, 唯一成功的方法是减少害虫种群, 使板栗树恢复正常。一旦生物控制通过其天敌实现, 板栗树开始产生新的健康芽。如果树损伤水平是非常高的, 这可能从终端芽开始仅发生, 由于事实它通常无侵扰由于它的形成在 gallwasp 产卵活动4以后。这意味着一个长的恢复过程之前, 整个树冠重新建立5。
为了检验板栗树在Torymus生物防治后的阳性反应, 并验证 sylvicultural (修剪、细化) 干预的必要性, 森林管理人员和板栗种植者需要一种快速、通过对害虫的拮抗剂进行生物控制后, 从最初的 gallwasp 流行阶段, 对损伤程度及相关分支体系结构和叶面积演化进行可靠的评估。迄今已开发并使用了几种评估 gallwasp 感染程度 (女仆) 的方法, 例如测量被攻击芽11的比例或每芽12的平均瘿数。女佣不直接测量绿色生物量 (如叶面积), 后备结构, 如休眠芽, 反应结构 (例如,重新激活休眠芽和第二冲洗), 或前一年的损害 (如死芽) 作为主要当前树生命力和活力的代理6,13,14。此外, 大多数女佣只是根据在树枝上发现的瘿的数量和低估了真正的分支损害, 特别是在害虫流行的高峰期 (图 1)。
本文描述了 Gehring 的损伤复合指数 (DCI) 方法. 20185认为绿色生物量的代理, 储备如休眠芽和树反应 (休眠芽恢复和第二冲洗), 使一个现实的, 可靠的, 并合理快速评估的损害, 通过所有阶段的流行病,特别是结合 Gehring 提出的评估努力优化. 201715。
具体而言, 本文的目标是 1), 详细说明外地议定书, 包括将要评估的相关分支特征, 2) 提出损害综合指数公式和 3, 提出改进的严重性等级换算为 DCI。
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
栗瘿栗瘿在板栗树芽上产卵, 诱导春季瘿的形成。重复和失控的栗瘿攻击导致, 除了胆的形成, 一般分支腐败, 包括许多芽死亡和绿色光合叶面积的显著损失5。树木通常通过尝试通过激活休眠芽来产生替代芽来做出反应。因此, 特别是在疫情高峰期和恢复阶段, 经典女佣 (仅基于瘿丰度) 往往低估了栗瘿所造成的实际损害, 而 DCI 不仅基于瘿丰, 而且还死于芽和活?…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
作者感谢小行政区提契诺的森林服务和联邦政府机关为环境 FOEN 为这项研究部份地资助。
Materials
| Name of Material/ Equipment | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| Clipboard | Any brand | ||
| Camping chair (Foldable and lightweight chair) |
Any brand | Companies: Kelty, Campz, Half-Ton. | |
| Felco 9 secateurs (One-hand pruning shear) |
Felco | Other companies: Bahco. | |
| AP-5M-Aluminium Pole (Telescopic tree pruner pole) |
Bahco | 8152079 | Other companies: Spear & Jackson, Kingfisher, Hortex, Fiskars. |
| P34-37 top pruner (Telescopic tree pruner head) |
Bahco | 8002787 | |
| 100 ft Fiberglass Long Tape (30 m measuring tape) |
Stanley | 34-790 | Other companies: Tjima, Freemans, Astor, Lux. |
| Parallel 10.5mm (Low stretch kernmantel rope, flexible and lightweight for rope access) |
Petzl | R077AA03 | Basic equipment for tree climbing (if necessary). Many other equipment configurations can be used for tree climbing, depending on the situation and on single operator preferences. We used Pezl equipment but many other companies offer similar products (e.g. Edelrid, Notch, Climbing technologies, DMM, …). For a complete overview of equipment and companies we recommend a search in google "tree climbing gear" as search keyword. PLEASE NOTE: tree climbing activities should be done only by professionals and are submitted to specific regulatory prescriptions according to the country. |
| Avao Sit (Harness for work positioning and suspension) |
Petzl | C69AFA 2 | |
| Rig (Compact self-braking descender) |
Petzl | D21A | |
| Ascension (Handled rope clamp for rope ascents) |
Petzl | B17ALA | |
| Eclipse (Storage for throw-line) |
Petzl | S03Y | |
| Airline (Throw-line) |
Petzl | R02Y 060 | |
| Jet (Throw-bag) |
Petzl | S02Y 300 | |
| Vertex best (Comfortable helmet for work at height and rescue) |
Petzl | A10BYA | |
| Zillon (Adjustable work positioning lanyard for tree care) |
Petzl | L22A 040 | |
| Ok (Lightweight oval carabiner) |
Petzl | M33A SL |
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