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Medicine

血液透析患者における近赤外分光法を用いた組織酸素化の測定

Published: October 2, 2020 doi: 10.3791/61721
* These authors contributed equally

Summary

近赤外分光モニターを用いて血液透析(HD)患者の局所酸素飽和度(rSO2)を測定するためのプロトコルを提示する。rSO2値は、組織の酸素化の指標である。この非侵襲的でリアルタイムのモニタリングは、HD中の臓器酸素化の変化を確認するのに役立つ可能性があります。

Abstract

近赤外分光法(NIRS)は、心臓血管外科や脳外科、新生児モニタリング、病院前医療などの臨床現場で、組織の酸素化のマーカーである局所酸素飽和度(rSO2)を測定するためのツールとして最近適用されています。NIRSモニタリングデバイスはリアルタイムで非侵襲的であり、主に手術中または集中治療中の重症患者の脳酸素化を評価するために使用されてきました。これまでのところ、血液透析(HD)を含む慢性腎臓病(CKD)患者におけるNIRSモニタリングの使用は制限されています。そこで、HD中の一部の臓器におけるrSO2値を調べた。近赤外光を2波長の付着で透過するNIRS装置を用いてrSO2値をモニターした。HD患者は仰臥位に置かれ、rSO 2測定センサーを額、右心気症、下肢に取り付けて、それぞれ脳、肝臓、下腿の筋肉のrSO2を評価しました。NIRSモニタリングは、HD中の臓器酸素化の変化やCKD患者の組織酸素化に影響を与える要因を明らかにするための新しいアプローチになる可能性があります。この記事では、HD患者に適用されるrSO2で表される組織酸素化を測定するためのプロトコルについて説明します。

Introduction

近赤外分光法(NIRS)は、組織の酸素化、特にさまざまな臨床現場での脳酸素化のマーカーである局所酸素飽和度(rSO2)を評価するために使用されており1,2,3、最近、血液透析(HD)を受けている患者に適用されています4,5,6,7,8,9,1011.脳rSO2は、HDまたは透析されていない慢性腎臓病(CKD)の患者の認知機能に関連していると報告されています11,12。しかし、これまでのところ、CKD患者におけるNIRSモニタリングの使用は限られている。

NIRSモニタリングはリアルタイムかつ非侵襲的であるため、HDを受けている患者のモニタリングデバイスとしての有用性を評価しました。NIRSは主に脳のrSO2の測定に用いられますが、HD中の他の臓器のrSO2値も調査しました。 具体的には、rSO2測定センサーを額、右心気症、下肢に取り付けて、それぞれ脳、肝臓、下肢のrSO2を評価しました。その結果、NIRSモニタリングは、HD時の臓器酸素化の変化やCKD患者の組織酸素化に影響を与える要因を明らかにするための新しいアプローチである可能性があることが示されました。

現在までに、臨床現場でのHD、血液量モニタリング、中心静脈酸素飽和度、胸部アドミタンス、および電子聴診器ガイド推定血圧(BP)中に継続的なモニタリングが実施されました13,14,15;ただし、低血圧の予測やデバイスの幅広い使用には制限があります。対照的に、ここでの新しい非侵襲的アプローチは、個々の臓器における透析内酸素動態に関するリアルタイムの情報を提供する可能性があります。したがって、このモニタリング方法は、透析内低血圧の初期段階における一過性臓器虚血の検出を可能にし、HDの安全な性能も可能にし得る。この記事では、HDを受けている患者に適用される、rSO2で表される組織酸素化を測定するためのプロトコルについて説明します。

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Protocol

すべての参加者は書面によるインフォームドコンセントを提供しました。この研究は、自治医科大学埼玉医療センターの治験審査委員会(RIN 15–104)によって承認されました。

1. rSO2の監視装置

  1. 組織の酸素化を測定するためのNIRS装置を準備します。このデバイスには4つのチャンネルがあり、最大4つの臓器で同時に測定を実行できます。
  2. NIRSモニタリング用の測定センサーを用意し、2波長の付着で近赤外光を透過させることで各臓器のrSO2値を評価した。

