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Medicine

Brug af magnetisk resonansbilleddannelse og biopsi data til at vejlede prøveudtagningsprocedurer for prostata cancer Biobanking

Published: October 10, 2019 doi: 10.3791/60216

Summary

Denne metode indebærer udnyttelse af kliniske diagnostiske data for prostatacancer patienter for at vejlede prøveudtagningsprocedurer, når biobanking væv efter radikal prostatektomi. Dette overvinder problemer med tidligere offentliggjorte metoder omkring effektivitet og tilgængelighed af fersk væv for en bredere vifte af downstream-applikationer.

Abstract

Tidligere metoder til biobanking prostata væv, efter radikal prostatektomi, generelt involveret tilfældig prøvetagning. For at øge effektiviteten og muliggøre et større udvalg af downstream-applikationer blev der udviklet en mere målrettet metode til prøvetagning af prostata væv. Her bruger vi både magnetisk resonans imaging (MRI) og biopsi data til at målrette specifikke områder af organet til prøvetagning. Metoden indebærer brug af en tidligere offentliggjort prostata udskæring anordning, som fjerner en 5 mm tværsnit skive fra en forudbestemt region af prostata, efterfulgt af fjernelsen af 6 mm punch biopsier fra forudbestemte områder af denne skive. Disse prøver kan opbevares frosset eller fast til biobanking formål, eller anvendes friske straks med 70% tillid til tumor indhold, sammenlignet med 10% tillid fra stikprøveudtagning tilgang. Dette gør det muligt at anvende alle standard downstream-teknikker såsom genomforskning, proteomik eller histologisk arbejde, men også arbejde, der kræver fersk væv såsom levende vævs dannelse eller ex vivo-kultur.

Introduction

Adgang til høj kvalitet humant prostatacancer væv er et centralt krav for at køre effektiv forskning på området. Der er en række eksisterende metoder til at prøve prostata væv efter radikal prostatektomi for forskning. Typisk disse involverer ved hjælp af punch biopsier til at tage tilfældige prøver fra en frisk, frosset eller fast skive af prostata væv, og retrospektivt bekræfter, om tumor er til stede i hver prøve ved hematoxylinlegemer & eosin (H & E) som vurderet af en uropatolog1,2,3,4,5. En nylig gennemgang har samlet en oversigt over disse eksisterende metoder6. Disse metoder er nyttige for visse downstream-anvendelser, hvor væv kan lagres og vurderes for tumor indhold på et senere tidspunkt, såsom stor skala genomanalyser som international Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) og cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) 4,7. Men, disse metoder kunne forbedres på i hvis vi skulle bruge magnetisk resonans imaging (MRI) og/eller biopsi data til at målrette specifikke områder af prostata til prøvetagning. Dette vil forbedre metodologien på to måder; for det første ved at reducere antallet af indsamlede vævsprøver, øge effektiviteten og reducere presset på patologiske afdelinger og oplagringsomkostninger og for det andet ved at tillade, at fersk væv anvendes straks uden behov for øjeblikkelig bekræftelse af tumor indhold, for nye state of the art downstream teknologier såsom levende væv Imaging, organoid generation eller ex vivo kultur. Dette forskningsbehov har ført til udviklingen af de mennesker (PatiEnt prostata prøver til forskning) metode, og resultaterne fra de første 84 tilfælde biobanked ved hjælp af mennesker blev for nylig offentliggjort8. En variation af denne metode er også blevet offentliggjort med en tredimensionel (3D) trykt udskæring apparater og patient-specifikke skimmel, for at lette ex vivo MRI på præ-og post-fikserings vævet9,10.

Protocol

Protokollen overholder lokale retningslinjer og er godkendt af UCL/UCLC biobank Forskningsetiske Komité (reference 15/YH/0311).

Bemærk: Da denne metode omfatter prøvetagning af humant væv, skal alle lokale procedurer vedrørende Etik og samtykke overholdes forud for indledningen af protokollen. Radikale prostatektomi tilfælde kan være inkluderet, hvis både MRI og biopsi data er tilgængelige forud for kirurgi, med tumor diameter ≥ 5 mm. tilfælde bør udelukkes, hvis indeks læsionen ikke er veldefineret, dvs kun diffuse ændringer er synlige ved MRI.

1. apparater til prostata udskæring

  1. Køb prostata udskæring-apparatet (tabel over materialer). Alternativt kan du udskrive et klinge håndtag ved hjælp af en 3D-printer som tidligere udgivet10.
    Bemærk: Enheden og engangs bladene, der anvendes her, blev købt under materiale overførselsaftale fra Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.

