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Neuroscience

用于检测急性瓦伦堡综合征的便携式热成像筛查

Published: September 19, 2019 doi: 10.3791/59330

Summary

急性瓦伦堡综合征可能被误诊为非中风疾病,如听觉眩晕。因此,仔细的神经检查,有时很难为非神经学家,是必要的精确诊断。在这里,我们提出了一种简单、快速、无创且具有成本效益的方法,用于使用便携式热成像检测急性瓦伦堡综合征。

Abstract

瓦伦堡综合征(WS)是一种脑干梗死。WS患者经常表现出霍纳综合症,分离的感官障碍,大腿失常,和嘶哑。然而,他们很少表现出触觉感觉障碍和四肢麻痹。此外,急性脑干梗死在磁共振图像中通常并不明显。这些症状和成像特征有时导致误诊WS为非中风疾病,包括听觉眩晕。虽然需要仔细的神经检查,以防止误诊WS,这种类型的检查可能很难为非神经学家谁受影响的患者最初存在。身体表面温度 (BST) 的横向差异构成 WS 的公认和广泛症状。我们之前报告说,大多数急性 WS 患者在多个位置的 BST 中表现出横向差异,并且 BST 中的这些横向差异可以通过热成像测量轻松检测。在这里,我们介绍了使用便携式热成像检测急性WS的方法,使用简单、快速、无创和具有成本效益的方法。为了评估疑似WS患者在BST中的横向差异,在检查室或病人的卧室中尽快测量BST。使用便携式热像仪在四个位置(面部、手掌、腹部和脚部)进行双边测量。当从宏观角度观察 BST 中的横向差异时,尤其是在同一侧的多个位置,应怀疑对 WS 的诊断。BST横向的宏观评估可以在采集热成像图像的2分钟内进行。此方法在防止将急性 WS 误诊为非中风疾病方面可能很有用,尤其是当此类患者最初呈现给非神经学家时。

Introduction

瓦伦堡综合征(WS)是一种脑干梗死。急性 WS 患者有时最初被误诊为非中风疾病,因为 WS 具有症状和磁共振成像 (MRI) 特征。为了准确诊断急性WS,需要仔细的神经检查,这对最初受影响的患者影响的非神经学家来说可能很困难。在这里,我们提出了一种简单、快速、无创和具有成本效益的方法,用于使用便携式热成像检测急性WS。

WS是由背侧梅杜拉长龙骨的楔形的梗死引起的,原因是椎动脉或后部下部小动脉1,2的遮挡。WS 可能被误诊为非中风疾病,因为具有独特的症状和 MRI 特征与脑梗死中通常观察到的特征形成对比。在其他类型的脑梗死患者中,经常观察到的Hemiposis和触觉障碍在WS患者中很少见;然而,他们表现出各种临床症状的组合,包括嘶哑和吞咽困难,分离的感官障碍,眩晕,凝视引起的阴极,失常,和霍纳综合征1,2,3,4,5,6,7,.WS患者的另一个独特特征是症状的严重程度有限,这与其他类型的脑梗死7、8、9、10相似。 11.部分脑梗塞病人已步行抵达门诊,只报了轻微投诉7宗。在一些WS患者中,眩晕是唯一出现的症状,因此很难区分WS和听觉眩晕12。此外,WS可以影响年轻患者,由于其潜在的动脉解剖病因2。包括WS在内的脑梗死的MRI分析是独一无二的,因为高强度扩散加权成像信号可能在一些患者7、13、14中延迟。

上述特征被认为会导致对WS的误诊。吞咽困难可引起吸入性肺炎或窒息,而动脉切除可引起亚拉切诺出血15;因此,忽视WS可能导致患者出现危及生命的疾病。虽然仔细的神经检查是必要的,以防止误诊WS,它很可能病人将首先呈现给非神经学家。因此,一种快速而简单的急性WS筛查方法在临床上可能是有用的。