2. 測定センサーの取り付け

  1. HDの前に、各患者を仰臥位で少なくとも5分間休ませます。
  2. 測定センサーを額、右心気症、下肢に取り付けて、脳、肝臓、下腿の筋肉のrSO2 をそれぞれ評価します。
  3. 脳酸素化のモニタリング
    1. 測定センサーを支配的な半球の額に取り付けます。
  4. 肝酸素化のモニタリング
    1. 体表から患者の肝臓までの深さを測定するためのエコー検査を準備します。この測定値が体表から20〜30 mm以内にあることを確認してください。次に、測定センサーを右心気症に取り付けます。
      注:この装置では、rSO2 値は体表から20〜30 mmの深部組織で取得する必要があります。場合によっては、肝臓は、厚い皮下脂肪の存在のために体表面から30mm以上に位置することがある。
  5. 筋肉の酸素化のモニタリング
    1. 測定センサーを右腿または両側の下肢に取り付けます。
  6. センサー接続とデバイスへの電力供給
    1. 各センサーをデバイスからのリード線に接続します。次に、デバイスの電源を入れ、酸素化の測定を開始します。

3.透析シャントの穿刺とモニタリングの開始

  1. 透析シャントの穿刺
    1. 患者の透析シャントに穴を開けて、HD療法を開始します。このとき、透析装置に備え付けたデジタル血圧計を用いて血圧を測定し、注射器を用いて血液サンプルを採取する。
  2. 監視を開始する
    1. HD療法を開始した後、脳、肝臓、下肢の筋肉の3つの臓器の組織酸素化のモニタリングを開始します。
  3. HD中のrSO2 のモニタリング
    1. 各臓器のrSO2 値の変化を観察し、心拍数、静脈圧、血液量などのHD療法中に行われる通常のモニタリングに加えて、定期的に血圧を測定します。センサーとリード間の取り付け領域と接続を確認してください。

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Representative Results

HD前の脳rSO2値は健常者よりも低く、糖尿病(DM)のHD患者の脳rSO2はDMのないHD患者の値よりも低かった(図1)16。さらに、HD期間中はBPの低下なしに組織の酸素化が継続しますが、透析内低血圧による脳および肝臓のrSO2の変化が偶発的に観察されました(図2)。継続的なモニタリングにより、組織の酸素化の変化は、断続的にモニタリングされたBPよりも迅速に観察されました。 データは標準誤差±平均値として表した。対応のない値の分散分析を使用して、3つのグループを比較しました。

Figure 1
図1:糖尿病のHD患者(n=27)、糖尿病のないHD患者(n=27)および健常者(n=28)におけるHD前の脳rSO2の比較。患者は男性38人、女性16人で、平均年齢は67.7歳±1.2歳、HD期間は6.5歳±1.9歳でした。慢性腎臓病の原因はDM(27例)、慢性糸球体腎炎(14例)、腎硬化症(4例)、多発性嚢胞腎(4例)、その他(5例)であった。エラーバーは標準誤差を示します。データは、以前のレポート16に基づいており、図は修正されています。DM;真性糖尿病、HD;血液透析、rSO2;地域の酸素飽和度。この図の拡大版を表示するには、ここをクリックしてください。

Figure 2
図2:急性透析内低血圧患者における脳および肝臓のrSO2 の変化。BP;血圧、時間;時間、rSO2;地域の酸素飽和度、UFR。限外ろ過速度。 この図の拡大版を表示するには、ここをクリックしてください。

