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Medicine

分离性造形切除术标本标准化病理学评估的DIPLOMA方法

Published: February 1, 2020 doi: 10.3791/60343

Summary

目前的研究强调了对胰腺腺腺癌的远端造影手术标本的宏观评估的标准化方法,特别强调胰腺尺寸和其他器官的测量,墨迹边距,肿瘤大小和接近边缘,淋巴节点采样和块选择测量。

Abstract

胰腺导管腺癌(PDAC)是最致命的恶性肿瘤之一。少数 (20%)在胰腺体和尾部发现PDAC。对胰腺标本进行准确的病理评估对于提供预后信息至关重要,并可能指导进一步的治疗策略。最近8的美国癌症联合委员会/国际癌症控制联盟(AJCC/UICC)胰腺肿瘤分期系统纳入了肿瘤(pT)阶段的显著变化,主要基于肿瘤大小。此更改强调了仔细选择块的重要性。由于胰腺头部肿瘤的患病率更高,因此努力规范胰腺切除标本的评估。然而,对远端(即左)的造影标本的宏观评估缺乏共识。DIPLOMA 方法包括对胰腺和其他切除器官的标准化测量、在不去除脂肪层的情况下对相关手术边缘和解剖表面进行墨迹书写、测量肿瘤大小(T 级),以及评估脾血管介入(如果存在的其他器官)。评估所有相关的边距,并选择相关块以在微观上确认这些参数。目前的协议描述了一种标准化的方法,用于对远端造影镜进行宏观评估。这种方法是在国际多中心试验(DIPLOMA,ISRCTN44897265)的准备阶段与病理学家和外科医生举行的几次会议上开发的,该试验侧重于胰腺导管腺癌的远端泛化切除术的激进性。这种标准化的方法有助于研究的设计,并将统一报告远端造形切除术的结果。所述技术用于胰腺导管腺癌的DIPLOMA试验,但也可用于其他适应症。

Introduction

胰腺导管腺癌(PDAC)与非常差的预后1相关。手术,结合(新)辅助治疗仍然是唯一的治疗2。手术后,对切除的标本进行适当的组织病理学评估对预后分层至关重要,此外,它还可指导进一步的治疗策略3。此外,最近第8届美国癌症联合委员会/国际癌症控制联盟(AJCC/UICC)胰腺肿瘤分期系统已经纳入了肿瘤(pT)阶段的重大变化,主要基于肿瘤大小4,5。虽然最大肿瘤大小是宏观评估,但需要足够的标本取样来证实这些发现,特别是因为慢性胰腺炎可以模仿肉眼的肿瘤外观。

作为大多数胰腺导管腺癌(高达80%)在胰腺的头部遇到,大部分的文献是基于评估胰腺切除术标本6,7。在英国,皇家病理学家学院(RCPath)已经公布了数据集,为胰腺癌的标本处理、解剖和报告提供了循证指南,重点是更常见的胰腺切除术标本8。尽管如此,国际上对标本毛额的共识仍然缺乏,各中心之间的实践仍然分歧很大。对源自远端(即左)的标本进行病理学评估的等效过程现在越来越具有临床兴趣。

用于恶性肿瘤(DIPLOMA,ISRCTN44897265)的分离性肿瘤切除术(微创或开放)试验是一个国际多中心、随机对照试验,比较开放和微创手术方法,用于PDAC的管理。胰腺体和尾巴。DIPLOMA病理学协议已经开发为标准化病理学评估和报告这个试验的手段。该协议描述了对远端造膜切除术标本的评估,包括标本定位、墨迹书写、淋巴结取样、脾血管参与(以及其他器官(如果存在)的评估)和块选择。

所述方法是在 DIPLOMA 研究小组的四次会议(2015 年 4 月曼彻斯特、2016 年 12 月阿姆斯特丹、2017 年 5 月美因茨和 2018 年 4 月阿姆斯特丹)期间开发的,来自 10 个国家/地区的 20-40 名经验丰富的外科医生和胰腺病理学家整个欧洲。讨论包括各种边距、解剖平面,特别是车身和尾部之间的解剖平面的相关性。