2. tumor målretning

  1. Gennemgå kliniske noter for at identificere indekslæsion som indikeret ved diagnostisk biopsi, f. eks, venstre posterior.
  2. Gennemgå MRI-billeder for at måle placeringen af ovennævnte tumor.
    1. Find sekvensen, hvor tumoren er mest synlig i det aksiale plan, fx T2-vægtet.
    2. Rul gennem aksiale billeder for at finde det billede, hvor tumoren er størst, og Udskriv billede til reference.
    3. I den tilsvarende koronal billede, måle afstanden fra bunden af prostata til den valgte aksiale position, og den fulde længde af prostata fra spids til Base (mm), og udskrive til reference.

3. samling af Pprostata

  1. Kontrollér patient noterne for at sikre passende informeret samtykke til denne procedure og eventuelle downstream-forsknings applikationer.
  2. Efter radikal prostatektomi, indsamle prostata i en tør gryde. Sørg for, at der ikke er tilsat nogen form Alin eller andre fikat opløsninger til prostata.
  3. Overfør til et egnet sterilt sted til prøvetagning, fx en laminar flow hætte i et patologisk laboratorium.
  4. Fortsæt til prøvetagning så hurtigt som muligt, hvis der er behov for fersk væv.
    Bemærk: For visse anvendelser (f. eks. vurdering af DNA, som ikke bør nedbrydes så hurtigt som RNA), kan det være hensigtsmæssigt at opbevare prøven i køleskab og tage prøverne næste dag.

4. klargøring af præparatet

  1. Forbered laminar flow hætte og prostata udskæring apparater i henhold til lokale dekontamineringsprocedurer, ved hjælp af steril teknik. Her spray 70% ethanol og tørres på tværs af alle overflader. Brug sterile engangsnåle og Scalpels. Brug udsnitsklinger op til tre gange; vask efter hver brug i varmt sæbevand, derefter spray og tørres med 70% ethanol.
  2. Afvejes prostata (g) ved hjælp af en Standardskala.
  3. Blæk prostata. Mal venstre side med blåt blæk og højre side med sort blæk. Dæk den fulde kapsel og skelsættende vesikler med blæk til senere betegner de kirurgiske margener.
    Bemærk: Inking procedurer kan variere lokalt og kan ændres i overensstemmelse hermed.

5. prostata udskæring

  1. Monter udsnitnings apparatet ved at anbringe væggene vinkelret i foden af stativet (figur 1A).
  2. Placer prostata, så basen og spidsen vender mod modsatte vægge, med den bageste side nedad og forreste opad. Placer guld stifter omkring prostata. Push prostata indad lidt om nødvendigt for at få en tætsiddende pasform, som vil støtte prostata under udskæring.
  3. Mål prostata længde fra base til spids, ved hjælp af en lineal, og Sammenlign med prostata længde som målt ved Mr. Hvis prostata er skrumpet, skal du anvende en ad hoc korrektion til den forventede afstand fra base til mål tværgående skive. For eksempel, hvis den fulde længde af prostata i MRI-billedet er 50 mm, men når målt med en lineal på dette punkt er skrumpet til 45 mm, reducere den forventede udskæring position med 10%.
  4. Mål fra bunden til det ønskede tværsnit. Vælg den pinkode, der sidder tættest på denne måling, for at skære rundt.
  5. Iført Chainmail handsker for at forhindre skade, hold udskæring enhed (figur 1B), Placer blade hver side af den identificerede PIN og bruge afstandsstykket til at holde bladene 5 mm fra hinanden. Tag skive ved at bevæge knivene langsomt og forsigtigt nedad, fremad og bagud med lange strøg (figur 1C). Sørg for, at en fuld skive er blevet adskilt inden demontering af apparatet.
  6. Fjern vægge og stifter, og Tag forsigtigt udsnittet ud på et sterilt ark kork plade med handsker.

6. vævs prøvetagning

  1. Undersøg visuelt det tværgående udsnit, og Sammenlign med det aksiale MRI-billede. I nogle tilfælde kan tumor området synes bleer end omgivende væv.
  2. Palpere den tværgående skive forsigtigt. I nogle tilfælde kan tumoren føles fastere end det omgivende væv.
  3. Brug det aksiale MRI-billede som en hjælpelinje, og vælg et eller flere områder til prøvetagning.
  4. Tag biopsi slag af ønskede område af væv.
    1. Brug en 6 mm punch, Tryk ned på det ønskede område af væv.
    2. Drej vævs punch på stedet og ned mod proppen for at sikre fuld adskillelse og brug en skarp skalpel til at adskille om nødvendigt.
    3. Fjern punch og Placer i rør/forme efter behov ved at skubbe ved hjælp af stemplet.
    4. Gentag for yderligere tumor og godartede prøver efter behov, med separate sterile biopsi punches. Blæk hullerne, hvor slag blev taget i rødt.
    5. Bemærk placeringen af hver punch sammen med vægten af prostata og eventuelle observationer på vævs farve/fasthed.

