JoVE Journal > Chemistry
Summary
Abstract
Introduction
Protocol
Results
Discussion
Disclosures
Acknowledgements
Materials
References
Automatic Translation
Chemistry

Cercosporin-Photocatalyzed [4+1]- og [4+2]-Annulations av Azoalkenes under milde forhold

Published: July 17, 2020
doi:
10.3791/60786
, , , , , ,
1Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology,Jiangnan University, 2School of Pharmaceutical Science,Jiangnan University

Summary

Nye ruter for syntese av nitrogenholdige heterosykluser som utnytter cercosporin som en metallfri fotokatalysator ble utviklet.

Abstract

Interessen for nitrogenholdige heterosykluser har ekspandert raskt i det syntetiske samfunnet siden de er viktige motiver for nye stoffer. Tradisjonelt ble de syntetisert gjennom termiske cycloaddition reaksjoner, mens i dag er fotokaslyse foretrukket på grunn av de milde og effektive forholdene. Med dette fokuset er en ny fotokatalytisk metode for syntese av nitrogenholdige heterosykluser svært ønsket. Her rapporterer vi en protokoll for biosyntesen til cercosporin, som kan fungere som en metallfri fotokatalysator. Vi illustrerer deretter cercosporin-fotokatalyserte protokoller for syntese av nitrogenholdige heterosykluser 1,2,3-tiadiazoles gjennom annullering av azoalkenes med KSCN, og syntese av henholdsvis 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridaziner [4+2] gjennom cyklodimerisering av azoalkener under milde forhold. Som et resultat er det en ny bro mellom mikrobiell gjæringsmetode og organisk syntese på en mild, kostnadseffektiv, miljøvennlig og bærekraftig måte.

Introduction

Nitrogenholdige heterosykluser har trukket mye oppmerksomhet siden de ikke bare er viktige skjeletter for et bredt spekter av naturlige produkter med bioaktiviteter, men også de syntetiske forløperne for agrokjemikalier og legemiddelmolekyler1,2. Blant de ulike N-heterocycles, 1,2,3-tiadizoler3,,4 og 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridazines5,6 er de viktigste molekylene, som benyttes som allsidige mellomprodukter i syntetisk kjemi (Figur 1). N Siden modifisering av deres funksjonelle grupper alltid induserer særegne farmakologiske aktiviteter, har omfattende innsats vært viet til å utvikle effektive strategier for syntese av nitrogenholdige heterosykluser, og de ble for det meste syntetisert gjennom termiske cycloaddition reaksjoner7,8,9,10. I dag, for å møte kravene til bærekraftig utvikling og grønn kjemi, fotokaslyse har utøvet stor betydning ogfordeler 11,12,13,14, som inkluderer effektivitet15,16,17,18,19 og unngåelse av stoichiometriske reagenser for aktivering20,21. De kraftige og allsidige mellomprodukter med fire enheter, azoalkenes (1,2-diaza-1,3-dienes)22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29, har vært ansatt som forløpere i metallbaserte Ru(bpy)3Cl2-fotokatalyserte reaksjoner med høy effektivitet for annulering av halogeno hydrazin og ketokarbonyl30. Videre ble det også brukt i det metallfrie Eosin Y fotokatalyserte systemet, men ga det ønskede produktet i bare 7% avkastning. Siden metallfrie fotokatalysatorer viser stor fordel over overgang metallbaserte fotokatalyster, med hensyn til miljøfaktoren samt billigere priser18,19,er det svært viktig å utvikle nye metallfrie fotokatalytiske systemer for syntese av N-heterocycles.

Cercosporin31,32,33,34,35, hypocrellin36,37,38,39,40, elsinochrome41 og fekalrom42,43 ( Figur2) tilhører perylenequinonoid pigmenter (PQPs) i naturen og produseres av endodotiske sopp, som har blitt mye undersøkt om deres fotofysiske og fotobiologiske egenskaper, og brukt i fotodynamisk terapi og fotofysisk diagnose, på grunn av deres sterke absorpsjon i UV-vis-regionen og unike egenskaper av fotosensibilisering36,44,45,46,47. Ved bestråling kan disse PQPs bli bedt om å begeistre tilstand og deretter generere aktive arter gjennom energioverføring (EnT) og elektronoverføring (ET)35,38,44,48,49,50,51,52,53,54. Dermed så vi for oss at disse naturlige PQPs kan benyttes som “metallfrie” fotokatalyster for å drive organiske reaksjoner, som sjelden har blitt undersøkt55,56,57,58,59.