患者特征

一名79岁的妇女偶然发现胰腺体内有一个34毫米的肿瘤,怀疑是恶性肿瘤。CT扫描显示,没有放射性证据表明肿瘤涉及主要血管结构或存在(遥远的)转移。只注意到相邻的小尺寸淋巴病。在多学科小组会议上讨论了病人,会议决定她有资格接受手术。在DIPLOMA试验中进行了胃部的开放性基端切除、切除和楔形切除手术。

远端造影镜的宏观评估及边距命名

在远端造形切除标本中应评估的相关边距包括切除边缘、脾动脉和静脉边缘、后解剖边缘,以及表 1所示的多视性切除时的额外边距。

分段边缘是胰腺体与颈部分离的表面。主要是在腹腔镜,但也在越来越多的开放,手术标本,这个边缘是一个线性的主食线。脾动脉和静脉边缘靠近固定的转位边缘,并标有血管夹或小订书针。后边缘是胰腺身体后半部分和尾部与肾筋膜前平面之间的解剖平面,位于再生膜内。在前肾筋和后肾筋膜之间是肾上腺空间,其中肾脏和肾上腺位于一个松散的纤维脂肪结缔组织隔间中。后解剖边缘因所执行的确切外科手术而异。这可能包括前肾筋膜,有或没有肾上腺和后肾筋膜9,10。虽然前,围层表面不被视为手术边缘,肿瘤破坏这个表面与局部复发的风险增加3。

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Protocol

该协议遵循南安普敦大学医院NHS基金会信托基金的道德准则。获得知情同意,用于教学和研究目的的组织。

注:相关步骤在表2材料表中的相关材料中进行了总结。

1. 标本方向

注:为了帮助组织病理学家准确定位标本,确保手术外科医生放置定向缝合线,以标记后解剖平面、脾血管边缘和胰腺分泌边缘。

  1. 收到后,在室温下将试样固定在正式中,为 24-48 小时。
    注: 固定可能导致试样变形,使精确方向难以,因为前腹表面和后背(后解剖)边缘可能具有类似的外观。此外,一些中心采取新鲜的肿瘤样本进行研究目的。在这种情况下,如果样品是新鲜的,如果要切开这些边距,则应注意通过在固定前墨迹书写,以尽量减少变形。
  2. 通过定向缝合(由手术外科医生放置)或通过脾脏(横向)和后上级边界上的脾脏血管、标记后解剖边距的缝合线和标记(内侧)解剖边距的订书针来识别后解剖平面。还要识别其他边距/曲面。最后确定脾脏。
    注:在此试样中,可以识别前表面、横段边距、后边缘、上边界、劣质边界和附加胃楔。
  3. 确保围点脂肪完好无损并附着在标本上。

2. 测量

  1. 以毫米为单位测量所有尺寸。
  2. 测量胰腺从中侧到侧(该试样为 95 mm)、颅至尾面(30 毫米)和前部(20 mm)。
  3. 测量脾脏从颅骨到胆小(该标本为110毫米),前到后(60毫米),中侧到侧(20毫米)。此外,如果可能的话,称量脾脏(参见下面的说明)。
    注:如果肿瘤靠近脾脏,则不应将脾脏与胰腺分离,脾脏的称量应与胰腺一起进行。
  4. 测量任何潜在的额外器官,包括肾上腺。
    注:在本协议中,胃壁被切除并测量。楔形胃尺寸为 35 mm x 10 mm x 5 mm。