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Discussion

NIRSモニタリングは、特に体外循環を必要とする心血管または脳血管手術において、主に脳rSO2を評価するために使用されてきました。HD療法を含む体外循環中に、一部の臓器は相対虚血を示す可能性があります7,17,18;しかし、組織の酸素化が低くなるかどうかは不明である。HD中の筋肉のけいれんまたは腹痛は、臓器低灌流を介した透析内低血圧の前駆症状の1つである可能性があります。しかし、HD療法では、組織の酸素化をリアルタイムで評価する方法は現在ありません。そこで、このモニタリング装置を用いて、上記のプロトコルを用いて臓器の酸素化を評価することに注力しました。このプロトコルはHD患者にとって非侵襲的であり、組織の酸素化の変化をリアルタイムで確認するのに役立ちます。

図1に示すように、HD患者における脳rSO2は、DMを有しない患者におけるそれよりも低かった。さらに、より高い血管石灰化はより低い脳酸素化と関連していた19。したがって、微小血管障害および大血管障害は、脳酸素化の障害と関連している可能性があります。さらに、脳rSO2はHD患者4において60-150mmHg以内で比較的一定に維持されていた。しかし、透析内低血圧では、血圧の急激な低下が臓器の酸素化の変化につながる可能性があります(図2)。このプロトコルによるrSO2値の変化を観察する前に、HD中の組織酸素化の影響を確認することはできませんでした。継続的な動脈圧モニタリングに加えて、BPは一般的に断続的に評価されます。対照的に、NIRSによる継続的なモニタリングは、HD中のBPの変化によって検出される前に、臓器の酸素化の変化を検出できる可能性があります。これにより、血圧低下の確認に先立って低酸素状態を観察することができた。BPの変化に加えて、輸血、低密度リポタンパク質アフェレーシスおよび限外濾過は、下肢のrSO20、2122などの臓器酸素化の変化を引き起こす可能性がある。したがって、HD中の臓器酸素化の急激な変化に注意を払う必要があります。

このプロトコルにはいくつかの制限があります。まず、脳rSO2は額からしか測定できませんでした。しかし、後脳循環においてこの評価を行うことは困難である。測定センサはシールタイプなので、髪に固定することができます。次に、肝rSO2の測定には皮下脂肪厚の確認が必要である。肥満の患者では、近赤外光が標的臓器に到達できなかったため、測定されたrSO2は正確ではない可能性があります。第三に、rSO2値は、体の動きまたは位置(すなわち、仰臥位および座位)によって影響を受ける可能性がある。したがって、HD中は、患者はベッドにいる間、できるだけ同じ位置で測定する必要があります。

さらに、このプロトコルで測定されたrSO2値は混合静脈飽和度を表し、これは静脈(70〜80%)、毛細血管(5%)、および動脈(20〜25%)の血液における組織の酸素化を反映しています23。したがって、rSO2値の変化は、必ずしも経皮的酸素飽和度の変化と平行ではない2425。したがって、測定されたrSO2値は慎重に解釈する必要があります。さらに、このプロトコルは、NIRSモニタリング装置が利用可能であれば、実行が容易で患者にとって非侵襲的です。したがって、この方法は広く一般的な汎用性を提供するであろう。将来的には、このNIRSモニタリングに透析モニターとして透析装置が搭載されることを期待しています。

結論として、HDを受けている患者におけるNIRSによる組織酸素化の測定のためのプロトコルを記載した。HD中のこのモニタリングは、HD療法の影響を受ける組織酸素化の変化に関する新しい発見を提供する可能性があります。

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Disclosures

利益相反はありません。

Acknowledgments

自治医科大学埼玉医療センターの透析スタッフと腎臓内科の方々に感謝します。英語の編集をしてくださったエディテージ(www.editage.com)に感謝します。

Materials

Name Company Catalog Number Comments
DBB-100NX Nikkiso DBB-100NX Dialysis machine
INVOS 5100c Covidien Japan INVOSTM 5100c tissue oxygenation device
SOMASENSER Covidien Japan CV-SAFB-SM/INTL NIRS sensor