Her rapporterer vi protokollen for biosyntesen av cercosporin fra flytende gjæring og deretter bruke den som en metallfri fotokatalysator for [4+1] annulasjonsreaksjonen av azoalkenes og KSCN, samt [4+2] cyklodimerisering av azoalkenes, som leverer henholdsvis 1,2,3-tiadizoler og 1,4,5,6- tetrahydropyridazines med høy effektivitet under milde forhold (figur 3).

Protocol

MERK: α-Halo-N-acyl-hydrazones ble utarbeidet i henhold til en publisert prosedyre60. Alle løsemidler og andre kjemiske reagenser ble hentet fra kommersielle kilder uten ytterligere rensing. Vi beskrev først syntesen av α-Halo-N-acyl-hydrazones og biosyntesen til cercosporin som en metallfri fotokatalysator. Deretter illustrerte vi protokollene til cercosporin-fotokatalyserte reaksjoner for syntese av 1,2,3-tiadizoler og 1,4,5,6-tetrapyhydroridazines. <p…

Representative Results

Syntese av α-Halo-N-acyl-hydrazones: De syntetiseres i henhold til protokoll 1. Syntese av cercosporin: Det ble syntetisert og renset i henhold til protokoll 2. 1.1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ ppm 14,82 (s, 2H, ArH), 7.06 (s, 2H, ArH), 5.57 (s, 2H, CH2), 4.20 (s, 6H, 2OCH 3 ), 3.62-3.57 (m, m, 6H, 2OCH 3 ), 3.62-3.57 (m, m, 6H, 2OCH 3 ), 3.62-3….

Discussion

Nitrogenholdige heterosykluser er viktige motiver for mange nye legemidler og ble tradisjonelt syntetisert gjennom termiske cycloaddition reaksjoner. På grunn av stor interesse er en ny fotokatalytisk metode for syntese av disse forbindelsene svært ønsket. For å dra nytte av de utmerkede fotosensibiliseringsegenskapene til cercosporin, brukte vi cercosporin som en metallfri fotokatalysator i to kategorier av annulleringsreaksjoner for å syntetisere nitrogenholdige heterosykluser.

Først r…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

Vi takker for National Key R & D Program of China (2018YFA0901700), Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (Grants No. BK20160167), Thousand Talents Plan (Young Professionals), Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (JUSRP51712B), National First-class Discipline Program of Light Industry Technology and Engineering (LITE2018-14) og Postdoctoral Foundation i Jiangsu-provinsen (2018K153C) for finansieringsstøtte.

Materials

2,4'-Dibromoacetophenone ENERGY D0500850050
2'-bromo-4-chloroacetophenone ENERGY A0500400050
2-Bromo-4'-fluoroacetophenone ENERGY A050037-5g
2-Bromoacetophenone ENERGY A0500870050
4-Bromobenzhydrazide ENERGY B0103390010
4-Chlorobenzhydrazide ENERGY D0511130050
4-Fluorobenzhydrazide ENERGY B010461-5g
5 W blue LED PHILIPS 29237328756
Benzoyl hydrazine ENERGY D0500610250
CH2Cl2 SINOPHARM 80047360
CH3CN SINOPHARM S3485101
CH3OH SINOPHARM 100141190
Cs2CO3 ENERGY E060058-25g
Ethyl acetate SINOPHARM 40065986
freeze dryer LABCONCO 7934074
HPLC Agilent 1260 Infinity II
KSCN ENERGY E0104021000
Na2SO4 SINOPHARM 51024461
organic microfiltration membrane SINOPHARM 92412511
S-7 medium Gluose 1g; Fructose 3g; Sucrose 6g; Sodium acetate 1g; Soytone 1g; Phenylalanine 5mg; Sodium benzoate 100mg; 1M KH2P04 buffer ph6.8; Biotin 1mg; Ca(NO3)2 6.5mg; Pyridoxal 1mg; Calcium pantothenate 1mg; Thiamine 1mg; MnCl2 5mg; FeCl3 2mg; Cu(NO3)2 1mg; MgSO4 3.6mg; ZnSO4 2.5mg
Schlenk tub Synthware F891910
sephadex LH-20 column GE 17009001
shaker Lab Tools BSH00847
silica gel ENERGY E011242-1kg
tBuOK ENERGY E0610551000
vacuum bump Greatwall SHB-III
vacuum evaporator
DOWNLOAD MATERIALS LIST