7. indsendelse af prostata til lokal diagnostik

  1. Fastgør prostata til kork med sterile engangsnåle før fiksering for at forhindre vævs svind og vridning, hvilket kan ændre udseendet af de kirurgiske margener.
  2. Efter fastgørelse til kork, indsende prostata til histopatologiske afdeling for standard klinisk diagnostik.

8. dekontaminering af apparatur

  1. Kassér alt engangsudstyr i biomedicinske affaldsstrømme og/eller skarpe beholdere som lokalt udpegede.
  2. Laminar flow hætten og prostata udskæring-apparatet dediskes i overensstemmelse med lokale risikovurderinger, som er passende for humant væv (f. eks. ved sprøjtning med 70% EtOH og aftørring).

Representative Results

Frisk prostata væv, der udtages prøver af metoden PEOPLE, kan anvendes til en lang række downstream-teknikker, herunder genomsekvensering og ex vivo-kultur. De første 59 tilfælde, hvor denne metode blev udtaget, er tidligere blevet offentliggjort sammenlignet med en tidligere version af metoden sammen med de oprindelige downstream-data8. Tiden fra første skæring prostata til frysning/fastsættelse punch biopsier her var ca 1 min, som blev holdt på et minimum for at undgå nedbrydning af RNA. Tid fra fjernelse af prostata til prostata udskæring bør også holdes på et minimum, selvom her dette tog ca. 20 min på grund af vores teater og patologi Labs at være i forskellige steder.

Afhængigt af downstream-applikationen udtages typisk mindst to prøver: en fra et område af forventet tumor væv og en fra et område af forventet godartet væv. Det vigtigste mål for succes for stikprøvemetoden i sig selv er at vurdere tumor indholdet i en given prøve.

For indrejse i 100.000 genomer projektet, en H & E farvede væv afsnit skal vurderes af en uropatolog, og prøven skal indeholde mindst 40% tumorceller. Prøver, der indeholder mindre end 40% tumor kan stadig indgå i projektet, hvis de er med held makrodissekeret. Af de første 92 tilfælde i stikprøven på denne måde, 64% indeholdt mindst 40% tumor og blev indsendt til 100.000 genomer projekt uden macrodissection. DNA blev ekstraheret og var af tilstrækkelig udbytte og kvalitet i alle tilfælde (tabel 1). En første delmængde af 59 af disse prøver blev tidligere offentliggjort i sammenligning med en tidligere metode8.

For ex vivo-kulturen skal matchet tumor og godartet væv være af tilstrækkelig kvalitet til at modstå 72 h-kulturen uden signifikant nedbrydning. Flere vævsprøver fra i alt tre patienter blev dyrket med succes8.

Figure 1
Figur 1: apparater til udsnitning af prostata. Dette apparat blev opnået i henhold til materiale overførsels aftalen fra Institute of Cancer Research. (A) væggene er indsat vinkelret på basen, og guld stifter er indsat i bunden omkring prostata (prostata ikke afbilledet). B) de udskiftelige parallelle klinger indsættes i kniv håndtaget. (C) knivene passerer mellem guld stifterne for at skære en 5 mm del af prostata. Venligst klik her for at se en større version af dette tal.

n (%)
Hit (> 40% tumor) 59 (64%)
Partielt hit (5-30% tumor) 6 (7%)
Miss (0% tumor) 27 (29%)
Samlede 92 (100%)

Tabel 1: tumor hit rate. Tumor hit sats blev bestemt af en konsulent patolog med speciale i prostatakræft, efter gennemgang af H & E farvede væv. Tumor celleindhold af > 40% var fast besluttet på at være egnet til optagelse i 100.000 genomer projekt, som pr Genomics England retningslinjer.