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References

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  7. Malik, J., et al. Tissue ischemia worsens during hemodialysis in end-stage renal disease patients. The Journal of Vascular Access. 18 (1), 47-51 (2017).
  8. Ito, K., et al. Cerebral oxygenation improvement is associated with hemoglobin increase after hemodialysis initiation. TheInternational Journal of Artificial Organs. , (2020).
  9. Valerianova, A., et al. Factors responsible for cerebral hypoxia in hemodialysis population. Physiological Research. 68 (4), 651-658 (2019).
  10. Ookawara, S., et al. Associations of cerebral oxygenation with hemoglobin levels evaluated by near-infrared spectroscopy in hemodialysis patients. PLoS One. 15 (8), 0236720 (2020).
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  12. Miyazawa, H., et al. Association of cerebral oxygenation with estimated glomerular filtration rate and cognitive function in chronic kidney disease patients without dialysis therapy. PLoS One. 13 (6), 0199366 (2018).
  13. Locatelli, F., et al. Haemodialysis with on-line monitoring equipment: tools or toys. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 20 (1), 22-33 (2005).
  14. Cordtz, J., Olde, B., Solem, K., Ladefoged, S. D. Central venous oxygen saturation and thoracic admittance during dialysis: new approaches to hemodynamic monitoring. Hemodialysis International. 12 (3), 369-377 (2008).
  15. Kamijo, Y., et al. Continuous monitoring of blood pressure by analyzing the blood flow sound of arteriovenous fistula in hemodialysis patients. Clinical and Experimental Nephrology. 22 (3), 677-683 (2018).
  16. Ito, K., et al. Factors affecting cerebral oxygenation in hemodialysis patients: cerebral oxygenation associates with pH, hemodialysis duration, serum albumin concentration, and diabetes mellitus. PLoS One. 10 (2), 0117474 (2015).
  17. Imai, S., et al. Deterioration of Hepatic Oxygenation Precedes an Onset of Intradialytic Hypotension with Little Change in Blood Volume during Hemodialysis. Blood Purification. 45 (4), 345-346 (2018).
  18. Cho, A. R., Kwon, J. Y., Kim, C., Hong, J. M., Kang, C. Effect of sensor location on regional cerebral oxygen saturation measured by INVOS 5100 in on-pump cardiac surgery. Journal of Anesthesia. 31 (2), 178-184 (2017).
  19. Ito, K., et al. Deterioration of cerebral oxygenation by aortic arch calcification progression in patients undergoing hemodialysis: A cross-sectional study. BioMed Research International. , 2852514 (2017).
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  21. Ito, K., et al. Improvement of bilateral lower-limb muscle oxygenation by low-density lipoprotein apheresis in a patient with peripheral artery disease undergoing hemodialysis. Nefrologia. 39 (1), 90-92 (2019).
  22. Kitano, T., et al. Changes in tissue oxygenation in response to sudden intradialytic hypotension. Journal of Artificial Organs. 23 (2), 187-190 (2020).
  23. Lemmers, P. M. A., Toet, M. C., van Bel, F. Impact of patent ductus arteriosus and subsequent therapy with indomethacin on cerebral oxygenation in preterm infants. Pediatrics. 121, 142-147 (2008).
  24. Ito, K., et al. Sleep apnea syndrome caused lowering of cerebral oxygenation in a hemodialysis patient: a case report and literature review. Renal Replacement Therapy. 4, 54 (2018).
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Tags

医学、第164号、組織酸素化、血液透析、近赤外分光法、局所酸素飽和度、透析内低血圧、低酸素症、糖尿病
血液透析患者における近赤外分光法を用いた組織酸素化の測定
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Cite this Article

Ito, K., Ookawara, S., Uchida, T.,More

Ito, K., Ookawara, S., Uchida, T., Hayasaka, H., Kofuji, M., Miyazawa, H., Aomatsu, A., Ueda, Y., Hirai, K., Morishita, Y. Measurement of Tissue Oxygenation Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis. J. Vis. Exp. (164), e61721, doi:10.3791/61721 (2020).