References

  1. Majumdar, K. C., Chattopadhyay, S. K., ed, . Heterocycles in Natural Product Synthesis. , (2011).
  2. Taylor, R. D., MacCoss, M., Lawson, A. D. Rings in drugs. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 57 (14), 5845-5859 (2014).
  3. Bakulev, V. A., Dehaen, W. . The Chemistry of 1,2,3-Thiadiazoles. , (2004).
  4. Dong, W. L., Liu, Z. X., Liu, X. H., Li, Z. M., Zhao, W. G. Synthesis and antiviral activity of new acrylamide derivatives containing 1,2,3-thiadiazole as inhibitors of hepatitis B virus replication. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 45 (5), 1919-1926 (2010).
  5. Combs, D. W., Reese, K., Phillips, A. Nonsteroidal Progesterone-Receptor Ligands. 1. 3-Aryl-1-Benzoyl-1,4,5,6-Tetrahydropyridazines. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 38 (25), 4878-4879 (1995).
  6. Combs, D. W., et al. Nonsteroidal Progesterone-Receptor Ligands. 2. High-Affinity Ligands with Selectivity for Bone Cell Progesterone Receptors. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 38 (25), 4880-4884 (1995).
  7. Xu, S. L., Chen, R. S., Qin, Z. F., Wu, G. P., He, Z. J. Divergent Amine-Catalyzed [4+2] Annulation of Morita-Baylis-Hillman Allylic Acetates with Electron-Deficient Alkenes. Organic Letters. 14 (4), 996-999 (2012).
  8. Ishikawa, T., Kimura, M., Kumoi, T., Iida, H. Coupled Flavin-Iodine Redox Organocatalysts: Aerobic Oxidative Transformation from N-Tosylhydrazones to 1,2,3-Thiadiazoles. ACS Catalysis. 7 (8), 4986-4989 (2017).
  9. Chen, J. F., Jiang, Y., Yu, J. T., Cheng, J. TBAI-Catalyzed Reaction between N-Tosylhydrazones and Sulfur: A Procedure toward 1,2,3-Thiadiazole. Journal of Organic Chemistry. 81 (1), 271-275 (2016).
  10. Liu, B. B., Bai, H. W., Liu, H., Wang, S. Y., Ji, S. J. Cascade Trisulfur Radical Anion (S3(*-)) Addition/Electron Detosylation Process for the Synthesis of 1,2,3-Thiadiazoles and Isothiazoles. Journal of Organic Chemistry. 83 (17), 10281-10288 (2018).
  11. Staveness, D., Bosque, I., Stephenson, C. R. J. Free Radical Chemistry Enabled by Visible Light-Induced Electron Transfer. Accounts of Chemical Research. 49 (10), 2295-2306 (2016).
  12. Corrigan, N., Shanmugam, S., Xu, J. T., Boyer, C. Photocatalysis in organic and polymer synthesis. Chemical Society Reviews. 45 (22), 6165-6212 (2016).
  13. Shaw, M. H., Twilton, J., MacMillan, D. W. C. Photoredox Catalysis in Organic Chemistry. Journal of Organic Chemistry. 81 (16), 6898-6926 (2016).
  14. Marzo, L., Pagire, S. K., Reiser, O., Konig, B. Visible-Light Photocatalysis: Does It Make a Difference in Organic Synthesis?. Angewandte Chemie-International Edition. 57 (32), 10034-10072 (2018).
  15. Prier, C. K., Rankic, D. A., MacMillan, D. W. C. Visible Light Photoredox Catalysis with Transition Metal Complexes: Applications in Organic Synthesis. Chemical Reviews. 113 (7), 5322-5363 (2013).
  16. Reckenthaler, M., Griesbeck, A. G. Photoredox Catalysis for Organic Syntheses. Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis. 355 (14-15), 2727-2744 (2013).
  17. Nicewicz, D. A., Nguyen, T. M. Recent Applications of Organic Dyes as Photoredox Catalysts in Organic Synthesis. ACS Catalysis. 4 (1), 355-360 (2014).
  18. Pitre, S. P., McTiernan, C. D., Scaiano, J. C. Understanding the Kinetics and Spectroscopy of Photoredox Catalysis and Transition-Metal-Free Alternatives. Accounts of Chemical Research. 49 (6), 1320-1330 (2016).