Discussion

Kritiske trin i denne protokol omfatter identifikation af tumor region for prøvetagning, måling af prostata, og vævs prøvetagning. For det første er måling af MRI for at identificere det korrekte område af prøveudtagningen afgørende. Vi demonstrerer denne metode i den medfølgende video; men vi anbefaler også at bekræfte målinger med en radiolog i første omgang. Klare kliniske noter, som peger forskeren mod området af MRI billeder, der indeholder indekset læsion er ideelle. For det andet, måling af prostata bør udføres med omhu, at sikre, at linealen holdes i en vinkel for at måle den fulde længde fra base til spids, parallelt med den forreste af prostata. For det tredje bør tumor områder bekræftes forud for prøvetagning ved visuelt at inspicere vævs skive i forhold til det oprindelige MRI-billede, palpere vævet (i nogle tilfælde tumor området kan føle sig mere tætte), og visuelt vurdere farven på vævet (i nogle tilfælde tumoren vil fremstå mere bleg end omgivende godartet væv).

Denne protokol er blevet gennemført fuldt ud på UCL/UCLH af ikke-kliniske postdoktorale forskere, en patologi stipendiat, patologiske konsulenter og forsknings teknikere. I vores erfaring kan alle trin i protokollen læres i under ti tilfælde uanset teknisk baggrund. Vi anbefaler dog, at der undervisning fra en radiolog om MRI-måling og træning fra en patolog om udskæring i første omgang. Protokollen kan ændres ved hjælp af et 3D-trykt udskæring-håndtag, som tidligere udgivet10.

Potentielle begrænsninger af teknikken omfatter risikoen for at hæmme diagnosen. Udskæring af prostata er et vigtigt skridt, som kan hæmme på sortering eller positive margin satser, hvis det gøres forkert. Der er to potentielle problemer her. For det første, hvis alle indekslæsion fjernes og anvendes til frisk væv eksperimenter straks, rutinemæssig klinisk diagnostik vil ikke blive udført for denne læsion og patienten kan blive fejldiagnosticeret som havende en lavere grad kræft. For at undgå dette bør forskeren drøfte prøveudtagningsplanen med konsulent patologen, som rutinemæssigt vil gennemgå sagen, før prøveudtagningen, og blive enige om antallet og placeringen af de prøver, der skal udtages. Små tumorer kan udelukkes lokalt af denne grund. For det andet, hvis den prostatiske kapsel ikke er fastgjort korrekt til Korkplader forud for fiksering, dette kunne tillade det inderste væv til at bule udad under fiksering, ændre de kirurgiske margener. Dette kunne føre til en falsk positiv margin, hvor den resterende tumor synes at opholde sig på kapslen udelukkende på grund af vævs vridning.

Betydningen af denne teknik med hensyn til eksisterende metoder ligger hovedsageligt med tumor målretning. En række metoder til prøvetagning af radikale prostatektomi enheder er blevet offentliggjort til dato; disse er dog alle afhængige af en helt eller delvis stikprøveudtagning tilgang1,2,3,4,5,6,7. Brugen af biopsi og især MRI data her har forbedret effektivitet, giver mulighed for reduceret prøvetagning med øget tillid til at opnå tumor væv8.

Fremtidige anvendelser af denne metode giver mulighed for at vedtage en bredere vifte af downstream-teknikker end med tidligere prøvetagningsmetoder. For eksempel, tilgængeligheden af fersk væv, der har en høj sandsynlighed for at være tumor betyder, at dyrere og/eller arbejdskraftintensive friske væv teknikker kan udnyttes, da mange prøver ikke er forpligtet til at sikre tilstedeværelsen af tumor. Dette kan omfatte og er ikke begrænset til ex vivo-kultur, ex vivo MRI, avanceret billeddannelse og transkriptomik.

Disclosures

Forfatterne har intet at afsløre.

Acknowledgments

Forfatterne ønsker at anerkende prostatacancer UK for finansiering SH under prostatacancer UK Centre of Excellence og Travelling Prize Fellowship (TLD-PF16-004) og HP under INNOVERE (PG14-018-TR2). Dette arbejde blev støttet af forskere ved National Institute for Health Research University College London hospitals biomedicinsk Forskningscenter.