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  • Research • Medicine
    Testing of all Six Semicircular Canals with Video Head Impulse Test Systems
  • Research • Medicine
    Protocol and Guidelines for Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Diagnosing Neonatal Pulmonary Diseases Based on International Expert Consensus
  • Research • Neuroscience
    Bilateral Assessment of the Corticospinal Pathways of the Ankle Muscles Using Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
  • Research • Medicine
    Targeting Gray Rami Communicantes in Selective Chemical Lumbar Sympathectomy
  • Research • Medicine
    Multi-Modal Home Sleep Monitoring in Older Adults
  • Research • Medicine
    Cardiac Magnetic Resonance for the Evaluation of Suspected Cardiac Thrombus: Conventional and Emerging Techniques
  • Research • Medicine
    Observational Study Protocol for Repeated Clinical Examination and Critical Care Ultrasonography Within the Simple Intensive Care Studies
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurements of Motor Function and Other Clinical Outcome Parameters in Ambulant Children with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of the Efficacy of An Osteopathic Treatment in Infants with Biomechanical Impairments to Suckling
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantification of Levator Ani Hiatus Enlargement by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Males and Females with Pelvic Organ Prolapse
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative [18F]-Naf-PET-MRI Analysis for the Evaluation of Dynamic Bone Turnover in a Patient with Facetogenic Low Back Pain
  • Research • Medicine
    Generation of Human 3D Lung Tissue Cultures (3D-LTCs) for Disease Modeling
  • Research • Medicine
    Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
  • Research • Medicine
    Combining Volumetric Capnography And Barometric Plethysmography To Measure The Lung Structure-function Relationship
  • Research • Medicine
    Two-Dimensional X-Ray Angiography to Examine Fine Vascular Structure Using a Silicone Rubber Injection Compound
  • Research • Medicine
    Preparation, Procedures and Evaluation of Platelet-Rich Plasma Injection in the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis
  • Research • Medicine
    Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging at 7 Tesla
  • Research • Medicine
    Semi-quantitative Assessment Using [18F]FDG Tracer in Patients with Severe Brain Injury
  • Research • Medicine
    Handheld Metal Detector Screening for Metallic Foreign Body Ingestion in Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Conducting Maximal and Submaximal Endurance Exercise Testing to Measure Physiological and Biological Responses to Acute Exercise in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    A Metadata Extraction Approach for Clinical Case Reports to Enable Advanced Understanding of Biomedical Concepts
  • Research • Medicine
    Autonomic Function Following Concussion in Youth Athletes: An Exploration of Heart Rate Variability Using 24-hour Recording Methodology
  • Research • Medicine
    Hydra, a Computer-Based Platform for Aiding Clinicians in Cardiovascular Analysis and Diagnosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Objective Nociceptive Assessment in Ventilated ICU Patients: A Feasibility Study Using Pupillometry and the Nociceptive Flexion Reflex
  • Research • Medicine
    'Boden Food Plate': Novel Interactive Web-based Method for the Assessment of Dietary Intake
  • Research • Medicine
    Anogenital Distance and Perineal Measurements of the Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) Quantification System
  • Research • Medicine
    Bedside Ultrasound for Guiding Fluid Removal in Patients with Pulmonary Edema: The Reverse-FALLS Protocol
  • Research • Medicine
    Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation of Primary Human Decidual Cells from the Fetal Membranes of Term Placentae
  • Research • Medicine
    Skeletal Muscle Neurovascular Coupling, Oxidative Capacity, and Microvascular Function with 'One Stop Shop' Near-infrared Spectroscopy
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting Hair Samples for Hair Cortisol Analysis in African Americans
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vivo Morphometric Analysis of Human Cranial Nerves Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Menière's Disease Ears and Normal Hearing Ears
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (Cf-PWV) to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness
  • Research • Medicine
    Standardized Measurement of Nasal Membrane Transepithelial Potential Difference (NPD)
  • Research • Medicine
    Taste Exam: A Brief and Validated Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Absorption of Nasal and Bronchial Fluids: Precision Sampling of the Human Respiratory Mucosa and Laboratory Processing of Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Methodology for Sputum Induction and Laboratory Processing
