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Medicine

Mätning av vävnadssyresättning med hjälp av nära infraröd spektroskopi hos patienter som genomgår hemodialys

Published: October 2, 2020 doi: 10.3791/61721
* These authors contributed equally

Summary

Vi presenterar ett protokoll för att mäta regional syremättnad (rSO2) hos hemodialyspatienter (HD) med hjälp av en nära infraröd spektroskopimonitor. rSO2-värdet är ett index för vävnadssyresättning. Denna icke-invasiva övervakning i realtid kan vara användbar för att bekräfta förändringar i organsyresättning under HS.

Abstract

Nära-infraröd spektroskopi (NIRS) har nyligen använts som ett verktyg för att mäta regional syremättnad (rSO2), en markör för vävnadssyresättning, i kliniska miljöer inklusive kardiovaskulär och hjärnkirurgi, neonatal övervakning och prehospital medicin. NIRS-övervakningsanordningarna är i realtid och icke-invasiva och har främst använts för att utvärdera cerebral syresättning hos kritiskt sjuka patienter under en operation eller intensivvård. Hittills har användningen av NIRS-övervakning hos patienter med kronisk njursjukdom (CKD) inklusive hemodialys (HD) varit begränsad; därför undersökte vi rSO2-värden i vissa organ under HD. Vi övervakade rSO 2-värden med hjälp av en NIRS-enhet som sänder nära infrarött ljus vid2 våglängder av fäste. HS-patienterna placerades i ryggläge, med rSO 2-mätsensorer fästa vid pannorna, rätt hypokondrium och underben för att utvärdera rSO2 i hjärnan, levern respektive underbensmusklerna. NIRS-övervakning kan vara ett nytt tillvägagångssätt för att klargöra förändringar i organsyresättning under HS eller faktorer som påverkar vävnadssyresättning hos CKD-patienter. Denna artikel beskriver ett protokoll för att mäta vävnadssyresättning representerad av rSO2 som tillämpas hos HS-patienter.

Introduction

Nära-infraröd spektroskopi (NIRS) har använts för att utvärdera regional syremättnad (rSO 2), en markör för vävnadssyresättning, särskilt cerebral syresättning i olika kliniska miljöer 1,2,3 och har nyligen applicerats på patienter som genomgår hemodialys (HD)4,5,6,7,8,9,10, 11. Cerebral rSO2 är enligt uppgift associerad med kognitiv funktion hos patienter som genomgår HS eller de med icke-dialyserad kronisk njursjukdom (CKD)11,12. Hittills har dock användningen av NIRS-övervakning varit begränsad hos patienter med CKD.

Eftersom NIRS-övervakning är i realtid och icke-invasiv bedömde vi dess användbarhet som övervakningsenhet hos patienter som genomgår HS. Även om NIRS främst används för att mäta cerebral rSO 2, undersökte vi också rSO 2-värden i andra organ under HD. Specifikt fästes rSO 2-mätsensorerna i pannan, rätt hypokondrium och underbenen för att utvärdera rSO 2 i hjärnan, levern respektive nedre musklerna. Resultaten visade att NIRS-övervakning kan vara ett nytt tillvägagångssätt för att klargöra förändringar i organsyresättning under HS eller faktorer som påverkar vävnadssyresättning hos CKD-patienter.

Hittills har kontinuerlig övervakning utförts under HS, blodvolymsövervakning, central venös syremättnad, thoraxinläggning och elektroniskt stetoskopstyrt uppskattat blodtryck (BP) i kliniska miljöer13,14,15; Det finns emellertid begränsningar för förutsägelse av hypotoni eller bred användning av enheter. Däremot kan det nya icke-invasiva tillvägagångssättet här ge realtidsinformation om intradialytisk syredynamik i enskilda organ. Därför kan denna övervakningsmetod göra det möjligt att upptäcka övergående organischemi i de tidiga faserna av intradialytisk hypotension och kan också möjliggöra säker prestanda för HS. Denna artikel beskriver ett protokoll för att mäta vävnadssyresättning representerad av rSO2, som tillämpas på patienter som genomgår HS.

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Protocol

Alla deltagare gav skriftligt informerat samtycke. Studien godkändes av Institutional Review Board vid Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Japan (RIN 15–104).

