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Medicine

準備・手順・膝変形性関節症の治療における多血小板血漿注入の評価

Published: January 4, 2019 doi: 10.3791/57700
* These authors contributed equally

Summary

膝変形性関節症は整形外科でよく見られています。多血小板血漿注入、準備、手順、評価など全体膝変形性関節症治療の過程を詳しく紹介します。

Abstract

膝変形性関節症 (コア) は、整形外科で最も頻繁に発生の病気の一つです。既存の非外科的治療は、軟骨の修復と骨再生限定効果を持っています。多血小板血漿 (PRP) は、軟骨損傷を修理でき、骨の再生を効果的に加速自家生理活性物質です。ただし、PRP 準備のプロトコルの臨床試験での報告で再現するプロトコルを許可する十分な情報を提供する研究の大半と、整合性の高いではないです。視覚的に、PRP を準備する再現性のある手法について述べるコア PRP 関節内注入、および結果の評価の方法を使用しての治療。PRP は、手動二重遠心分離を使用して準備されました。PRP 層は末梢血から抽出され、膝関節腔注入に使用します。評価には、血液中の血小板濃度と臨床転帰の評価が含まれています。手動遠心分離によって PRP の準備は、以下の装置が必要で、プラズマろ過または遠心分離装置を使用してより低コストです。二重遠心分離方式の遠心分離当時は、6 と標準化された PRP の一貫性のある準備のため許可する 800、1400 x g の力でそれぞれの遠心の 5 分をそれぞれ。しかし、手動の方法はオペレーターのエラーを受けやすい、PRP バッチ準備は利用できません。PRP の関節内注入は、膝関節症の効果的な治療法をあることを証明しました。全体の治療の施術時間は 30 分以内、prp 血小板濃度を標準化できる、治療フォロー アップ評価する際に有効であることが証明されました。

Introduction

膝変形性関節症 (KOA) は整形外科部門で最も多く見られる病気の一つ65 歳以上の人の 30%-50% の経験この病1。現時点では、コアの保守的な管理には主に軟骨の栄養剤と非ステロイド性抗炎症薬の内服、関節内注射、ヒアルロン酸ナトリウムと理学療法が含まれています。ただし、これらのメソッドは、膝関節2のプロセスを止めることはできません。関節軟骨は、コア3の病因の一部である代謝の変化、関節の不安定性、関節表面の摩耗を引き起こす可能性が。しかし、血管、神経、関節軟骨のリンパ系組織の不在のため損傷後の回復は難しいです。軟骨を修復するの効果的な方法は、コアの治療のため特に重要です。Osteoclasia の治療もコア治療で重要な焦点です。

多血小板血漿 (PRP) は、自己の生理活性物質と PRP の骨や関節の問題への応用はますます研究されています。PRP の臨床使用のための生物学的根拠には、成長因子のローカル配信と炎症反応の修飾に及ぼす影響とその細胞増殖・分化4肯定的な効果が含まれています。PRP が脱顆粒によって α 顆粒を解放し、さまざまな成長因子、血小板由来成長因子、変換の成長因子 β、インスリン様成長因子などを分泌する活性関節内注入後、上皮成長因子、血管内皮増殖因子、線維芽細胞成長因子。骨芽細胞と軟骨細胞の増殖を促進するこれら、軟骨の変性を抑制する、軟骨と軟骨下骨の安定性を強化、マトリックスメタロプロテアーゼ遺伝子発現組織阻害剤を調節する、合成のバランスを維持し、プロテオグリカン5,6の劣化。したがって、PRP は、軟骨損傷を修復し、骨の再生を加速できます。

Prp 血小板注入の結果は、サンプリング サイト7、遠心分離機の準備法8の種類抗凝固薬9活性剤10の使用など、さまざまな要因に影響されます。PRP を準備する約 3 種類遠心方法があります。手動遠心分離、遠心分離の機器ベースまたは血漿濾過技術が利用可能な手動および機器ベースのメソッドは、最もよく使用されます。手動の方法以上の機器が必要です、便利です、低コストし、は (図 1) を実行する簡単です。PRP は、手動遠心分離二度のパフォーマンスによって準備されます。混合末梢血液と抗凝固剤は血漿と血小板から血液細胞を分離する遠心分離します。下のレイヤーに赤の血液細胞を破棄した後上澄み液は再分離、培養上清中の血小板貧しい血しょう、中間の PRP と subnatant 残留赤血球に分けて遠心分離します。膝関節腔注入用中間層 (数量が不足している場合、上清の一部描画できます)。方式の評価は、血液中の血小板濃度と臨床転帰の評価を含みます。