此前,我们报告说,89%的急性WS患者表现出BST的横向性,据推测,这是由于侧梅杜拉7的梗塞引起的中枢自主性神经道的干扰。由于这种自主性神经道从侧脑干(包括腹肌侧膜)下降,并包含出汗和皮肤血流16的连接途径,出汗和血管收缩的干扰导致BST增加在WS的边边。在以前的报告中,我们还表明,在大多数WS7,17患者中,使用热成像测量,在2分钟内很容易检测到BST的横向。本文报告一种利用热成像检测BST横向的方法,该方法对预防急性WS误诊有一定用处。

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Protocol

这里描述的所有方法都通过了关东中央医院人类研究伦理委员会机构审查委员会的批准。

注:我们使用了市售的便携式热像仪和专用软件(见材料表),并基于这些特定仪器的使用构建了我们的协议。

1. 测量准备

  1. 使用前为热像仪充电。
  2. 打开相机。
  3. 按下相机上的中心按钮以显示菜单。从菜单中选择"颜色"选择"铁"或"彩虹"颜色。
  4. 按下相机上的中心按钮以显示菜单。选择"测量",然后居中点测量以实时测量 BST。

2. 患者选择

  1. 测试所有疑似 WS 患者。头晕、眩晕、牙周病、嘶哑、吞咽困难、焦虑症或分离性感觉障碍的患者可能有WS。
  2. 主观地确定BST的横向,通过用可疑的WS对患者进行苍白的跟踪。

3. 采集热成像图像

  1. 指示病人脱下袜子和鞋子。让患者脱掉衣服(如果同意),以便检查腹部区域。
  2. 一旦怀疑WS,立即在检查室或病人的卧室获取图像。在图像采集过程中,要求患者采取姿势或坐姿。让摄影师站在距离患者50-100厘米的身分。
    注:室内的照明条件不会影响热成像测量结果。
  3. 在每个患者的四个区域中每个区域获取一个图像:1) 正面,2) 双边手掌,3) 腹部和 4) 足部的双边同质(图1)。这四个区域是图像采集的简单位置,即使在卧床不起的患者谁不能移动,因为头晕,眩晕,恶心和呕吐。
    注:空调引起的毛毯或通风器可能会影响 BST。如果怀疑这种影响,用毯子覆盖所有四肢和躯干,然后在间隔 >10 分钟后获取其他图像。如果可能,减慢或停止输液,然后在 10 分钟的间隔后获取图像。

4. 评估 BST 的横向性

  1. 当 BST 在宏观上明显不同,横向程度为 >0.5 °C18时,请考虑 BST 表现出横向。如果 BST 的横向不明显或显示为 ±0.5 °C,则使用专用软件执行高级分析,如下所述。
    注:当在患者同一侧的多个位置观察到 BST 的横向时,患者很有可能在温暖的一侧的 medulla 侧侧有 WS,由 BST 确定。

5. BST的横向高级评估

  1. 初始化热成像和分析软件。
  2. 选择并打开要分析的获取图像。
  3. 选择左侧选项卡上的椭圆测量按钮,并在四个位置指示直径为 >5 mm 的椭圆:1) 面部的鼻腔褶皱;2)手掌;3)胸椎水平8-10,距离躯干脐带约5厘米;4) 脚的重心。
  4. 检查每个位置的平均 BST,并将其与身体反面的 BST 进行比较。

6. 确认 WS

  1. 如果患者表现出 BST 的横向性,以确认 WS 的诊断,则进行仔细的神经检查。除了通过神经检查筛查外,检查霍纳综合征是否存在,包括ptosis和收缩的学生,以及是否存在分离的感官障碍,以确定患者是否表现出急性WS。
  2. 考虑入院时,不能排除WS基于热成像测量和神经检查的结果。
  3. 考虑在几天的间隔后重复的薄片脑干 MRI 诊断 WS。