  19. Romero, N. A., Nicewicz, D. A. Organic Photoredox Catalysis. Chemical Reviews. 116 (17), 10075-10166 (2016).
  20. Albini, A., Fagnoni, M. . Photochemically-Generated Intermediates in Synthesis. , (2013).
  21. Chen, J. R., Hu, X. Q., Lu, L. Q., Xiao, W. J. Exploration of Visible-Light Photocatalysis in Heterocycle Synthesis and Functionalization: Reaction Design and Beyond. Accounts of Chemical Research. 49 (9), 1911-1923 (2016).
  22. Attanasi, O. A., et al. Cultivating the Passion to Build Heterocycles from 1,2-Diaza-1,3-dienes: the Force of Imagination. European Journal of Organic Chemistry. 19, 3109-3127 (2009).
  23. Attanasi, O. A., Filippone, P. Working twenty years on conjugated azo-alkenes (and environs) to find new entries in organic synthesis. Synlett. 10, 1128-1140 (1997).
  24. Deng, Y., Pei, C., Arman, H., Dong, K., Xu, X., Doyle, M. P. Syntheses of Tetrahydropyridazine and Tetrahydro-1,2-diazepine Scaffolds through Cycloaddition Reactions of Azoalkenes with Enol Diazoacetates. Organic Letters. 18 (22), 5884-5887 (2016).
  25. Guo, C., Sahoo, B., Daniliuc, C. G., Glorius, F. N-heterocyclic carbene catalyzed switchable reactions of enals with azoalkenes: formal [4+3] and [4+1] annulations for the synthesis of 1,2-diazepines and pyrazoles. Journal of American Chemistry Society. 136 (50), 17402-17405 (2014).
  26. Attanasi, O. A., et al. Interceptive [4+1] annulation of in situ generated 1,2-diaza-1,3-dienes with diazo esters: direct access to substituted mono-, bi-, and tricyclic 4,5-dihydropyrazoles. Journal of Organic Chemistry. 79 (17), 8331-8338 (2014).
  27. Li, J., Huang, R., Xing, Y. K., Qiu, G., Tao, H. Y., Wang, C. J. Catalytic Asymmetric Cascade Vinylogous Mukaiyama 1,6-Michael/Michael Addition of 2-Silyloxyfurans with Azoalkenes: Direct Approach to Fused Butyrolactones. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 137 (32), 10124-10127 (2015).
  28. Huang, R., Chang, X., Li, J., Wang, C. J. Cu(I)-Catalyzed Asymmetric Multicomponent Cascade Inverse Electron-Demand Aza-Diels-Alder/Nucleophilic Addition/Ring-Opening Reaction Involving 2-Methoxyfurans as Efficient Dienophiles. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 138 (12), 3998-4001 (2016).
  29. Tong, M. C., et al. Catalytic asymmetric synthesis of [2,3]-fused indoline heterocycles through inverse-electron-demand aza-Diels-Alder reaction of indoles with azoalkenes. Angew Chemistry International Edition English. 53 (18), 4680-4684 (2014).
  30. Yu, J. M., Lu, G. P., Cai, C. Photocatalytic radical cyclization of alpha-halo hydrazones with beta-ketocarbonyls: facile access to substituted dihydropyrazoles. Chemistry Communication (Camb.). 53 (38), 5342-5345 (2017).
  31. Kuyama, S., Tamura, T. Cercosporin. A pigment of Cercosporina kikuchii Matsumoto et Tomoyasu. I. Cultivation of fungus, isolation and purification of pigment. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 79 (21), 5725-5726 (1957).
  32. Kuyama, S., Tamura, T. Cercosporin. A pigment of Cercosporina kikuchii Matsumoto et Tomoyasu. II. Physical and chemical properties of cercosporin and its derivatives. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 79 (21), 5726-5729 (1957).
  33. Daub, M. E. Resistance of fungi to the photosensitizing toxin, cercosporin. Phytopathology. 77 (11), 1515-1520 (1987).
