Electrocardiogram Recordings in Anesthetized Mice using Lead II

Summary

We present an ECG protocol that is technically easy, inexpensive, fast, and affordable in small mice, and can be performed with enhanced sensitivity. We suggest this method as a screening approach for studying pharmacological agents, genetic modifications, and disease models in mice.

Abstract

The electrocardiogram is a valuable tool for evaluating the cardiac conduction system. Animal research has helped generate novel genetic and pharmacological information regarding the electrocardiogram. However, making electrocardiogram measurements in small animals in vivo, such as mice, has been challenging. To this end, we used an electrocardiogram recording method in anesthetized mice with many advantages: it is a technically simple procedure, is inexpensive, has short measuring time, and is affordable, even in young mice. Despite the limitations with using anesthesia, comparisons between control and experimental groups can be performed with enhanced sensitivity. We treated mice with agonists and antagonists of the autonomic nervous system to determine the validity of this protocol and compared our results with previous reports. Our ECG protocol detected increased heart rates and QTc intervals on treatment with atropine, decreased heart rates and QTc intervals after carbachol treatment, and higher heart rates and QTc intervals with isoprenaline but did not note any change in ECG parameters on administration of propranolol. These results are supported by previous reports, confirming the reliability of this ECG protocol. Thus, this method can be used as a screening approach to making ECG measurements that otherwise would not be attempted due to high cost and technical difficulties.

Introduction

The electrocardiogram (ECG), a test that measures the electrical activity of one’s heartbeat, is a valuable tool for evaluating the cardiac conduction system. The parameters that are measured by an ECG include heart rate, PR interval, QRS duration, and QT interval. In brief, PR interval corresponds to the time that is required for an electrical impulse to travel from the atrial sinus node through the atrioventricular node to the Purkinje fibers; QRS duration is the time for ventricular depolarization to occur through the Purkinje system and ventricular myocardium; and QT interval is the duration of ventricular repolarization.

ECG reco....

Protocol

All animal procedures were approved by the local committee for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, Kyung Hee University (license number: KHUASP(SE)-18-108) and conformed to the US National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.

1. Experimental animals

1. Keep all mice (39 mice, Balb/c, male, 7‒9 weeks old) in a pathogen-free facility as per the guide for the care and use of laboratory animals.
2. Maintain the mice on a 12 h light/dark cycle at constant temperature with free access to food and water.

2. Preparation of anesthetics

Results

Pharmacological experiments

To determine whether our noninvasive ECG measurement reflects the influence of autonomic modulation on the cardiac conduction system, normal Balb/c mice were challenged with agonists and antagonists of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Atropine and carbachol were used to effect parasympathetic autonomic blockade and stimulation, respectively, whereas propranolol and isoprenaline were administered to elicit sympathetic autonomic blockade and stimul.......

Discussion

There are several critical steps in the protocol. The surrounding environment should be free from noise and vibration. The ECG electrodes must be inserted under the skin stably and consistently of which the insertion step requires preliminary experiments until the researcher is technically experienced. Further, the anesthetic should be prepared and stored appropriately and used at the proper dose. Finally, the PQRS waves should be located appropriately in individual ECG beats in the Averaging View window.

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
2,2,2-tribromoethanol	Sigma-Aldrich	T48402-25G	anesthetics, Avertin
Animal	Japan SLC, Inc., Shizuoka, Japan		Balb/c mice, male, aged 7-9 weeks
Atropine	Sigma-Aldrich	A0123	parasympathetic antagonist
BioAmp	AD Instruments, Bella Vista, Australia	ML132	bio amplifier
Carbachol	Sigma-Aldrich	C4382	parasympathetic agonist
Electrodes with acupuncture needles	DongBang Acupuncture Inc., Sungnam, Korea	DB106	0.20 x 15 mm
Isoprenaline	Sigma-Aldrich	I2760	sympathetic agonist
LabChart 8	AD Instruments, Bella Vista, Australia		data analysis software
Mouse food	LabDiet, St. Louis, MO, USA	5L79	Mouse diet
PowerLab 2/28	AD Instruments, Bella Vista, Australia		data acquisition system
Propranolol	Sigma-Aldrich	P0884	sympathetic antagonist
SPSS Statistics program	SPSS	SPSS 25.0	statistics program