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Representative Results

采集热成像图像和宏观评估,以确定大多数患者在 2 分钟内是否表现出横向。大多数急性 WS 患者在多个位置表现出 BST 的横向性。有些患者在整个身体中表现出BST的横向(图2A),而有些患者只在几个位置表现出横向(图2B)。暖面,由BST确定,是与WS的位置的边边(图2D,E)。然而,重要的是,患有非常小梗死的WS患者可能不会表现出BST的横向性(图2C,F)。当患者不表现出中枢神经紊乱(例如听觉眩晕)时,通常不会观察到BST的侧向性(图1)。然而,当患者表现出血管狭窄时,BST在血管狭窄四肢可能比在反面的四肢低。在几乎所有血管狭窄患者中,仅观察到一个肢体的 BST 的侧向性。然而,患者可能在上肢和下肢出现血管狭窄(图3)。

BST的精确程度可以通过专用软件进行分析(图4)。当BST的横向在宏观上不明显时,特别是在面部和躯干上,可能需要这种分析,因为WS患者面部和躯干的横向差异往往小于此类患者的四肢差异7。

Figure 1
图1:听觉眩晕患者面部、双双手掌、腹部和双脚的热成像图像。未检测到 BST 的横向。为了保护隐私,病人的脸很模糊。请点击此处查看此图的较大版本。

Figure 2
图2:WS患者的热成像图像和MRI发现。A, D)WS患者与BST在整个身体的横向。患者身体的温暖侧与梗死有侧边关系。(B, E)上肢和下肢BST的侧向性WS患者。温暖的一面也是梗死的边。(C, F)该患者的脑 MRI/扩散加权成像显示,在侧髓边缘有一个非常小的高强度病变,但 BST 中没有横向差异。为了保护隐私,患者的脸变得模糊。图2B-F从高桥等人7修改。请点击此处查看此图的较大版本。

Figure 3
图3:动脉硬化和血管狭窄患者左上肢和右下肢。动脉硬化和血管硬化症诊断基于踝关节-胸关节指数;热成像显示更高的BST在相反的一侧。请点击此处查看此图的较大版本。

Figure 4
图4:WS患者腹部BST的侧向性。结果在宏观上是模棱两可的,但分析软件中椭圆测量分析表明,腹部左右两侧的平均BST相差0.6°C。请点击此处查看此图的较大版本。

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Discussion

该协议的关键步骤是建立WS的初始怀疑和决定获取病人的热成像图像。获取热成像图像和评估 BST 的横向是一种简单的方法,即使是非神经学家,在初次向急诊部门或普通诊所报告患者时,也可能检查患者。如果患者表现出 BST 的横向性,尤其是在同一侧的多个位置,则医生应考虑 WS 的可能性。由于大多数WS患者与BST的横向也表现出其他临床症状,包括霍纳综合征和分离的感官障碍7,医生然后应该进行仔细的神经检查或咨询神经科医生。此协议可能会减少忽视 WS 的可能性。

此方法的一个限制是,它不能用于确认 WS 的诊断,它只能在怀疑 WS 时才使用。为了确认WS的诊断,需要神经检查和MRI。但是,如果主治医师怀疑 WS,此协议可降低患者回家的可能性,从而减少误诊 WS 的可能性。其他中枢神经疾病可导致BST6的横向;这些包括其他类型的脑干梗死,以及脑梗死,这可能损害自主性神经道。然而,这些疾病很容易诊断,没有热成像,因为高患病率的下皮病和触觉感觉障碍,很容易观察到的医生评估这些患者在初次演示时。四肢的血管狭窄也可能导致BST19的横向。当患者在支脚踝脉冲波速度20上表现出>19%的横向时,患者可能有血管狭窄,这会影响BST。为了排除这些疾病,除了WS和确认WS的诊断,重复脑MRI7,13,14,脚踝-胸指数20,和对比度增强计算机断层扫描有时是必要的。