  34. Jalal, M. A. F., Hossain, M. B., Robeson, D. J., Vanderhelm, D. Cercospora-Beticola Phytotoxins – Cebetins That Are Photoactive, Mg2+-Binding, Chlorinated Anthraquinone Xanthone Conjugates. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 114 (15), 5967-5971 (1992).
  35. Daub, M. E., Ehrenshaft, M. The photoactivated Cercospora toxin cercosporin: Contributions to plant disease and fundamental biology. Annual Review of Phytopathology. 38 (1), 461-490 (2000).
  36. Diwu, Z. J., Lown, J. W. Photosensitization with Anticancer Agents. 14. Perylenequinonoid Pigments as New Potential Photodynamic Therapeutic Agents – Formation of Tautomeric Semiquinone Radicals. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A-Chemistry. 69 (2), 191-199 (1992).
  37. Hu, Y. Z., An, J. Y., Jiang, L. J., Chen, D. W. Spectroscopic Study on the Photoreduction of Hypocrellin-a – Generation of Semiquinone Radical-Anion and Hydroquinone. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A-Chemistry. 89 (1), 45-51 (1995).
  38. Hu, Y. Z., Jiang, L. J., Chiang, L. C. Characteristics of the reaction between semiquinone radical anion of hypocrellin A and oxygen in aprotic media. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A-Chemistry. 94 (1), 37-41 (1996).
  39. Zhang, M. H., et al. Study of electron transfer interaction between hypocrellin and N,N-diethylaniline by UV-visible, fluorescence, electron spin resonance spectra and time-resolved transient absorption spectra. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A-Chemistry. 96 (1-3), 57-63 (1996).
  40. He, Y. Y., An, J. Y., Jiang, L. J. pH Effect on the spectroscopic behavior and photoinduced generation of semiquinone anion radical of hypocrellin B. Dyes and Pigments. 41 (1-2), 79-87 (1999).
  41. Li, C., et al. Photophysical and photosensitive properties of Elsinochrome A. Chinese Science Bulletin. 51 (9), 1050-1054 (2006).
  42. So, K. K., et al. Improved production of phleichrome from the phytopathogenic fungus Cladosporium phlei using synthetic inducers and photodynamic ROS production by phleichrome. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering. 119 (3), 289-296 (2015).
  43. Hudson, J. B., Imperial, V., Haugland, R. P., Diwu, Z. Antiviral activities of photoactive perylenequinones. Photochemistry and Photobiology. 65 (2), 352-354 (1997).
  44. Diwu, Z. J., Lown, J. W. Photosensitization by Anticancer Agents. 12. Perylene Quinonoid Pigments, a Novel Type of Singlet Oxygen Sensitizer. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A-Chemistry. 64 (3), 273-287 (1992).
  45. Diwu, Z. J., Zimmermann, J., Meyer, T., Lown, J. W. Design, Synthesis and Investigation of Mechanisms of Action of Novel Protein-Kinase-C Inhibitors – Perylenequinonoid Pigments. Biochemical Pharmacology. 47 (2), 373-385 (1994).
  46. Guedes, R. C., Eriksson, L. A. Photophysics, photochemistry, and reactivity: Molecular aspects of perylenequinone reactions. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences. 6 (10), 1089-1096 (2007).
  47. Mulrooney, C. A., O’Brien, E. M., Morgan, B. J., Kozlowski, M. C. Perylenequinones: Isolation, Synthesis, and Biological Activity. European Journal of Organic Chemistry. (21), 3887-3904 (2012).
  48. Daub, M. E., Hangarter, R. P. Light-induced production of singlet oxygen and superoxide by the fungal toxin, cercosporin. Plant Physiololgy. 73 (3), 855-857 (1983).