  • Research • Medicine
    Electrophysiological Measurement of Noxious-evoked Brain Activity in Neonates Using a Flat-tip Probe Coupled to Electroencephalography
  • Research • Medicine
    A Detailed Protocol for Physiological Parameters Acquisition and Analysis in Neurosurgical Critical Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Oral Biofilm Sampling for Microbiome Analysis in Healthy Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia
  • Research • Medicine
    Application of an Amplitude-integrated EEG Monitor (Cerebral Function Monitor) to Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    3D Ultrasound Imaging: Fast and Cost-effective Morphometry of Musculoskeletal Tissue
  • Research • Medicine
    The 4-vessel Sampling Approach to Integrative Studies of Human Placental Physiology In Vivo
  • Research • Medicine
    A Component-resolved Diagnostic Approach for a Study on Grass Pollen Allergens in Chinese Southerners with Allergic Rhinitis and/or Asthma
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
  • Research • Medicine
    A Method for Quantifying Upper Limb Performance in Daily Life Using Accelerometers
  • Research • Medicine
    Non-invasive Assessments of Subjective and Objective Recovery Characteristics Following an Exhaustive Jump Protocol
  • Research • Medicine
    Experimental Protocol of a Three-minute, All-out Arm Crank Exercise Test in Spinal-cord Injured and Able-bodied Individuals
  • Research • Medicine
    Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Pulmonary Capillary Blood Volume, Membrane Diffusing Capacity, and Intrapulmonary Arteriovenous Anastomoses During Exercise
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Child Anthropometry in a Large Epidemiologic Study
  • Research • Medicine
    Video Movement Analysis Using Smartphones (ViMAS): A Pilot Study
  • Research • Medicine
    Network Analysis of Foramen Ovale Electrode Recordings in Drug-resistant Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Induction and Assessment of Exertional Skeletal Muscle Damage in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    A Detailed Protocol for Perspiration Monitoring Using a Novel, Small, Wireless Device
  • Research • Medicine
    Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
  • Research • Medicine
    Integrated Compensatory Responses in a Human Model of Hemorrhage
  • Research • Medicine
    Transthoracic Speckle Tracking Echocardiography for the Quantitative Assessment of Left Ventricular Myocardial Deformation
  • Research • Medicine
    Impression Cytology of the Lid Wiper Area
  • Research • Behavior
    A Protocol of Manual Tests to Measure Sensation and Pain in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    Unbiased Deep Sequencing of RNA Viruses from Clinical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    A Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cell-based Model of the Human Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier to Study Bacterial Infection from the Basolateral Side
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Profiling of MicroRNA-containing Exosomes from Human Bile
  • Research • Medicine
    Generation of Microtumors Using 3D Human Biogel Culture System and Patient-derived Glioblastoma Cells for Kinomic Profiling and Drug Response Testing
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Using a Laminating Technique to Perform Confocal Microscopy of the Human Sclera
  • Research • Medicine
    Intravenous Endotoxin Challenge in Healthy Humans: An Experimental Platform to Investigate and Modulate Systemic Inflammation
  • Research • Medicine
    Modeling and Simulations of Olfactory Drug Delivery with Passive and Active Controls of Nasally Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols
  • Research • Medicine
    Exosomal miRNA Analysis in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Patients' Plasma Through qPCR: A Feasible Liquid Biopsy Tool
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multimodal Imaging- and Stimulation-based Method of Evaluating Connectivity-related Brain Excitability in Patients with Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges
  • Research • Medicine
    Using Saccadometry with Deep Brain Stimulation to Study Normal and Pathological Brain Function
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Fundus Autofluorescence for the Evaluation of Retinal Diseases
  • Research • Medicine
    Diagnosis of Musculus Gastrocnemius Tightness - Key Factors for the Clinical Examination
  • Research • Medicine
    Stereo-Electro-Encephalo-Graphy (SEEG) With Robotic Assistance in the Presurgical Evaluation of Medical Refractory Epilepsy: A Technical Note
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Transcutaneous Microcirculatory Imaging in Preterm Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    Using an Ingestible Telemetric Temperature Pill to Assess Gastrointestinal Temperature During Exercise
  • Research • Medicine
    Design, Fabrication, and Administration of the Hand Active Sensation Test (HASTe)