另一个限制是,我们使用的热敏仪的特性不符合国际临床热成像学会21的热成像指南的设备建议。然而,本研究中评估的热成像特征是能够分辨BST的横向,大于0.5°C。由于摄像机可以分辨到 ±0.1 °C 的 BST 差异,因此我们的相机特性可能不会影响此方法的结果。

大多数WS患者BST的横向差异程度在足部区域7最大;因此,当热成像不能使用时,通过下肢触感手动评估BST的横向可能是本协议的替代方法。然而,热成像测量优于触觉,因为热成像测量提供了更高的客观性。

这种方法最重要的优点是热成像测量快速、简单、无创且经济高效。虽然这种方法对识别WS和其他疾病(包括其他中枢神经疾病和听觉眩晕)的敏感性和特异性尚未得到证实,但热成像测量可用作临床医生的分诊方法在评估头晕或眩晕患者期间。对于 WS 患者以及其他中枢神经疾病或头晕患者,有必要对 BST 的横向进行多中心研究。

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Disclosures

这项工作得到了日本厚生劳动省(UMIN000009958)的部分支持。

Acknowledgments

不适用

Materials

Name Company Catalog Number Comments
FLIR E5 FLIR Systems P/N: 63905-0501
FLIR Tools FLIR Systems RRID:SCR_016330

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Tags

神经科学, 问题 151, 热成像, 体外温度, 瓦伦堡综合征, 侧髓综合征, 霍纳综合征, 脑干梗死, 自主神经系统紊乱, 自主性障碍
用于检测急性瓦伦堡综合征的便携式热成像筛查
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Cite this Article

Takahashi, M., Shinya, A., Choh, Y., More

Takahashi, M., Shinya, A., Choh, Y., Itaya, S., Inaba, A., Orimo, S. Portable Thermographic Screening for Detection of Acute Wallenberg's Syndrome. J. Vis. Exp. (151), e59330, doi:10.3791/59330 (2019).