Materials

Name Company Catalog Number Comments
6 mm biopsy punch Fisher Scientific 13404607 Disposable biopsy punches for removing 6 mm tissue samples
Black Ink Leica Biosystems 3801753 Tissue marking & margin dye
Blue Ink Leica Biosystems 3801751 Tissue marking & margin dye
Chainmail hand glove Arco 1456803 Chainmail gloves to protect hand during slicing
Cork board Fisher Scientific 12396447 Cork board for pinning prostate to following sampling procedure
Needles SLS (Scientific Laboratory supplies) SYR6112 Sterile needles to use to pin tissue to cork board following sampling
Prostate slicing aparatus Insitute of Cancer Research, London NA - must be obtained under MTA A kit containing the slicer handle, blades, spacer, base, walls and pins

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References

  1. Sooriakumaran, P., Henderson, A., Denham, P., Langley, S. E. A novel method of obtaining prostate tissue for gene expression profiling. International Journal of Surgical Pathology. 17 (3), 238-243 (2009).
  2. Jhavar, S. G., et al. Processing of radical prostatectomy specimens for correlation of data from histopathological, molecular biological, and radiological studies: a new whole organ technique. Journal of Clinical Pathology. 58 (5), 504-508 (2005).
  3. Wheeler, T. M., Lebovitz, R. M. Fresh tissue harvest for research from prostatectomy specimens. The Prostate. 25 (5), 274-279 (1994).
  4. Esgueva, R., et al. Next-generation prostate cancer biobanking: toward a processing protocol amenable for the International Cancer Genome Consortium. Diagnostic Molecular Pathology. 21 (2), 61-68 (2012).
  5. Dev, H., et al. Biobanking after robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy: a quality assessment of providing prostate tissue for RNA studies. Journal of Translational Medicine. 9, 121 (2011).
  6. Tolkach, Y., et al. Blind Biobanking of the Prostatectomy Specimen: Critical Evaluation of the Existing Techniques and Development of the New 4-Level Tissue Extraction Model With High Sampling Efficacy. The Prostate. 77 (4), 396-405 (2017).
  7. Warren, A. Y., et al. Method for sampling tissue for research which preserves pathological data in radical prostatectomy. The Prostate. 73 (2), 194-202 (2013).
  8. Heavey, S., et al. PatiEnt prOstate samPLes for rEsearch, a tissue collection pathway utilizing magnetic resonance imaging data to target tumor and benign tissue in fresh radical prostatectomy specimens. The Prostate. 79 (7), 768-777 (2019).
  9. Bailey, C., et al. VERDICT MRI validation in fresh and fixed prostate specimens using patient-specific moulds for histological and MR alignment. NMR in Biomedicine. 32 (5), 4073 (2019).
  10. Bourne, R. M., et al. Apparatus for Histological Validation of In Vivo and Ex Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Human Prostate. Frontiers in Oncology. 7, 47 (2017).

Tags

Medicin prostata MRI mennesker biopsi biobank prøvetagning væv kræft prostatektomi udskæring Genomics kultur
Brug af magnetisk resonansbilleddannelse og biopsi data til at vejlede prøveudtagningsprocedurer for prostata cancer Biobanking
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Cite this Article

Heavey, S., Haider, A., Sridhar, A., More

Heavey, S., Haider, A., Sridhar, A., Pye, H., Shaw, G., Freeman, A., Whitaker, H. Use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Biopsy Data to Guide Sampling Procedures for Prostate Cancer Biobanking. J. Vis. Exp. (152), e60216, doi:10.3791/60216 (2019).