1. Anordning för övervakning av rSO2

  1. Förbered en NIRS-enhet för mätning av vävnadssyresättning. Denna enhet har fyra kanaler och kan utföra mätning i upp till fyra organ samtidigt.
  2. Förbered en mätsensor för NIRS-övervakning för att utvärdera rSO2-värden i varje organ via överföring av nära infrarött ljus vid två våglängder av fäste.

2. Fäst mätsensorn

  1. Låt varje patient vila i ryggläge i minst 5 minuter före HS.
  2. Fäst mätsensorer i pannan, höger hypokondrium och underben för att utvärdera rSO2 i hjärnan, levern respektive underbensmusklerna.
  3. Övervakning av cerebral syresättning
    1. Fäst mätsensorer på pannan på den dominerande halvklotet.
  4. Övervakning av leversyresättning
    1. Förbered ekografi för att mäta djupet till patientens lever från kroppsytan. Bekräfta att denna mätning ligger inom 20-30 mm från kroppsytan. Fäst sedan mätsensorerna på rätt hypokondrium.
      OBS: I denna enhet bör rSO2-värden erhållas i djup vävnad 20-30 mm från kroppsytan. I vissa fall kan levern vara belägen i mer än 30 mm från kroppsytan på grund av närvaron av tjockt subkutant fett.
  5. Övervakning av muskelsyresättning
    1. Fäst mätsensorer till höger eller bilaterala underben.
  6. Sensoranslutning och strömförsörjning av enheten
    1. Anslut varje sensor till ledningarna från enheten. Slå sedan på enheten och börja mäta syresättning.

3. Punktera dialysshunten och börja övervaka

  1. Punktering av dialysshunten
    1. Punktera patienternas dialysshunt för att starta HS-behandling. Mät nu BP med hjälp av en digital blodtrycksmätare utrustad med dialysmaskinen och samla in blodprover med sprutor.
  2. Börja övervaka
    1. Efter att ha startat HS-behandling, börja övervaka vävnadens syresättning av de tre organen: hjärnan, levern och underbensmuskeln.
  3. Övervakning av rSO2 under HD
    1. Observera förändringar i rSO2-värden för varje organ och mät BP regelbundet utöver den vanliga övervakningen som utförs under HS-behandling inklusive hjärtfrekvens, venöst tryck och blodvolym. Bekräfta fästområdet och anslutningen mellan sensorerna och ledningarna.

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Representative Results

Cerebrala rSO 2-värden före HS var lägre än hos friska försökspersoner och cerebral rSO2 hos HS-patienter med diabetes mellitus (DM) var lägre än hos HS-patienter utan DM (figur 1)16. Dessutom, även om vävnadssyresättning fortsätter utan en minskning av BP under HS, observerade vi för övrigt förändringar i cerebral och hepatisk rSO 2 på grund av intradialytisk hypotension (Figur 2). På grund av den kontinuerliga övervakningen observerades förändringarna i vävnadssyresättning snabbare än genom intermittent övervakad BP. Data uttrycktes som medel ± standardfel. Variansanalysen för icke-parade värden användes för att jämföra tre grupper.

Figure 1
Figur 1: Jämförelse av cerebral rSO2 före HS bland HS-patienter med diabetes mellitus (n = 27), HS-patienter utan diabetes mellitus (n = 27) och friska försökspersoner (n = 28). Bland patienterna fanns 38 män och 16 kvinnor med en medelålder på 67,7 ± 1,2 år och en HS-varaktighet på 6,5 ± 1,9 år. Orsakerna till kronisk njursjukdom var DM (27 patienter), kronisk glomerulonefrit (14 patienter), nefroskleros (4 patienter), polycystisk njursjukdom (4 patienter) och andra (5 patienter). Felstaplarna anger standardfelet. Uppgifterna baserades på och siffran har modifierats från en tidigare rapport16. DECIMETER; diabetes mellitus, HD; hemodialys, rSO2; regional syremättnad. Klicka här för att se en större version av denna siffra.