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    A Whole Body Dosimetry Protocol for Peptide-Receptor Radionuclide Therapy (PRRT): 2D Planar Image and Hybrid 2D+3D SPECT/CT Image Methods
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of Carotenoids in Perifovea using the Macular Pigment Reflectometer
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Static Graviceptive Perception in the Roll-Plane using the Subjective Visual Vertical Paradigm
  • Research • Medicine
    Learning Modern Laryngeal Surgery in a Dissection Laboratory
  • Research • Medicine
    DIPLOMA Approach for Standardized Pathology Assessment of Distal Pancreatectomy Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    A Computerized Functional Skills Assessment and Training Program Targeting Technology Based Everyday Functional Skills
  • Research • Medicine
    Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Integrating Augmented Reality Tools in Breast Cancer Related Lymphedema Prognostication and Diagnosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasonographic Assessment During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of the Hepatic Venous Pressure Gradient and Transjugular Liver Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Patient Directed Recording of a Bipolar Three-Lead Electrocardiogram using a Smartwatch with ECG Function
  • Research • Medicine
    Traditional Trail Making Test Modified into Brand-new Assessment Tools: Digital and Walking Trail Making Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Biopsy Data to Guide Sampling Procedures for Prostate Cancer Biobanking
  • Research • Medicine
    A Fluorescence-based Assay for Characterization and Quantification of Lipid Droplet Formation in Human Intestinal Organoids
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Non-invasive Method for the Detection of Elevated Intra-compartmental Pressures of the Leg
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Mapping of Specific Ventilation in the Human Lung using Proton Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Oxygen as a Contrast Agent
  • Research • Neuroscience
    Portable Thermographic Screening for Detection of Acute Wallenberg's Syndrome
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of MRI-ultrasound Fusion to Achieve Targeted Prostate Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Testing of all Six Semicircular Canals with Video Head Impulse Test Systems
  • Research • Medicine
    Protocol and Guidelines for Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Diagnosing Neonatal Pulmonary Diseases Based on International Expert Consensus
  • Research • Neuroscience
    Bilateral Assessment of the Corticospinal Pathways of the Ankle Muscles Using Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
  • Research • Medicine
    Targeting Gray Rami Communicantes in Selective Chemical Lumbar Sympathectomy
  • Research • Medicine
    Multi-Modal Home Sleep Monitoring in Older Adults
  • Research • Medicine
    Cardiac Magnetic Resonance for the Evaluation of Suspected Cardiac Thrombus: Conventional and Emerging Techniques
  • Research • Medicine
    Observational Study Protocol for Repeated Clinical Examination and Critical Care Ultrasonography Within the Simple Intensive Care Studies
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurements of Motor Function and Other Clinical Outcome Parameters in Ambulant Children with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of the Efficacy of An Osteopathic Treatment in Infants with Biomechanical Impairments to Suckling
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantification of Levator Ani Hiatus Enlargement by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Males and Females with Pelvic Organ Prolapse
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative [18F]-Naf-PET-MRI Analysis for the Evaluation of Dynamic Bone Turnover in a Patient with Facetogenic Low Back Pain
  • Research • Medicine
    Generation of Human 3D Lung Tissue Cultures (3D-LTCs) for Disease Modeling
  • Research • Medicine
    Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
  • Research • Medicine
    Combining Volumetric Capnography And Barometric Plethysmography To Measure The Lung Structure-function Relationship
  • Research • Medicine
    Two-Dimensional X-Ray Angiography to Examine Fine Vascular Structure Using a Silicone Rubber Injection Compound
  • Research • Medicine
    Preparation, Procedures and Evaluation of Platelet-Rich Plasma Injection in the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis
  • Research • Medicine
    Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging at 7 Tesla
  • Research • Medicine
    Semi-quantitative Assessment Using [18F]FDG Tracer in Patients with Severe Brain Injury
  • Research • Medicine
    Handheld Metal Detector Screening for Metallic Foreign Body Ingestion in Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Conducting Maximal and Submaximal Endurance Exercise Testing to Measure Physiological and Biological Responses to Acute Exercise in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    A Metadata Extraction Approach for Clinical Case Reports to Enable Advanced Understanding of Biomedical Concepts
  • Research • Medicine
    Autonomic Function Following Concussion in Youth Athletes: An Exploration of Heart Rate Variability Using 24-hour Recording Methodology
  • Research • Medicine
    Hydra, a Computer-Based Platform for Aiding Clinicians in Cardiovascular Analysis and Diagnosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Objective Nociceptive Assessment in Ventilated ICU Patients: A Feasibility Study Using Pupillometry and the Nociceptive Flexion Reflex