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  • Research • Medicine
    Measurements of Motor Function and Other Clinical Outcome Parameters in Ambulant Children with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of the Efficacy of An Osteopathic Treatment in Infants with Biomechanical Impairments to Suckling
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantification of Levator Ani Hiatus Enlargement by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Males and Females with Pelvic Organ Prolapse
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative [18F]-Naf-PET-MRI Analysis for the Evaluation of Dynamic Bone Turnover in a Patient with Facetogenic Low Back Pain
  • Research • Medicine
    Generation of Human 3D Lung Tissue Cultures (3D-LTCs) for Disease Modeling
  • Research • Medicine
    Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
  • Research • Medicine
    Combining Volumetric Capnography And Barometric Plethysmography To Measure The Lung Structure-function Relationship
  • Research • Medicine
    Two-Dimensional X-Ray Angiography to Examine Fine Vascular Structure Using a Silicone Rubber Injection Compound
  • Research • Medicine
    Preparation, Procedures and Evaluation of Platelet-Rich Plasma Injection in the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis
  • Research • Medicine
    Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging at 7 Tesla
  • Research • Medicine
    Semi-quantitative Assessment Using [18F]FDG Tracer in Patients with Severe Brain Injury
  • Research • Medicine
    Handheld Metal Detector Screening for Metallic Foreign Body Ingestion in Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Conducting Maximal and Submaximal Endurance Exercise Testing to Measure Physiological and Biological Responses to Acute Exercise in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    A Metadata Extraction Approach for Clinical Case Reports to Enable Advanced Understanding of Biomedical Concepts
  • Research • Medicine
    Autonomic Function Following Concussion in Youth Athletes: An Exploration of Heart Rate Variability Using 24-hour Recording Methodology
  • Research • Medicine
    Hydra, a Computer-Based Platform for Aiding Clinicians in Cardiovascular Analysis and Diagnosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Objective Nociceptive Assessment in Ventilated ICU Patients: A Feasibility Study Using Pupillometry and the Nociceptive Flexion Reflex
  • Research • Medicine
    'Boden Food Plate': Novel Interactive Web-based Method for the Assessment of Dietary Intake
  • Research • Medicine
    Anogenital Distance and Perineal Measurements of the Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) Quantification System
  • Research • Medicine
    Bedside Ultrasound for Guiding Fluid Removal in Patients with Pulmonary Edema: The Reverse-FALLS Protocol
  • Research • Medicine
    Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation of Primary Human Decidual Cells from the Fetal Membranes of Term Placentae
  • Research • Medicine
    Skeletal Muscle Neurovascular Coupling, Oxidative Capacity, and Microvascular Function with 'One Stop Shop' Near-infrared Spectroscopy
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting Hair Samples for Hair Cortisol Analysis in African Americans
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vivo Morphometric Analysis of Human Cranial Nerves Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Menière's Disease Ears and Normal Hearing Ears
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (Cf-PWV) to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness
  • Research • Medicine
    Standardized Measurement of Nasal Membrane Transepithelial Potential Difference (NPD)
  • Research • Medicine
    Taste Exam: A Brief and Validated Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Absorption of Nasal and Bronchial Fluids: Precision Sampling of the Human Respiratory Mucosa and Laboratory Processing of Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Methodology for Sputum Induction and Laboratory Processing
  • Research • Medicine
    Electrophysiological Measurement of Noxious-evoked Brain Activity in Neonates Using a Flat-tip Probe Coupled to Electroencephalography
  • Research • Medicine
    A Detailed Protocol for Physiological Parameters Acquisition and Analysis in Neurosurgical Critical Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Oral Biofilm Sampling for Microbiome Analysis in Healthy Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia
  • Research • Medicine
    Application of an Amplitude-integrated EEG Monitor (Cerebral Function Monitor) to Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    3D Ultrasound Imaging: Fast and Cost-effective Morphometry of Musculoskeletal Tissue
  • Research • Medicine
    The 4-vessel Sampling Approach to Integrative Studies of Human Placental Physiology In Vivo
  • Research • Medicine
    A Component-resolved Diagnostic Approach for a Study on Grass Pollen Allergens in Chinese Southerners with Allergic Rhinitis and/or Asthma
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
  • Research • Medicine
    A Method for Quantifying Upper Limb Performance in Daily Life Using Accelerometers
  • Research • Medicine
    Non-invasive Assessments of Subjective and Objective Recovery Characteristics Following an Exhaustive Jump Protocol
  • Research • Medicine
    Experimental Protocol of a Three-minute, All-out Arm Crank Exercise Test in Spinal-cord Injured and Able-bodied Individuals
  • Research • Medicine
    Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Pulmonary Capillary Blood Volume, Membrane Diffusing Capacity, and Intrapulmonary Arteriovenous Anastomoses During Exercise
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Child Anthropometry in a Large Epidemiologic Study
  • Research • Medicine
    Video Movement Analysis Using Smartphones (ViMAS): A Pilot Study
  • Research • Medicine
    Network Analysis of Foramen Ovale Electrode Recordings in Drug-resistant Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Induction and Assessment of Exertional Skeletal Muscle Damage in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    A Detailed Protocol for Perspiration Monitoring Using a Novel, Small, Wireless Device
  • Research • Medicine
    Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
  • Research • Medicine