3. 墨迹书写

  1. 在三维测量胰腺和脾脏后,用油墨使用不同颜色的后解剖边缘、横切边缘、前围层和额外的器官边缘。如果水容器边距出现严重涉及,墨水这些为了识别真正的边距与"en face"部分。
  2. 虽然,不是边缘评估的要求,墨水的胰腺的优劣边界,以改善标本方向和微观组淋巴结到相关的解剖站在血氧素的单横截面和 eosin 染色幻灯片。
  3. 此外,油墨任何额外的边距(例如,胃壁边距)具有不同的颜色。
    注:试样以下列方式进行墨迹:前渗透表面以黄色墨水,胃壁边缘以蓝色墨水,分段边缘以红色表示,胰腺的上边缘以绿色表示,以便识别站11淋巴节点,下级边框以橙色表示识别站18个节点,后解剖边距以黑色表示。

4. 解剖

  1. 在对试样进行测量和墨迹书写后,使用刀片从分叉和脾血管边缘切割块。用刀片拆下订书针,以取到横截面边距的"en face"部分。与订书针线紧密切割,以保留与实际边距的接近程度。
    注: 必须拆下分段边距的订书针线,因为缩微刀片无法切割金属订书针。
  2. 用刀片切割单"面"部分的3±5毫米的脾动脉和静脉的转段边缘。或者,将垂直于装订边距的 3⁄5 mm 的转段边距切割面包片。
    注:脾动脉和静脉靠近转段边缘,通常用夹子标记。这可以用来给肿瘤到边缘的精确距离。
  3. 使用边栏片删除任何其他边距。
    注: 在随附的视频中,从胃楔切除的订书管线被移除。
  4. 使用长刀切片标本从内向侧(分叉边缘到脾脏)以 3⁄5 mm 的间隔,并编号切片(例如 1-15,15 片)。不要去除任何胰腺后脂肪。
  5. 标本的横向部分从中侧布局到横向,记录肿瘤的数量,包括肿瘤的位置(身体和/或尾巴)、外观和最大肿瘤大小。
    注:与胰腺头部肿瘤不同,在TNM分期中反映命名血管介入的意义,具有与pT4疾病对应的优异动脉和/或腹腔轴介入,脾动脉入侵的临床意义仍在调查11。为了将来的调查,建议在宏观描述中记录脾动脉和静脉介入,并在微观上确认。脾动脉位于胰腺的上边缘,而静脉沿着胰腺的后边界运行。

5. 肿瘤评估

  1. 评估肿瘤及其边缘和/或(胸腔)血管的参与。
    注:这里,肿瘤存在于第9-14片中。肿瘤的切口表面苍白且均匀。
  2. 测量三维(颅至胆,中侧到侧,前到后)的宏观肿瘤大小。
    注:在这里,肿瘤测量30毫米颅骨到胆面,25毫米前后,和13毫米中侧。测量基于切片厚度。最常见的最大肿瘤大小是在中侧平面。评估此测量将包含肿瘤的每个幻灯片的切片厚度相加。由于胰腺的导管腺癌生长高度分散8,12,因此很难从宏观角度评估到边缘的距离。在此基础上,虽然估计到边缘的距离可以记录在宏观描述,但证实了这些发现微观的基础上,适当的肿瘤采样是重要的。
  3. 用垂直部分切片脾脏,从外凸开始,间隔为3~5毫米,向内朝向脾脏。在肿瘤靠近脾脏的情况下,保持脾脏与标本完好无损,并在肿瘤和脾脏之间保持连续性。