  • Research • Medicine
    'Boden Food Plate': Novel Interactive Web-based Method for the Assessment of Dietary Intake
  • Research • Medicine
    Anogenital Distance and Perineal Measurements of the Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) Quantification System
  • Research • Medicine
    Bedside Ultrasound for Guiding Fluid Removal in Patients with Pulmonary Edema: The Reverse-FALLS Protocol
  • Research • Medicine
    Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation of Primary Human Decidual Cells from the Fetal Membranes of Term Placentae
  • Research • Medicine
    Skeletal Muscle Neurovascular Coupling, Oxidative Capacity, and Microvascular Function with 'One Stop Shop' Near-infrared Spectroscopy
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting Hair Samples for Hair Cortisol Analysis in African Americans
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vivo Morphometric Analysis of Human Cranial Nerves Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Menière's Disease Ears and Normal Hearing Ears
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (Cf-PWV) to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness
  • Research • Medicine
    Standardized Measurement of Nasal Membrane Transepithelial Potential Difference (NPD)
  • Research • Medicine
    Taste Exam: A Brief and Validated Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Absorption of Nasal and Bronchial Fluids: Precision Sampling of the Human Respiratory Mucosa and Laboratory Processing of Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Methodology for Sputum Induction and Laboratory Processing
  • Research • Medicine
    Electrophysiological Measurement of Noxious-evoked Brain Activity in Neonates Using a Flat-tip Probe Coupled to Electroencephalography
  • Research • Medicine
    A Detailed Protocol for Physiological Parameters Acquisition and Analysis in Neurosurgical Critical Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Oral Biofilm Sampling for Microbiome Analysis in Healthy Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia
  • Research • Medicine
    Application of an Amplitude-integrated EEG Monitor (Cerebral Function Monitor) to Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    3D Ultrasound Imaging: Fast and Cost-effective Morphometry of Musculoskeletal Tissue
  • Research • Medicine
    The 4-vessel Sampling Approach to Integrative Studies of Human Placental Physiology In Vivo
  • Research • Medicine
    A Component-resolved Diagnostic Approach for a Study on Grass Pollen Allergens in Chinese Southerners with Allergic Rhinitis and/or Asthma
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
  • Research • Medicine
    A Method for Quantifying Upper Limb Performance in Daily Life Using Accelerometers
  • Research • Medicine
    Non-invasive Assessments of Subjective and Objective Recovery Characteristics Following an Exhaustive Jump Protocol
  • Research • Medicine
    Experimental Protocol of a Three-minute, All-out Arm Crank Exercise Test in Spinal-cord Injured and Able-bodied Individuals
  • Research • Medicine
    Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Pulmonary Capillary Blood Volume, Membrane Diffusing Capacity, and Intrapulmonary Arteriovenous Anastomoses During Exercise
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Child Anthropometry in a Large Epidemiologic Study
  • Research • Medicine
    Video Movement Analysis Using Smartphones (ViMAS): A Pilot Study
  • Research • Medicine
    Network Analysis of Foramen Ovale Electrode Recordings in Drug-resistant Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Induction and Assessment of Exertional Skeletal Muscle Damage in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    A Detailed Protocol for Perspiration Monitoring Using a Novel, Small, Wireless Device
  • Research • Medicine
    Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
  • Research • Medicine
    Integrated Compensatory Responses in a Human Model of Hemorrhage
  • Research • Medicine
    Transthoracic Speckle Tracking Echocardiography for the Quantitative Assessment of Left Ventricular Myocardial Deformation
  • Research • Medicine
    Impression Cytology of the Lid Wiper Area
  • Research • Behavior
    A Protocol of Manual Tests to Measure Sensation and Pain in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    Unbiased Deep Sequencing of RNA Viruses from Clinical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    A Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cell-based Model of the Human Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier to Study Bacterial Infection from the Basolateral Side
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Profiling of MicroRNA-containing Exosomes from Human Bile
  • Research • Medicine
    Generation of Microtumors Using 3D Human Biogel Culture System and Patient-derived Glioblastoma Cells for Kinomic Profiling and Drug Response Testing
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Using a Laminating Technique to Perform Confocal Microscopy of the Human Sclera
  • Research • Medicine
    Intravenous Endotoxin Challenge in Healthy Humans: An Experimental Platform to Investigate and Modulate Systemic Inflammation
  • Research • Medicine
    Modeling and Simulations of Olfactory Drug Delivery with Passive and Active Controls of Nasally Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols
  • Research • Medicine
    Exosomal miRNA Analysis in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Patients' Plasma Through qPCR: A Feasible Liquid Biopsy Tool