    Integrated Compensatory Responses in a Human Model of Hemorrhage
  • Research • Medicine
    Transthoracic Speckle Tracking Echocardiography for the Quantitative Assessment of Left Ventricular Myocardial Deformation
  • Research • Medicine
    Impression Cytology of the Lid Wiper Area
  • Research • Behavior
    A Protocol of Manual Tests to Measure Sensation and Pain in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    Unbiased Deep Sequencing of RNA Viruses from Clinical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    A Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cell-based Model of the Human Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier to Study Bacterial Infection from the Basolateral Side
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Profiling of MicroRNA-containing Exosomes from Human Bile
  • Research • Medicine
    Generation of Microtumors Using 3D Human Biogel Culture System and Patient-derived Glioblastoma Cells for Kinomic Profiling and Drug Response Testing
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Using a Laminating Technique to Perform Confocal Microscopy of the Human Sclera
  • Research • Medicine
    Intravenous Endotoxin Challenge in Healthy Humans: An Experimental Platform to Investigate and Modulate Systemic Inflammation
  • Research • Medicine
    Modeling and Simulations of Olfactory Drug Delivery with Passive and Active Controls of Nasally Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols
  • Research • Medicine
    Exosomal miRNA Analysis in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Patients' Plasma Through qPCR: A Feasible Liquid Biopsy Tool
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multimodal Imaging- and Stimulation-based Method of Evaluating Connectivity-related Brain Excitability in Patients with Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges
  • Research • Medicine
    Using Saccadometry with Deep Brain Stimulation to Study Normal and Pathological Brain Function
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Fundus Autofluorescence for the Evaluation of Retinal Diseases
  • Research • Medicine
    Diagnosis of Musculus Gastrocnemius Tightness - Key Factors for the Clinical Examination
  • Research • Medicine
    Stereo-Electro-Encephalo-Graphy (SEEG) With Robotic Assistance in the Presurgical Evaluation of Medical Refractory Epilepsy: A Technical Note
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Transcutaneous Microcirculatory Imaging in Preterm Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    Using an Ingestible Telemetric Temperature Pill to Assess Gastrointestinal Temperature During Exercise
  • Research • Medicine
    Design, Fabrication, and Administration of the Hand Active Sensation Test (HASTe)
  • Research • Medicine
    MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder
  • Research • Medicine
    Functional Human Liver Preservation and Recovery by Means of Subnormothermic Machine Perfusion
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multicenter MRI Protocol for the Evaluation and Quantification of Deep Vein Thrombosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Determining The Electromyographic Fatigue Threshold Following a Single Visit Exercise Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of Electromagnetic Navigational Transthoracic Needle Aspiration (E-TTNA) for Sampling of Lung Nodules
  • Research • Medicine
    Trabecular Meshwork Response to Pressure Elevation in the Living Human Eye
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vivo, Percutaneous, Needle Based, Optical Coherence Tomography of Renal Masses
  • Research • Medicine
    Establishment of Human Epithelial Enteroids and Colonoids from Whole Tissue and Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Human Brown Adipose Tissue Depots Automatically Segmented by Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography and Registered Magnetic Resonance Images
  • Research • Medicine
    Preparation and Respirometric Assessment of Mitochondria Isolated from Skeletal Muscle Tissue Obtained by Percutaneous Needle Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    A Methodological Approach to Non-invasive Assessments of Vascular Function and Morphology
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Immortalization of Patient-derived Cell Lines from Muscle Biopsy for Disease Modeling
  • Research • Medicine
    State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
  • Research • Medicine
    The Supraclavicular Fossa Ultrasound View for Central Venous Catheter Placement and Catheter Change Over Guidewire
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of the Brachial Artery in Clinical Research
  • Research • Medicine
    Tracking the Mammary Architectural Features and Detecting Breast Cancer with Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes
  • Research • Medicine
    DTI of the Visual Pathway - White Matter Tracts and Cerebral Lesions
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection, Isolation, and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Human Endocervical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multi-Modal Approach to Assessing Recovery in Youth Athletes Following Concussion
  • Research • Medicine
    Clinical Assessment of Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Patients and Older Adults
  • Research • Medicine
    Multi-electrode Array Recordings of Human Epileptic Postoperative Cortical Tissue
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection and Extraction of Saliva DNA for Next Generation Sequencing
  • Research • Medicine
    Fast and Accurate Exhaled Breath Ammonia Measurement
  • Research • Medicine
    Developing Neuroimaging Phenotypes of the Default Mode Network in PTSD: Integrating the Resting State, Working Memory, and Structural Connectivity
  • Research • Medicine
    Two Methods for Establishing Primary Human Endometrial Stromal Cells from Hysterectomy Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Coordinate Mapping of Hyolaryngeal Mechanics in Swallowing
  • Research • Medicine
    Network Analysis of the Default Mode Network Using Functional Connectivity MRI in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    EEG Mu Rhythm in Typical and Atypical Development
  • Research • Medicine