  • Research • Medicine
    MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder
  • Research • Medicine
    Functional Human Liver Preservation and Recovery by Means of Subnormothermic Machine Perfusion
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multicenter MRI Protocol for the Evaluation and Quantification of Deep Vein Thrombosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Determining The Electromyographic Fatigue Threshold Following a Single Visit Exercise Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of Electromagnetic Navigational Transthoracic Needle Aspiration (E-TTNA) for Sampling of Lung Nodules
  • Research • Medicine
    Trabecular Meshwork Response to Pressure Elevation in the Living Human Eye
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vivo, Percutaneous, Needle Based, Optical Coherence Tomography of Renal Masses
  • Research • Medicine
    Establishment of Human Epithelial Enteroids and Colonoids from Whole Tissue and Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Human Brown Adipose Tissue Depots Automatically Segmented by Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography and Registered Magnetic Resonance Images
  • Research • Medicine
    Preparation and Respirometric Assessment of Mitochondria Isolated from Skeletal Muscle Tissue Obtained by Percutaneous Needle Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    A Methodological Approach to Non-invasive Assessments of Vascular Function and Morphology
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Immortalization of Patient-derived Cell Lines from Muscle Biopsy for Disease Modeling
  • Research • Medicine
    State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
  • Research • Medicine
    The Supraclavicular Fossa Ultrasound View for Central Venous Catheter Placement and Catheter Change Over Guidewire
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of the Brachial Artery in Clinical Research
  • Research • Medicine
    Tracking the Mammary Architectural Features and Detecting Breast Cancer with Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes
  • Research • Medicine
    DTI of the Visual Pathway - White Matter Tracts and Cerebral Lesions
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection, Isolation, and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Human Endocervical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multi-Modal Approach to Assessing Recovery in Youth Athletes Following Concussion
  • Research • Medicine
    Clinical Assessment of Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Patients and Older Adults
  • Research • Medicine
    Multi-electrode Array Recordings of Human Epileptic Postoperative Cortical Tissue
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection and Extraction of Saliva DNA for Next Generation Sequencing
  • Research • Medicine
    Fast and Accurate Exhaled Breath Ammonia Measurement
  • Research • Medicine
    Developing Neuroimaging Phenotypes of the Default Mode Network in PTSD: Integrating the Resting State, Working Memory, and Structural Connectivity
  • Research • Medicine
    Two Methods for Establishing Primary Human Endometrial Stromal Cells from Hysterectomy Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Coordinate Mapping of Hyolaryngeal Mechanics in Swallowing
  • Research • Medicine
    Network Analysis of the Default Mode Network Using Functional Connectivity MRI in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    EEG Mu Rhythm in Typical and Atypical Development
  • Research • Medicine
    The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT): An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Functional Characterization of Human Ventricular Cardiomyocytes from Fresh Surgical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Primary Culture of Human Vestibular Schwannomas
  • Research • Medicine
    Utility of Dissociated Intrinsic Hand Muscle Atrophy in the Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Lesion Explorer: A Video-guided, Standardized Protocol for Accurate and Reliable MRI-derived Volumetrics in Alzheimer's Disease and Normal Elderly
  • Research • Medicine
    Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Culture, and Imaging of Human Fetal Pancreatic Cell Clusters
  • Research • Medicine
    3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Computerized Dynamic Posturography for Postural Control Assessment in Patients with Intermittent Claudication
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting Saliva and Measuring Salivary Cortisol and Alpha-amylase in Frail Community Residing Older Adults via Family Caregivers
  • Research • Medicine
    Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Analysis of Neurodegenerative Diseases
  • Research • Medicine
    Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Retinal Surgical Specimens Using jouRNAl
  • Research • Medicine