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multimodal Imaging- and Stimulation-based Method of Evaluating Connectivity-related Brain Excitability in Patients with Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges
  • Research • Medicine
    Using Saccadometry with Deep Brain Stimulation to Study Normal and Pathological Brain Function
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Fundus Autofluorescence for the Evaluation of Retinal Diseases
  • Research • Medicine
    Diagnosis of Musculus Gastrocnemius Tightness - Key Factors for the Clinical Examination
  • Research • Medicine
    Stereo-Electro-Encephalo-Graphy (SEEG) With Robotic Assistance in the Presurgical Evaluation of Medical Refractory Epilepsy: A Technical Note
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Transcutaneous Microcirculatory Imaging in Preterm Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    Using an Ingestible Telemetric Temperature Pill to Assess Gastrointestinal Temperature During Exercise
  • Research • Medicine
    Design, Fabrication, and Administration of the Hand Active Sensation Test (HASTe)
  • Research • Medicine
    MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder
  • Research • Medicine
    Functional Human Liver Preservation and Recovery by Means of Subnormothermic Machine Perfusion
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multicenter MRI Protocol for the Evaluation and Quantification of Deep Vein Thrombosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Determining The Electromyographic Fatigue Threshold Following a Single Visit Exercise Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of Electromagnetic Navigational Transthoracic Needle Aspiration (E-TTNA) for Sampling of Lung Nodules
  • Research • Medicine
    Trabecular Meshwork Response to Pressure Elevation in the Living Human Eye
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vivo, Percutaneous, Needle Based, Optical Coherence Tomography of Renal Masses
  • Research • Medicine
    Establishment of Human Epithelial Enteroids and Colonoids from Whole Tissue and Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Human Brown Adipose Tissue Depots Automatically Segmented by Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography and Registered Magnetic Resonance Images
  • Research • Medicine
    Preparation and Respirometric Assessment of Mitochondria Isolated from Skeletal Muscle Tissue Obtained by Percutaneous Needle Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    A Methodological Approach to Non-invasive Assessments of Vascular Function and Morphology
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Immortalization of Patient-derived Cell Lines from Muscle Biopsy for Disease Modeling
  • Research • Medicine
    State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
  • Research • Medicine
    The Supraclavicular Fossa Ultrasound View for Central Venous Catheter Placement and Catheter Change Over Guidewire
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of the Brachial Artery in Clinical Research
  • Research • Medicine
    Tracking the Mammary Architectural Features and Detecting Breast Cancer with Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes
  • Research • Medicine
    DTI of the Visual Pathway - White Matter Tracts and Cerebral Lesions
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection, Isolation, and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Human Endocervical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multi-Modal Approach to Assessing Recovery in Youth Athletes Following Concussion
  • Research • Medicine
    Clinical Assessment of Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Patients and Older Adults
  • Research • Medicine
    Multi-electrode Array Recordings of Human Epileptic Postoperative Cortical Tissue
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection and Extraction of Saliva DNA for Next Generation Sequencing
  • Research • Medicine
    Fast and Accurate Exhaled Breath Ammonia Measurement
  • Research • Medicine
    Developing Neuroimaging Phenotypes of the Default Mode Network in PTSD: Integrating the Resting State, Working Memory, and Structural Connectivity
  • Research • Medicine
    Two Methods for Establishing Primary Human Endometrial Stromal Cells from Hysterectomy Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Coordinate Mapping of Hyolaryngeal Mechanics in Swallowing
  • Research • Medicine
    Network Analysis of the Default Mode Network Using Functional Connectivity MRI in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    EEG Mu Rhythm in Typical and Atypical Development
  • Research • Medicine
    The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT): An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Functional Characterization of Human Ventricular Cardiomyocytes from Fresh Surgical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Primary Culture of Human Vestibular Schwannomas
  • Research • Medicine
    Utility of Dissociated Intrinsic Hand Muscle Atrophy in the Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Lesion Explorer: A Video-guided, Standardized Protocol for Accurate and Reliable MRI-derived Volumetrics in Alzheimer's Disease and Normal Elderly
  • Research • Medicine
    Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Culture, and Imaging of Human Fetal Pancreatic Cell Clusters
  • Research • Medicine
    3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Computerized Dynamic Posturography for Postural Control Assessment in Patients with Intermittent Claudication