6. 组织取样

  1. 与胰腺多肠切除术标本一样,合理选择块,以表明肿瘤类型、大小、大血管和其他器官参与、节点分期、边缘状态以及新佐剂治疗的情况下的肿瘤回归。制作试样切片的特写照片。
    注: 块选择包括分段边缘, (脾脏) 血管切除边缘, 胃壁边缘, 肿瘤块显示最大大小和距离边缘, 背景胰腺, 脾脏代表部分, 和淋巴结.
  2. 从来自11和18站的淋巴结的上等和劣质边界采集带有围块脂肪的肿瘤组织样本。从远离肿瘤部位的标本部分的胰腺脂肪中分离出单独的淋巴结。
    注意:特别是从肿瘤的外围和看似无肿瘤的相邻组织中采集额外的样本。在后者,显微侵入性肿瘤是最常见的发现存在。彻底采取块状采取的同样理由也适用于对利润的评估。与通常具有更严格限制的肿瘤前面的结肠直肠癌相比,胰腺导管腺癌具有渗透性、不连续的生长模式。肿瘤与正常胰腺的界面经常被慢性胰腺炎的存在所遮蔽,从而在边缘抽样3上进一步增加作用。强烈建议不要去除后围脂肪,因为这将损害对后缘的评估。
  3. 对于 20 mm 或更少的肿瘤,对整个肿瘤进行采样,以允许准确的 pT 分期。对于较大的肿瘤,采样足够的组织。当对肿瘤进行取样时,包括胰腺脂肪、淋巴结以及与边缘和相邻结构的关系。
    注:在随附的视频中,肿瘤与胃壁的关系突出显示。远端胰腺的区域淋巴结是胰腺的上边界站11,下级边界18站,脾酸脂肪13内站10。对于位于胰腺体的肿瘤,外科医生将另外切除淋巴结站8a和9,这些站在单独的锅中提交。
  4. 以3~5毫米的间隔对脾脏的垂直部分进行取样,然后取样脾脏(站10)淋巴结。
    注:对于是否从试样中取出脾脏,没有建议。如果肿瘤位于胰腺尖端,请勿切除脾脏,并切到脾脏的切刀范围内。
  5. 从额外的器官采取块。

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Representative Results

微观评估显示28 x 25 x 30毫米,中度分化,胰腺导管腺癌如表3所示。有神经周围和淋巴血管入侵没有脾动脉或静脉参与。总共发现了17个淋巴结,其中3个涉及(1个优边,2个劣边界)。遥远的淋巴结(站8和肝动脉)没有转移性恶性肿瘤的证据。所有切除边缘均清除肿瘤:分段边距 >40 mm 和后边距 2 mm。肿瘤离胸腔边缘超过 40 mm。前表面的最小边缘为1毫米。肿瘤侵入胃壁的肌肉,但至少清除了3毫米的固定边缘。使用AJCC/UICC第8版分期系统肿瘤被归类为pT2、N1、M0、阶段IIB。

分段边距 将胰腺体从颈部分离的胰腺大部分中,通过线性主线在手术标本中识别
静脉动脉和静脉边缘 两者都靠近装订的横断面边距,通常用血管夹标记
后解剖边距 胰腺后半部分和尾部与肾筋膜前平面之间的解剖平面,在退血原边缘内因所执行的确切外科手术而异
前围层表面 并不总是被认为是一个真正的手术利润。前表面是围层
额外保证金 任何额外的器官,包括肾上腺,被切除,产生自己的边缘,应进行评估

表1:远端造形试样边距/表面的命名。

标本方向 1 在室温下固定形式,24~48 小时
2 通过定向缝合(由手术外科医生放置)或脾血管和其他边缘/表面的位置识别后解剖平面。最后确定脾脏。
3 围点脂肪应完好无损并附着在标本上
测量 1 尺寸以毫米为单位。
2 胰腺从中侧到侧,颅至胆度(高度)和前后(宽度)
3 脾胆颅至胆小(长度),前至后,中侧至侧侧
4 其他器官的切除,包括肾上腺的其他测量
1 分段边距、后解剖边距和前围层表面的墨迹
2 额外的边距(上级和下级边框)可以用于淋巴节点站的方向和分组
3 其他切除器官的墨迹,包括肾上腺
标本解剖 1 "En 面"解剖分段边距并移除订书机线路(当存在时)
2 脾动脉和静脉的"面"解剖
3 删除任何额外的保证金
4 胰腺试样从中联到横向,间隔为 3⁄5 mm
5 布局的横向部分的数量和记录数以及肿瘤和外观的位置
肿瘤评估 1 边缘和/或(胸腔)血管肿瘤参与的宏观评估
2 通过测量高度、宽度和长度评估肿瘤大小。后者通过评估肿瘤涉及的切片总数
3 脾脏的垂直部分可以每隔 3⁄5 毫米进行一次
块采取 1 样本肿瘤在足够数量的块,详细的块描述与照片建议
2 肿瘤块在连续性上选择,从上等边界和劣质边界选择围片脂肪部分,以捕获淋巴节点站 11 和 18
3 对于20毫米以下的肿瘤,整个肿瘤采样是合理的
4 脾结(站10)淋巴结的采样
5 额外器官的额外方块

