用于密集激光辐照实验的微制造目标的自动交付
Summary
提出了一种用高强度激光脉冲对薄金箔进行自动照射的协议。该协议包括微加工目标制造过程的分步描述，以及如何以 0.2 Hz 速率将目标带到激光聚焦的详细指南。
Abstract
所述是一种实验程序，能够对微润滑目标进行大功率激光照射。目标通过在目标操纵器和测距传感器之间运行的闭合反馈回路带到激光聚焦。详细介绍了目标制造过程。以0.2 Hz的速度照射600纳米厚金箔产生的M等级质子束具有代表性的结果。该方法与其他可补充目标系统进行比较，讨论了将拍摄速率提高至10赫兹以上的前景。
Introduction
固体目标的高强度激光照射会产生多种形式的辐射。其中之一是能量在巨型电子伏特（MeV）1级的电能离子的发射。MeV离子的紧凑源具有许多应用的潜力，如质子快速点火2、质子放射成像3、离子放射治疗4和中子第5代。
使激光离子加速度实用是能够以高速率将微米尺度目标精确定位在激光聚焦范围内。几乎没有开发目标交付技术来应对这一挑战。最常见的是基于微米厚磁带的目标系统。这些目标易于补充，并且可以很容易地放置在激光的焦点内。磁带目标已使用VHS6，铜7，Mylar和Kapton8磁带。磁带驱动系统通常由两个用于缠绕和展开的电动线轴和两个垂直销组成，用于将磁带置于位置 9。定位磁带表面的精度通常低于对焦光束的雷利范围。另一种类型的可补充激光靶是液体片10。这些目标迅速交付给相互作用区域，并引入的碎片量非常低。该系统包括一个高压注射器泵，连续提供来自储液罐的液体。最近，新型低温氢喷流11被建立，作为提供超薄、低碎片、可补充目标的手段。
所有这些可补充目标系统的主要缺点是目标材料和几何形状的选择有限，这些材料和几何形状由强度、粘度和熔化温度等机械要求决定。
这里介绍了一个能够以0.2 Hz速率将微机械目标聚焦到高强度激光聚焦的系统。微加工在多功能几何12中提供了多种目标材料。目标定位由商用排量传感器和电动操纵器之间的闭环反馈执行。
目标交付系统测试使用高对比度的20TW激光系统，该系统提供25个长激光脉冲，目标为500mJ。在波拉特等人13中对激光系统的体系结构进行综述，在Gershuni等人第14条中对目标系统进行技术描述。本文提出了一种制作和使用这种系统的详细方法，并展示了超薄金箔靶点激光离子加速度的代表性结果。
图1所示的汤姆森帕拉博拉离子光谱仪（TPIS）15、16用于记录发射离子的能量光谱。在 TPIS 中，加速离子通过平行电场和磁场，从而将它们放在焦点平面的抛物线轨迹上。抛物线曲率取决于离子的电荷质量比，轨迹沿线的位置由离子的能量设置。
位于 TPIS 焦平面的 BAS-TR 成像板 （IP）17 记录冲击离子。IP 连接到机械馈通，以便每次拍摄前可转换到新区域。
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
由于存在一些变化，本协议中描述的目标制造过程很常见（例如，Zaffino等人.在这里，对自动定位操作至关重要的一个独特步骤是，在晶圆背面的环形区域添加纳米刻度粗加工（步骤 1.2.3）。此步骤的目的是增加这些区域晶圆上的光射点漫散散射。测距传感器在晶圆上照射低功率激光束，收集散射光，通过三角测量确定其位移。
上述数据以每 5 s 一次的速率?…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
这项工作得到了以色列科学基金会、第1135/15号赠款和以色列ZzckermanSTEM领导方案的支持，这些方案得到感谢。我们还感谢帕齐基金会、以色列赠款和#27707241-BSF赠款01025495的支持。作者们向特拉维夫大学纳米科学和纳米技术中心表示亲切的感谢。
Materials
| 76.2 x 127mm EFL 90° Protected Gold 100Å Off-Axis Parabolic Mirror | Edmund optics | 35-535 | |
| MicroTrak 3 LTS 120-20 | MTI Instruments | ||
| Ultrafast high power dielectric mirrors for 800 nm | Thorlabs |
References
- Snavely, R. A., et al. Intense High-Energy Proton Beams from Petawatt-Laser Irradiation of Solids. Physical Review Letters. 85, 4945 (2000).