PRP の準備のプロトコルの臨床試験での報告は非常に一貫したではなく、研究の大半は再現11プロトコルを許可するための十分な情報を提供しません。ここでは、PRP と結果の評価と PRP の関節内注入、KOA の治療を準備する再現性のある手法について述べる。選択基準 (アセトアミノフェン) など単純な鎮痛薬と治療のための悪い痛みを軽減できる膝変形性関節症患者であった。除外基準に静脈の戻りやリンパの還流障害の患者が含まれています。膝関節感染症患者皮膚病または注入領域における感染症熱患者凝固機能異常の患者深刻な心血管疾患患者。全体の治療は 30 分以内と prp 血小板濃度標準化された測定に達することが証明されます。近いフォロー アップ中に成果を評価でその有効性を発揮します。

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Protocol

説明されている方法は、広東省総合病院の倫理委員会によって承認されました。

1. 手動遠心分離によって PRP を取得します。

  1. 快適な室温と湿度滅菌流の手術室で仰臥位で患者の準備: 部屋の温度は 22 ° C と部屋の湿度は 60%。
  2. ヘパリン ナトリウム (2 mL = 12,500 U)、0.2 mL を描画し、50 mL シリンジを湿らせて 1 mL 注射器を使用します。
    注: クエン酸ナトリウムの 3 mL、ヘパリン ナトリウムを置き換えるこの手順では典型的なも。
  3. 止血帯をリグ、2-3 回、肘を滅菌、湿った 50 mL シリンジを使用して肘静脈から 30 mL 末梢血を描画します。
  4. 最初の遠心分離を行います。
    1. 2 つの 50 mL 滅菌遠心チューブに末梢血を均等に分割します。
    2. 水平ロータで放置、遠心分離機、無菌条件の下で 2 つの管を置きます。
    3. 800 x g で 6 分間遠心します。
    4. 滅菌手袋着用を水平ローターを取るし、遠心管を取り出します。
    5. 末梢血は二層に層状になっていることを確認する成層を観察します。
    6. きれいな遠心管にこれら 2 つの遠沈管から上澄み液を収集するのにきれいな 10 mL 注射器を使用します。
  5. 2 回目の遠心分離を行います。
    1. きれいな 10 mL 注射器を使用すると、バランスの別のきれいな遠心管に滅菌水や生理食塩の相当量を追加できます。水平ロータのチューブを入れてください。絆創膏で上澄み層液体のいずれかをマークします。
    2. 1400 x g で 5 分間遠心します。
    3. うち、水平ローターを取り出して観察することによって、成層チェック マーク チューブの液が三層に分かれていること。
    4. 10 mL 注射器を使用して、中間の顆粒細胞層 (白血球の豊富な PRP 層) と清の層からの液体 4 mL を描きます。中間層の量は十分ですが場合、は、それから 4 mL を描画します。
    5. 3.6 mL 注射器に残りの液体を残して評価のため滅菌の抗凝固管 (K2EDTA、3.6 mg) の液 0.4 mL を置きます。
      注: プロトコルはここで一時停止することができます。

2 PRP の関節内投与

  1. 手術台の上に仰臥位の患者の嘘と膝を 90 度に曲げます。
  2. 膝蓋骨と膝蓋靭帯外側から 1 cm の下縁で穿刺部位を探します。マーカー ペンを使用して、サイトをマークします。
  3. Anerdian III、滅菌手袋の着用で 3 回穿刺部位の皮膚殺菌を行い、無菌穴-タオルでカバーします。
  4. 注射器を脛骨プラトーに平行に配置し、45 度の角度で穿刺を行います。完全に皮膚に針を挿入します。
  5. 膝の関節腔に注射器から PRP の 3.6 mL を注入します。
  6. 滅菌ガーゼで穿刺位置をカバーし、絆創膏で固定します。
  7. 10 分間傷口に圧力を適用されます。30 分の任意の深刻な有害反応を観察します。
  8. 毎月の間隔で 3 回の注射の合計を管理します。
    注: プロトコルはここで一時停止することができます。

3. 術後評価 prp 血小板注入

  1. PRP に血小板の濃度を評価します。
    1. 抗凝固のチューブ (K2EDTA、3.6 mg) から PRP の 0.4 mL を使用します。
    2. 自動血球アナライザーを使用して prp 血小板濃度を分析します。
  2. Prp 血小板注入の術後結果を評価します。
    1. 相談 1 日それぞれ 3 つのトリートメントの前に、と実施さらに患者フォロー アップ 1 日各治療、それぞれの治療、それぞれの治療、第 3 の治療、第 3 治療後 3 ヶ月、6 ヶ月後 1 ヶ月後 1 週後の 3 日後第 3 回投与。
    2. ビジュアル アナログ スケール (VAS)、ウェスタン オンタリオ ・ マック マスター大学変形性関節症インデックス (WOMAC)、膝社会スコア (KSS)、Lysholm 膝機能スケールを使用して、術後の効果を評価します。