表2:病理评估的步骤,远端造形切除术标本。

肿瘤类型 胰腺导管腺癌
肿瘤大小 28 x 25 x 30 毫米
差别化和入侵 前神经和淋巴血管入侵的模性分化
淋巴结 获得17个淋巴结,其中3个转移(1个优等边界,2个下级边界)。站8和肝动脉淋巴结清除。
切除边距 截面边距: >40 mm;胸腔边距:>40 mm;后边距:2毫米;前表面:1毫米;胃裕量: 3 毫米
AJCC/UICC 第 8 版 pT2,N1,M0,阶段IIB

表3:微观评估的代表性结果。

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Discussion

对切除的标本进行适当的组织病理学评估对于疾病预后分层和进一步治疗策略的指导至关重要。缺乏PDAC脱硫造核切除术产生的样本评估标准化方案。这有可能在所报告组织病理学结果14中产生相当大的变异性。中心之间定义和实践的差异限制了研究的可比性15。此外,R1(肿瘤<1 mm)的切除率从16-85%15不等。R1率的差异与组织取样程度的差异、微观评估的差异以及缺乏关于适当的R1定义8、16的国际共识有关。

目前的协议为使用PDAC的远端造影试样进行宏观评估提供了标准化的协议。这包括使用外科医生标记的后边缘缝合线和不同颜色来区分相关边缘(包括其他器官的边缘),从而改善标本方向。

根据AJCC/UICC TNM8分期,肿瘤根据大小和肿瘤程度进行分期。由于纤维化和慢性胰腺炎的存在,可以模仿肿瘤宏观,肿瘤大小的宏观评估可能具有挑战性。因此,需要广泛的肿瘤取样,辅之以详细的块状描述和标本切片的特写照片,以确保准确评估肿瘤的大小和程度。需要注意的是,在术中冷冻评估中,肿瘤与转位差之间的精确距离是标本中肿瘤与转位缘之间的距离之和以及转位缘的术中样本的厚度。根据8版的TNM系统,肿瘤大小评估的标准化方法将增加肿瘤的适当分期。

最后,对于胰腺体或尾部的肿瘤,尚未建立17个淋巴结采样的最小数量,以进行足够的节点分期。然而,了解淋巴结转移的模式对于进一步改善治疗和预后具有潜在的意义。因此,墨迹胰腺的优劣边界将有助于识别淋巴节点站11和18和足够的淋巴节点采样。单独报告区域淋巴节点站并不常见。一般来说,只报告淋巴结的总数,涉及淋巴结的数量,淋巴结比8。

所用方法的一个限制是移除分段边距的订书机行。虽然订书机越来越多地用于胰腺的分段和胰腺树桩18的闭合,但订书针在进一步加工过程中不能由微缩刀片切割。因此,建议用尽可能少的组织取出订书机,以尽量减少在真实边缘组织的损失,并在肿瘤宏观接近订书针线时报告。