- Tosaki, S., et al. Evaluation of laser-driven ion energies for fusion fast-ignition research. Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics. 2017 (10), 103 (2017).
- Borghesi, M., et al. Proton imaging: a diagnostic for inertial confinement fusion/fast ignitor studies Related content Inertial confinement fusion and fast ignitor studies. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion. 43, 12 (2001).
- Malka, V., et al. Practicability of proton therapy using compact laser systems. Medical Physics. 31 (6), 1587-1592 (2004).
- Roth, M., et al. Laser-Driven Neutron Source Based on the Relativistic Transparency of Solids. Physical Review Letters. 110, 044802 (2013).
- Noaman-Ul-Haq, M., et al. Statistical analysis of laser driven protons using a high-repetition-rate tape drive target system. Physical Review Accelerators and Beams. 20 (4), 41301 (2017).
- Li, Z., et al. Protons and electrons generated from a 5-μm thick copper tape target irradiated by s-, circularly-, and p-polarized 55-fs laser pulses. Physics Letters, Section A: General, Atomic and Solid State Physics. 369 (5-6), 483-487 (2007).
- Shaw, B. H., et al. High-peak-power surface high-harmonic generation at extreme ultra-violet wavelengths from a tape. Journal of Applied Physics. 114 (4), 43106 (2013).
- Fill, E., Bayerl, J., Tommasini, R. A novel tape target for use with repetitively pulsed lasers. Review of Scientific Instruments. 73 (5), 2190-2192 (2002).
- Morrison, J. T., et al. MeV proton acceleration at kHz repetition rate from ultra-intense laser liquid interaction. New Journal of Physics. 20 (2), 22001 (2018).
- Margarone, D., et al. Proton Acceleration Driven by a Nanosecond Laser from a Cryogenic Thin Solid-Hydrogen Ribbon. Physical Review X. 6, 041030 (2016).
- Prencipe, I., et al. Targets for high repetition rate laser facilities: needs, challenges and perspectives. High Power Laser Science and Engineering. 5, 17 (2017).
- Porat, E., et al. Towards direct-laser-production of relativistic surface harmonics. Proceedings Volume 11036, Relativistic Plasma Waves and Particle Beams as Coherent and Incoherent Radiation Sources III. , 110360 (2019).
- Gershuni, Y., et al. A gatling-gun target delivery system for high-intensity laser irradiation experiments. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 934, 58-62 (2019).
- Jung, D., et al. Development of a high resolution and high dispersion Thomson parabola. Review of Scientific Instruments. 82 (1), 13306 (2011).
- Cobble, J. A., et al. High-resolution Thomson parabola for ion analysis. Review of Scientific Instruments. 82 (11), 113504 (2011).
- Mančić, A., Fuchs, J., Antici, P., Gaillard, S. A., Audebert, P. Absolute calibration of photostimulable image plate detectors used as high-energy proton detectors. Review of Scientific Instruments. 79, 73301 (2008).
- Mattox, D. M. . Processing. Handbook of Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) Processing. , (2007).
- Astrom, K. J., Murray, R. M. . Feedback Systems: An Introduction for Scientists and Engineers. , (2006).
- Passoni, M., Bertagna, L., Zani, A. Target normal sheath acceleration: Theory, comparison with experiments and future perspectives. New Journal of Physics. 12, 045012 (2010).
- Roth, M., Schollmeier, M. Ion Acceleration: TNSA. Laser-Plasma Interactions and Applications. , 303-350 (2013).
- Zaffino, R., et al. Efficient proton acceleration from a 3 TW table-top laser interacting with submicrometric mass-produced solid targets. Journal of Physics Communications. 2 (4), 41001 (2018).
- Harres, K., et al. Development and calibration of a Thomson parabola with microchannel plate for the detection of laser-accelerated MeV ions. Review of Scientific Instruments. 79 (9), 93306 (2008).
- Robinson, A. P. L., et al. Spectral modification of laser-accelerated proton beams by self-generated magnetic fields Related content New Journal of Physics Spectral modification of laser-accelerated proton beams by self-generated magnetic fields. New Journal of Physics. 11 (15), 83018 (2009).
- Treffert, F., et al. Design and implementation of a Thomson parabola for fluence dependent energy-loss measurements at the Neutralized Drift Compression experiment. Review of Scientific Instruments. 89 (10), 103302 (2018).
- Pappalardo, A., Cosentino, L., Finocchiaro, P. An imaging technique for detection and absolute calibration of scintillation light. Review of Scientific Instruments. 81 (3), 33308 (2010).