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Representative Results

その結果、血小板は 1121 x 103/µL のレベル標準濃度に達した PRP のカウントします。初期コアで 55 歳の男性患者のプロトコルで説明した 15 の追跡調査を行った。明らか PRP (図 2) の関節内投与後早期臨床結果は良好だった。しかし、中期的効果はやや劣る。著しく有意な鎮痛効果を認めた (図 2 a)。KSS 膝スコアだった KSS 関数よりも高いスコア (図 2 C2 D 図)、自覚症状に及ぼす PRP は客観的症状よりも優れていたことを意味します。Lysholm 膝機能スケール スコア本手法が証拠軟骨損傷 (図 2 e) 軟部組織損傷の症状の改善に効果を持っていたことを示した。全体的にみて、PRP プロトコルの治療効果が著しかった。

Figure 1
図 1: プロトコル設計のフローチャートこの図の拡大版を表示するのにはここをクリックしてください

Figure 2
図 2: Prp 血小板注入の術後成績.VAS (A)、WOMAC (B) と (C, D)、KSS Lysholm による臨床成績の評価は膝機能スケール (E) です。KSS は、膝を提供します (痛み、モビリティ、および安定性、 C) スコアし、スコア (歩行能力と階段の活動、D) の機能します。この図の拡大版を表示するのにはここをクリックしてください

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Discussion

正常ひと全血液で血小板の濃度は 150,000/μ L と 350,000/μ L の間、prp 血小板濃度が 5 回通常濃度9三 1,000,000/μ L、到達することを広く信じられています。前足の階層システムによるといわれている PRP したことがない明らかな効果血血小板濃度が 3 回以上通常濃度、PRP は、血小板濃度が 6 を超える抑制効果通常濃度12回します。したがって、このプロトコルのための最低限の要件は、これらのレベル間の PRP 血小板濃度であることです。

単一の遠心分離によってまたは遠心分離の 2 つのラウンドで、手動の PRP 作製を実現できます。異なる遠心分離パラメーターの設定によって 2 つの方法で得られる PRP の品質は異なります。単一の遠心分離によって得られた血小板濃度が低いが、PRP に白と赤の血液細胞が含まれていません。二重遠心分離によって得られた血小板濃度が高いと PRP には通常白血球と赤血球も13の少量が含まれています。PRP に白血球細胞の存在が成果に有益かどうかは論じられます。白血球細胞の豊富な PRP は機能回復を促進、鎮痛薬14の必要性を減らすこと、刺激が少ないだこと、強い抗菌活性を持つ、いくつかの研究は示しています。しかし、サイトカインや分解酵素、インターロイキン、白血細胞から放出された酸素フリーラジカルは急性期、組織の自己修復を妨害し、治癒プロセス15を遅らせることで損傷を悪化させることが。高濃度の血小板を得るためには、我々 は二重遠心分離を使用しました。

血小板の回収率は、遠心力と時間にも関連します。それは自他ともに遠心力の増加につれて、血液中の血小板の濃度。ただし、過剰なの遠心力回復率を減らす血小板が損傷します。血小板濃度も遠心分離の長さと増加します。遠心分離が 5 分以内と、血小板が低いと有意な効果は取得できません。遠心分離の 10 ~ 20 分、血小板濃度徐々 にそして着実に増加します。20 分以上後血小板濃度はもはや明らかに16を変更します。長い遠心分離可能性があります過剰な血小板の沈着を原因し、最適な遠心時間は 5 ~ 10 分ですので、生物活性を減らします。PRP を準備する, 800、1400 x g の力で最初と 2 番目の遠心分離のための 6 と 5 分の二重遠心分離に最適な遠心時間を設けています。

いくつかの PRP を収穫し、傷害の部分に直接注入が、他の製剤は、トロンビンなど CaCl2血小板活性化エージェントを追加します。一般に、PRP は、OA は活性化のエージェント17なし通常注入など慢性炎症や「損耗」傷害を和らげるために使用。

治療結果の評価、スケール数を使用しました。VAS は、痛みの詳細な測定を提供します。我々 は、gonitis と関連する症状や徴候によると試験治療の効果の重大度を評価、WOMAC を使用しました。KSS は、痛み、モビリティ、および安定性、歩行能力と階段の活動の機能スコアの膝スコアを提供しました。Lysholm 膝機能スケールは、靭帯や軟骨の損傷を評価しました。