  49. Daub, M. E., Leisman, G. B., Clark, R. A., Bowden, E. F. Reductive Detoxification as a Mechanism of Fungal Resistance to Singlet Oxygen-Generating Photosensitizers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 89 (20), 9588-9592 (1992).
  50. Leisman, G. B., Daub, M. E. Singlet Oxygen Yields, Optical-Properties, and Phototoxicity of Reduced Derivatives of the Photosensitizer Cercosporin. Photochemistry Photobiology. 55 (3), 373-379 (1992).
  51. Bilski, P., Li, M. Y., Ehrenshaft, M., Daub, M. E., Chignell, C. F. Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) and its derivatives are efficient singlet oxygen quenchers and potential fungal antioxidants. Photochemistry Photobiology. 71 (2), 129-134 (2000).
  52. Xing, M. Z., Zhang, X. Z., Sun, Z. L., Zhang, H. Y. Perylenequinones act as broad-spectrum fungicides by generating reactive oxygen species both in the dark and in the light. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 51 (26), 7722-7724 (2003).
  53. Weng, M., Zhang, M. H., Shen, T. Electron transfer interaction between hypocrellin A and biological substrates and quantitative analysis of superoxide anion radicals. Journal of the Chemical Society-Perkin Transactions. 2 (11), 2393-2397 (1997).
  54. Daub, M. E., Li, M., Bilski, P., Chignell, C. F. Dihydrocercosporin singlet oxygen production and subcellular localization: A possible defense against cercosporin phototoxicity in Cercospora. Photochemistry and Photobiology. 71 (2), 135-140 (2000).
  55. Zhang, S. W., et al. Perylenequinonoid-catalyzed photoredox activation for the direct arylation of (het)arenes with sunlight. Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry. 17 (17), 4364-4369 (2019).
  56. Zhang, Y., et al. Perylenequinonoid-Catalyzed [4+1]-and [4+2]-Annulations of Azoalkenes: Photocatalytic Access to 1, 2, 3-Thiadiazole/1, 4, 5, 6-Tetrahydropyridazine Derivatives. Journal of Organic Chemistry. 84 (12), 7711-7721 (2019).
  57. Li, J., et al. Cercosporin-Bioinspired Selective Photooxidation Reactions under Mild Conditions. Green Chemistry. 21 (22), 6073-6081 (2019).
  58. Tang, Z., et al. Cercosporin-bioinspired photoreductive activation of aryl halides under mild conditions. Journal of Catalysis. 380, 1-8 (2019).
  59. Li, J., Bao, W., Zhang, Y., Rao, Y. Cercosporin-photocatalyzed sp3 (C-H) Activation for the Synthesis of Pyrrolo[3,4-c]quinolones. Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry. 17 (40), 8958-8962 (2019).
  60. Wang, F., Chen, C., Deng, G., Xi, C. J. Concise Approach to Benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one via Copper-Catalyzed Tandem Reaction of o-Bromobenzamide and Potassium Thiocyanate in Water. Journal of Organic Chemistry. 77 (8), 4148-4151 (2012).

Tags

CercosporinPhotocatalysis[4+1]-annulation[4+2]-annulationNitrogen-containing HeterocyclesAlpha-Halo-N-acyl-hydrazoneMicrobial Fermentation123-thiadiazole
check_url/60786?article_type=t

Play Video
PDF
DOI
DOWNLOAD MATERIALS LIST
Cite This Article
Icyishaka, P., Li, C., Lu, L., Bao, W., Li, J., Zhang, Y., Rao, Y. Cercosporin-Photocatalyzed [4+1]- and [4+2]-Annulations of Azoalkenes Under Mild Conditions. J. Vis. Exp. (161), e60786, doi:10.3791/60786 (2020).
Download Citation
Reprints and Permissions

View Video

✖

To prove you're not a robot, please enter the text in the image below

CAPTCHA Image
Play CAPTCHA Audio
Refresh Image