Figure 2
Figur 2: Förändringar i cerebral och hepatisk rSO2 hos en patient med akut intradialytisk hypotension. BP; blodtryck, HR; timme, rSO2; regional syremättnad, UFR; ultrafiltreringshastighet. Klicka här för att se en större version av denna siffra.

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Discussion

NIRS-övervakning har huvudsakligen använts för att utvärdera cerebral rSO2, särskilt vid kardiovaskulära eller cerebrovaskulära operationer, som kräver extrakorporeal cirkulation. Under extrakorporeal cirkulation inklusive HS-terapi kan vissa organ visa relativ ischemi 7,17,18; Det är dock fortfarande oklart om vävnadssyresättningen blir låg eller inte. Muskelkramper eller buksmärtor under HS kan vara ett av de prodromala symtomen på intradialytisk hypotoni via organhypoperfusion. Men i HS-terapi finns det för närvarande ingen metod för realtidsutvärdering av vävnadssyresättning. Därför fokuserade vi på att använda denna övervakningsenhet för att utvärdera organsyresättning med hjälp av protokollet som beskrivs ovan. Detta protokoll är icke-invasivt för HS-patienter och är användbart för att bekräfta förändringar i vävnadens syresättning i realtid.

Som visas i figur 1 var cerebral rSO2 hos HS-patienter med DM lägre än hos patienter utan DM. Vidare var högre vaskulär förkalkning associerad med lägre cerebral syresättning19. Således kan mikro- och makrovaskulära störningar associeras med försämring av cerebral syresättning. Vidare var cerebral rSO2 relativt konstant inom 60-150 mmHg hos HS-patienter4. Vid intradialytisk hypotoni kan emellertid en akut minskning av BP leda till förändringar i organsyresättning (figur 2). Innan vi observerade förändringar irSO2-värden med detta protokoll kunde vi inte bekräfta påverkan av vävnadssyresättning under HD. Förutom kontinuerlig arteriell tryckövervakning utvärderas BP i allmänhet intermittent. Däremot kan den kontinuerliga övervakningen av NIRS kunna upptäcka förändringar i organsyresättning innan den detekteras av förändringar i BP under HD. Således kunde vi observera tillståndet av hypoxi före att bekräfta sänkningen av BP. Förutom förändringar i BP kan blodtransfusion, lipoproteinaferes med låg densitet och ultrafiltrering orsaka förändringar i organsyresättning såsom rSO2 i underbenen20,21,22. Därför bör vi vara uppmärksamma på akuta förändringar i organsyresättning under HS.

Detta protokoll har flera begränsningar. För det första kunde cerebral rSO2 endast mätas från pannan; Det är dock svårt att utföra denna utvärdering i den bakre hjärncirkulationen. Eftersom mätsensorerna är av tätningstyp kan deras sensorer fixeras på håret. Därefter kräver mätning av lever-rSO2 bekräftelse av den subkutana fetttjockleken. Hos patienter med fetma kan det mätbara rSO2 inte vara korrekt, eftersom de nära infraröda lamporna inte kunde nå målorganen. För det tredje kan rSO2-värden påverkas av kroppens rörelse eller position (dvs. liggande och sittande positioner). Därför bör patienterna mätas i sina sängar och i samma position som möjligt under HS.

Dessutom representerar rSO2-värdena som mäts i detta protokoll blandad venös mättnad, vilket återspeglar vävnadssyresättning i venöst (70–80%), kapillär (5%) och arteriell (20–25%) blod23. Därför är förändringar irSO2-värden inte nödvändigtvis parallella förändringar i perkutan syremättnad24,25. Således bör de uppmättarSO2-värdena tolkas noggrant. Dessutom är detta protokoll lätt att utföra och icke-invasivt för patienter om NIRS-övervakningsenhet är tillgänglig. Därför skulle denna metod ge mycket allmän mångsidighet. Vi hoppas att denna NIRS-övervakning skulle utrustas med dialysmaskiner som dialysmonitor i framtiden.

Sammanfattningsvis har vi beskrivit ett protokoll för mätning av vävnadssyresättning med NIRS hos patienter som genomgår HS. Denna övervakning under HS kan ge nya rön om förändringar i vävnadens syresättning som påverkas av HS-behandling.

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Disclosures

Inga intressekonflikter.