本手法をいくつかの制限があった。まず、マニュアルの準備は中間緩衝層および上澄み液の一部 2 番目の遠心分離後の図面の主観から主にオペレーターのエラーに影響を受けやすいです。しかし、さまざまな演算子と試作を繰り返し、我々 は最終的に効果的な血小板濃度を発見します。第二に、PRP バッチ準備はこのメソッドを使用して利用できません。PRP は、各注射前に血液を描画することによってのみ作成できます。PRP を再度準備する試料の保存は困難である、ことがでく必要がありますたびに。

PRP の関節内注入は、要約すると、膝関節症の効果的な治療法です。本研究報告では、信頼性の高い品質の PRP、標準注入手順と科学的かつ実用的な評価計画の導入の準備を含め、詳細に全体の治療手順を示します。

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Disclosures

著者が明らかに何もありません。

Acknowledgments

本研究は、中国の国家自然科学基金 (81371991) および科学および技術の広東省 (2015B020225007) の主要なプログラムによって支えられました。

Materials

Name Company Catalog Number Comments
Centrifuge Eppendorf 5702
Centrifuge tube CORNING 430828
Horizontal rotor Eppendorf LL080
Anerdian III Shanghai Likang Disinfectant HiTech Co., LTD 310173 Disinfect the skin
1ml Syringe KDL  Medical Equipment Co., LTD 0.4*13 RWLB
10ml Syringe KDL  Medical Equipment Co., LTD 1.2*38 TWSB
50ml Syringe KDL  Medical Equipment Co., LTD 0.7*32 TWLB
Medical Tourniquet Changzhou Jinli Latex Products Co., LTD 0087-2011
Single-use sterile rubber surgical gloves Shanghai jinxiang Latex Products Co., LTD 17060
Disposable Draw Blood Needle KDL  Medical Equipment Co., LTD 0.55*20 L(II) RWLB
Heparin Sodium Injection SPH No.1 Biochemical & Pharmaceutical Co., LTD 1706101 2ml:12500U
Jifro Hand Antiseptic Rinse Free Gel Shanghai Likang Disinfectant HiTech Co., LTD 311793
Medical Cotton Swab Foshan Kangzheng Medical Supplies Co., LTD KZ3-12 Disinfect the skin
10ml Normal Saline  Jiangxi Shuangshi Pharmecutical Co., LTD 140211458
Automatic Blood Cell Analyzer Beckman Coulter LH-750
Hole-towe Sterile
Anticoagulation Tube(Blood Collection Tubes, K2E 3.6mg) Becton, Dickinson and Company CNL17-COO56 Store in a cool dry place within 4 to 25 degrees Celcius
Tweezers RWD LIFE SCIENCE F12006-10
Sterile Gauze Guangdong Ze Chang Trade Co., LTD 170915
Adhesive Plaster 3M Transpore 1527C-0
Skin Marker Pen Guangzhou Mingjia Medical Device Manufacturing Co., LTD 10110

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  14. Moojen, D. J. F., et al. Antimicrobial activity of platelet-leukocyte gel against Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 26 (3), 404-410 (2008).
  15. Tinsley, B. A., Ferreira, J. V., Dukas, A. G., Mazzocca, A. D. Platelet-rich plasma nonoperative injection therapy-A review of indications and evidence. Operative Techniques in Sports Medicine. 20 (2), 192-200 (2012).
  16. Arora, S., Doda, V., Kotwal, U., Dogra, M. Quantification of platelets and platelet derived growth factors from platelet-rich-plasma (PRP) prepared at different centrifugal force (g) and time. Transfusion & Apheresis Science. 54 (1), 103-110 (2016).
  17. Cohn, C. S., Lockhart, E. Autologous platelet-rich plasma: evidence for clinical use. Current Opinion in Hematology. 22 (6), 527-532 (2015).

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医学、問題 142、血小板豊富な血しょう、関節内注射、膝変形性関節症、PRP、膝スコア スケール 治療 生物の準備。
準備・手順・膝変形性関節症の治療における多血小板血漿注入の評価
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Chen, Z., Deng, Z., Ma, Y., Liao,More

Chen, Z., Deng, Z., Ma, Y., Liao, J., Li, Q., Li, M., Liu, H., Chen, G., Zeng, C., Zheng, Q. Preparation, Procedures and Evaluation of Platelet-Rich Plasma Injection in the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis. J. Vis. Exp. (143), e57700, doi:10.3791/57700 (2019).

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