    Improved Protocol For Laser Microdissection Of Human Pancreatic Islets From Surgical Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Respiratory Muscle Activation Using Respiratory Motor Control Assessment (RMCA) in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury
  • Research • Medicine
    Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting And Measuring Wound Exudate Biochemical Mediators In Surgical Wounds
  • Research • Medicine
    A Research Method For Detecting Transient Myocardial Ischemia In Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome Using Continuous ST-segment Analysis
  • Research • Medicine
    Using a Chemical Biopsy for Graft Quality Assessment
  • Research • Medicine
    Characterizing Exon Skipping Efficiency in DMD Patient Samples in Clinical Trials of Antisense Oligonucleotides
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vitro Assessment of Cardiac Function Using Skinned Cardiomyocytes
  • Research • Medicine
    Normothermic Ex Situ Heart Perfusion in Working Mode: Assessment of Cardiac Function and Metabolism
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Vascular Control Mechanisms Utilizing Video Microscopy of Isolated Resistance Arteries of Rats
  • Research • Medicine
    Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) for Research; Obtaining Adequate Sample Yield
  • Research • Medicine
    Non-invasive Optical Measurement of Cerebral Metabolism and Hemodynamics in Infants
  • Research • Medicine
    Tilt Testing with Combined Lower Body Negative Pressure: a "Gold Standard" for Measuring Orthostatic Tolerance
  • Research • Medicine
    Driving Simulation in the Clinic: Testing Visual Exploratory Behavior in Daily Life Activities in Patients with Visual Field Defects
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Characterization and Comparative Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Derived from Permanent Teeth by Using Two Different Methods
  • Research • Medicine
    Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking (IPL): Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Intraoperative Detection of Subtle Endometriosis: A Novel Paradigm for Detection and Treatment of Pelvic Pain Associated with the Loss of Peritoneal Integrity
  • Research • Medicine
    The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection Protocol for Human Pancreas
  • Research • Medicine
    The α-test: Rapid Cell-free CD4 Enumeration Using Whole Saliva
  • Research • Medicine
    The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Donor Tissue Preparation for Endothelial Keratoplasty
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantification of Atherosclerotic Plaque Activity and Vascular Inflammation using [18-F] Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (FDG-PET/CT)
  • Research • Medicine
    Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography of Retinal Circulation
  • Research • Medicine
    Utilizing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Study the Human Neuromuscular System
  • Research • Medicine
    Detection and Genogrouping of Noroviruses from Children's Stools By Taqman One-step RT-PCR
  • Research • Medicine
    Method to Measure Tone of Axial and Proximal Muscle
  • Research • Medicine
    The Trier Social Stress Test Protocol for Inducing Psychological Stress
  • Research • Medicine
    Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Multifocal Electroretinograms
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation of Human Islets from Partially Pancreatectomized Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quantification of Pulmonary Perfusion using Calibrated Arterial Spin Labeling
  • Research • Medicine
    Manual Muscle Testing: A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department
  • Research • Medicine
    A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
  • Research • Medicine
    An Investigation of the Effects of Sports-related Concussion in Youth Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Head Impact Telemetry System
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Confocal Microscopy: A Novel Non-invasive Technique to Quantify Small Fibre Pathology in Peripheral Neuropathies
  • Research • Medicine
    Methods to Quantify Pharmacologically Induced Alterations in Motor Function in Human Incomplete SCI
  • Research • Medicine
    Multispectral Real-time Fluorescence Imaging for Intraoperative Detection of the Sentinel Lymph Node in Gynecologic Oncology
  • Research • Medicine
    Technique to Collect Fungiform (Taste) Papillae from Human Tongue
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessing Endothelial Vasodilator Function with the Endo-PAT 2000
  • Research • Medicine
    Making Sense of Listening: The IMAP Test Battery
  • Research • Medicine
    An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)
  • Research • Biology
    Bioelectric Analyses of an Osseointegrated Intelligent Implant Design System for Amputees
  • Research • Biology
    Demonstration of Cutaneous Allodynia in Association with Chronic Pelvic Pain
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