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Disclosures

作者没有什么可透露的。

Acknowledgments

我们要感谢乔安娜·里贝罗拍摄标本。

Materials

Name Company Catalog Number Comments
Formalin Genta BFNC50
Gloves Healthline FTG182, FTG183, FTG184 (depending on size)
Blade Handles Swann Morton
Blades Swann Morton FSF440
Scales Ohaus
Long Knives Cellpath KMY811
Ruler Solmedia RUL003
Scissors Weiss FGP8939

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Tags

医学, 问题 156, 病理学, 胰腺, 手术, 胰腺导管腺腺癌, 远端肿瘤切除术, 组织病理学
分离性造形切除术标本标准化病理学评估的DIPLOMA方法
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Cite this Article

Lof, S., Rajak, R., Vissers, F. L.More

Lof, S., Rajak, R., Vissers, F. L. I. M., Korrel, M., Bateman, A., Verheij, J., Verbeke, C., Cataldo, I., Besselink, M. G., Abu Hilal, M. DIPLOMA Approach for Standardized Pathology Assessment of Distal Pancreatectomy Specimens. J. Vis. Exp. (156), e60343, doi:10.3791/60343 (2020).

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    Non-invasive Optical Measurement of Cerebral Metabolism and Hemodynamics in Infants
  • Research • Medicine
    Tilt Testing with Combined Lower Body Negative Pressure: a "Gold Standard" for Measuring Orthostatic Tolerance
  • Research • Medicine
    Driving Simulation in the Clinic: Testing Visual Exploratory Behavior in Daily Life Activities in Patients with Visual Field Defects
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Characterization and Comparative Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Derived from Permanent Teeth by Using Two Different Methods
  • Research • Medicine
    Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking (IPL): Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Intraoperative Detection of Subtle Endometriosis: A Novel Paradigm for Detection and Treatment of Pelvic Pain Associated with the Loss of Peritoneal Integrity
  • Research • Medicine
    The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection Protocol for Human Pancreas
  • Research • Medicine
    The α-test: Rapid Cell-free CD4 Enumeration Using Whole Saliva
  • Research • Medicine
    The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Donor Tissue Preparation for Endothelial Keratoplasty
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantification of Atherosclerotic Plaque Activity and Vascular Inflammation using [18-F] Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (FDG-PET/CT)
  • Research • Medicine
    Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography of Retinal Circulation
  • Research • Medicine
    Utilizing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Study the Human Neuromuscular System
  • Research • Medicine
    Detection and Genogrouping of Noroviruses from Children's Stools By Taqman One-step RT-PCR
  • Research • Medicine
    Method to Measure Tone of Axial and Proximal Muscle
  • Research • Medicine
    The Trier Social Stress Test Protocol for Inducing Psychological Stress
  • Research • Medicine
    Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Multifocal Electroretinograms
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation of Human Islets from Partially Pancreatectomized Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quantification of Pulmonary Perfusion using Calibrated Arterial Spin Labeling
  • Research • Medicine
    Manual Muscle Testing: A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department
  • Research • Medicine
    A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
  • Research • Medicine
    An Investigation of the Effects of Sports-related Concussion in Youth Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Head Impact Telemetry System
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Confocal Microscopy: A Novel Non-invasive Technique to Quantify Small Fibre Pathology in Peripheral Neuropathies
  • Research • Medicine
    Methods to Quantify Pharmacologically Induced Alterations in Motor Function in Human Incomplete SCI
  • Research • Medicine
    Multispectral Real-time Fluorescence Imaging for Intraoperative Detection of the Sentinel Lymph Node in Gynecologic Oncology
  • Research • Medicine
    Technique to Collect Fungiform (Taste) Papillae from Human Tongue
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessing Endothelial Vasodilator Function with the Endo-PAT 2000
  • Research • Medicine
    Making Sense of Listening: The IMAP Test Battery
  • Research • Medicine
    An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)
  • Research • Biology
    Bioelectric Analyses of an Osseointegrated Intelligent Implant Design System for Amputees
  • Research • Biology
    Demonstration of Cutaneous Allodynia in Association with Chronic Pelvic Pain
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