    The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT): An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Functional Characterization of Human Ventricular Cardiomyocytes from Fresh Surgical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Primary Culture of Human Vestibular Schwannomas
  • Research • Medicine
    Utility of Dissociated Intrinsic Hand Muscle Atrophy in the Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Lesion Explorer: A Video-guided, Standardized Protocol for Accurate and Reliable MRI-derived Volumetrics in Alzheimer's Disease and Normal Elderly
  • Research • Medicine
    Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Culture, and Imaging of Human Fetal Pancreatic Cell Clusters
  • Research • Medicine
    3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Computerized Dynamic Posturography for Postural Control Assessment in Patients with Intermittent Claudication
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting Saliva and Measuring Salivary Cortisol and Alpha-amylase in Frail Community Residing Older Adults via Family Caregivers
  • Research • Medicine
    Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Analysis of Neurodegenerative Diseases
  • Research • Medicine
    Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Retinal Surgical Specimens Using jouRNAl
  • Research • Medicine
    Improved Protocol For Laser Microdissection Of Human Pancreatic Islets From Surgical Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Respiratory Muscle Activation Using Respiratory Motor Control Assessment (RMCA) in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury
  • Research • Medicine
    Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting And Measuring Wound Exudate Biochemical Mediators In Surgical Wounds
  • Research • Medicine
    A Research Method For Detecting Transient Myocardial Ischemia In Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome Using Continuous ST-segment Analysis
  • Research • Medicine
    Using a Chemical Biopsy for Graft Quality Assessment
  • Research • Medicine
    Characterizing Exon Skipping Efficiency in DMD Patient Samples in Clinical Trials of Antisense Oligonucleotides
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vitro Assessment of Cardiac Function Using Skinned Cardiomyocytes
  • Research • Medicine
    Normothermic Ex Situ Heart Perfusion in Working Mode: Assessment of Cardiac Function and Metabolism
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Vascular Control Mechanisms Utilizing Video Microscopy of Isolated Resistance Arteries of Rats
  • Research • Medicine
    Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) for Research; Obtaining Adequate Sample Yield
  • Research • Medicine
    Non-invasive Optical Measurement of Cerebral Metabolism and Hemodynamics in Infants
  • Research • Medicine
    Tilt Testing with Combined Lower Body Negative Pressure: a "Gold Standard" for Measuring Orthostatic Tolerance
  • Research • Medicine
    Driving Simulation in the Clinic: Testing Visual Exploratory Behavior in Daily Life Activities in Patients with Visual Field Defects
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Characterization and Comparative Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Derived from Permanent Teeth by Using Two Different Methods
  • Research • Medicine
    Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking (IPL): Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Intraoperative Detection of Subtle Endometriosis: A Novel Paradigm for Detection and Treatment of Pelvic Pain Associated with the Loss of Peritoneal Integrity
  • Research • Medicine
    The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection Protocol for Human Pancreas
  • Research • Medicine
    The α-test: Rapid Cell-free CD4 Enumeration Using Whole Saliva
  • Research • Medicine
    The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Donor Tissue Preparation for Endothelial Keratoplasty
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantification of Atherosclerotic Plaque Activity and Vascular Inflammation using [18-F] Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (FDG-PET/CT)
  • Research • Medicine
    Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography of Retinal Circulation
  • Research • Medicine
    Utilizing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Study the Human Neuromuscular System
  • Research • Medicine
    Detection and Genogrouping of Noroviruses from Children's Stools By Taqman One-step RT-PCR
  • Research • Medicine
    Method to Measure Tone of Axial and Proximal Muscle
  • Research • Medicine
    The Trier Social Stress Test Protocol for Inducing Psychological Stress
  • Research • Medicine
    Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Multifocal Electroretinograms
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation of Human Islets from Partially Pancreatectomized Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quantification of Pulmonary Perfusion using Calibrated Arterial Spin Labeling
  • Research • Medicine
    Manual Muscle Testing: A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department
  • Research • Medicine
    A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
  • Research • Medicine
    An Investigation of the Effects of Sports-related Concussion in Youth Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Head Impact Telemetry System
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Confocal Microscopy: A Novel Non-invasive Technique to Quantify Small Fibre Pathology in Peripheral Neuropathies
  • Research • Medicine
    Methods to Quantify Pharmacologically Induced Alterations in Motor Function in Human Incomplete SCI
  • Research • Medicine
    Multispectral Real-time Fluorescence Imaging for Intraoperative Detection of the Sentinel Lymph Node in Gynecologic Oncology
  • Research • Medicine
    Technique to Collect Fungiform (Taste) Papillae from Human Tongue
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessing Endothelial Vasodilator Function with the Endo-PAT 2000
  • Research • Medicine
    Making Sense of Listening: The IMAP Test Battery
  • Research • Medicine
    An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)
  • Research • Biology
    Bioelectric Analyses of an Osseointegrated Intelligent Implant Design System for Amputees
  • Research • Biology
    Demonstration of Cutaneous Allodynia in Association with Chronic Pelvic Pain
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