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting Saliva and Measuring Salivary Cortisol and Alpha-amylase in Frail Community Residing Older Adults via Family Caregivers
  • Research • Medicine
    Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Analysis of Neurodegenerative Diseases
  • Research • Medicine
    Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Retinal Surgical Specimens Using jouRNAl
  • Research • Medicine
    Improved Protocol For Laser Microdissection Of Human Pancreatic Islets From Surgical Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Respiratory Muscle Activation Using Respiratory Motor Control Assessment (RMCA) in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury
  • Research • Medicine
    Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting And Measuring Wound Exudate Biochemical Mediators In Surgical Wounds
  • Research • Medicine
    A Research Method For Detecting Transient Myocardial Ischemia In Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome Using Continuous ST-segment Analysis
  • Research • Medicine
    Using a Chemical Biopsy for Graft Quality Assessment
  • Research • Medicine
    Characterizing Exon Skipping Efficiency in DMD Patient Samples in Clinical Trials of Antisense Oligonucleotides
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vitro Assessment of Cardiac Function Using Skinned Cardiomyocytes
  • Research • Medicine
    Normothermic Ex Situ Heart Perfusion in Working Mode: Assessment of Cardiac Function and Metabolism
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Vascular Control Mechanisms Utilizing Video Microscopy of Isolated Resistance Arteries of Rats
  • Research • Medicine
    Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) for Research; Obtaining Adequate Sample Yield
  • Research • Medicine
    Non-invasive Optical Measurement of Cerebral Metabolism and Hemodynamics in Infants
  • Research • Medicine
    Tilt Testing with Combined Lower Body Negative Pressure: a "Gold Standard" for Measuring Orthostatic Tolerance
  • Research • Medicine
    Driving Simulation in the Clinic: Testing Visual Exploratory Behavior in Daily Life Activities in Patients with Visual Field Defects
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Characterization and Comparative Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Derived from Permanent Teeth by Using Two Different Methods
  • Research • Medicine
    Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking (IPL): Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Intraoperative Detection of Subtle Endometriosis: A Novel Paradigm for Detection and Treatment of Pelvic Pain Associated with the Loss of Peritoneal Integrity
  • Research • Medicine
    The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection Protocol for Human Pancreas
  • Research • Medicine
    The α-test: Rapid Cell-free CD4 Enumeration Using Whole Saliva
  • Research • Medicine
    The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Donor Tissue Preparation for Endothelial Keratoplasty
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantification of Atherosclerotic Plaque Activity and Vascular Inflammation using [18-F] Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (FDG-PET/CT)
  • Research • Medicine
    Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography of Retinal Circulation
  • Research • Medicine
    Utilizing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Study the Human Neuromuscular System
  • Research • Medicine
    Detection and Genogrouping of Noroviruses from Children's Stools By Taqman One-step RT-PCR
  • Research • Medicine
    Method to Measure Tone of Axial and Proximal Muscle
  • Research • Medicine
    The Trier Social Stress Test Protocol for Inducing Psychological Stress
  • Research • Medicine
    Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Multifocal Electroretinograms
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation of Human Islets from Partially Pancreatectomized Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quantification of Pulmonary Perfusion using Calibrated Arterial Spin Labeling
  • Research • Medicine
    Manual Muscle Testing: A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department
  • Research • Medicine
    A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
  • Research • Medicine
    An Investigation of the Effects of Sports-related Concussion in Youth Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Head Impact Telemetry System
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Confocal Microscopy: A Novel Non-invasive Technique to Quantify Small Fibre Pathology in Peripheral Neuropathies
  • Research • Medicine
    Methods to Quantify Pharmacologically Induced Alterations in Motor Function in Human Incomplete SCI
  • Research • Medicine
    Multispectral Real-time Fluorescence Imaging for Intraoperative Detection of the Sentinel Lymph Node in Gynecologic Oncology
  • Research • Medicine
    Technique to Collect Fungiform (Taste) Papillae from Human Tongue
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessing Endothelial Vasodilator Function with the Endo-PAT 2000
  • Research • Medicine
    Making Sense of Listening: The IMAP Test Battery
  • Research • Medicine
    An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)
  • Research • Biology
    Bioelectric Analyses of an Osseointegrated Intelligent Implant Design System for Amputees
  • Research • Biology
    Demonstration of Cutaneous Allodynia in Association with Chronic Pelvic Pain
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