Acknowledgments

Vi tackar dialyspersonalen och medlemmarna i avdelningen för nefrologi i Saitama medicinska centrum vid Jichi Medical University. Vi vill tacka Editage (www.editage.com) för engelskspråkig redigering.

Materials

Name Company Catalog Number Comments
DBB-100NX Nikkiso DBB-100NX Dialysis machine
INVOS 5100c Covidien Japan INVOSTM 5100c tissue oxygenation device
SOMASENSER Covidien Japan CV-SAFB-SM/INTL NIRS sensor

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References

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  2. Kobayashi, K., et al. Factors associated with a low initial cerebral oxygen saturation value in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Journal of Artificial Organs. 20 (2), 110-116 (2017).
  3. Cruz, S. M., et al. A novel multimodal computational system using near-infrared spectroscopy predicts the need for ECMO initiation in neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 53 (1), 152-158 (2018).
  4. MacEwen, C., Sutherland, S., Daly, J., Pugh, C., Tarassenko, L. Relationship between Hypotension and Cerebral Ischemia during Hemodialysis. Journal of the American Socociety of Nephrology. 28 (8), 2511-2520 (2017).
  5. Polinder-Bos, H. A., et al. Changes in cerebral oxygenation and cerebral blood flow during hemodialysis - A simultaneous near-infrared spectroscopy and positron emission tomography study. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metablism. 40 (2), 328-340 (2020).
  6. Ookawara, S., et al. Differences in tissue oxygenation and changes in total hemoglobin signal strength in the brain, liver, and lower-limb muscle during hemodialysis. Journal of Artificial Organs. 21 (1), 86-93 (2018).
  7. Malik, J., et al. Tissue ischemia worsens during hemodialysis in end-stage renal disease patients. The Journal of Vascular Access. 18 (1), 47-51 (2017).
  8. Ito, K., et al. Cerebral oxygenation improvement is associated with hemoglobin increase after hemodialysis initiation. TheInternational Journal of Artificial Organs. , (2020).
  9. Valerianova, A., et al. Factors responsible for cerebral hypoxia in hemodialysis population. Physiological Research. 68 (4), 651-658 (2019).
  10. Ookawara, S., et al. Associations of cerebral oxygenation with hemoglobin levels evaluated by near-infrared spectroscopy in hemodialysis patients. PLoS One. 15 (8), 0236720 (2020).
  11. Kovarova, L., et al. Low Cerebral Oxygenation Is Associated with Cognitive Impairment in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients. Nephron. 139 (2), 113-119 (2018).
  12. Miyazawa, H., et al. Association of cerebral oxygenation with estimated glomerular filtration rate and cognitive function in chronic kidney disease patients without dialysis therapy. PLoS One. 13 (6), 0199366 (2018).
  13. Locatelli, F., et al. Haemodialysis with on-line monitoring equipment: tools or toys. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 20 (1), 22-33 (2005).
  14. Cordtz, J., Olde, B., Solem, K., Ladefoged, S. D. Central venous oxygen saturation and thoracic admittance during dialysis: new approaches to hemodynamic monitoring. Hemodialysis International. 12 (3), 369-377 (2008).
  15. Kamijo, Y., et al. Continuous monitoring of blood pressure by analyzing the blood flow sound of arteriovenous fistula in hemodialysis patients. Clinical and Experimental Nephrology. 22 (3), 677-683 (2018).
  16. Ito, K., et al. Factors affecting cerebral oxygenation in hemodialysis patients: cerebral oxygenation associates with pH, hemodialysis duration, serum albumin concentration, and diabetes mellitus. PLoS One. 10 (2), 0117474 (2015).
  17. Imai, S., et al. Deterioration of Hepatic Oxygenation Precedes an Onset of Intradialytic Hypotension with Little Change in Blood Volume during Hemodialysis. Blood Purification. 45 (4), 345-346 (2018).
  18. Cho, A. R., Kwon, J. Y., Kim, C., Hong, J. M., Kang, C. Effect of sensor location on regional cerebral oxygen saturation measured by INVOS 5100 in on-pump cardiac surgery. Journal of Anesthesia. 31 (2), 178-184 (2017).
  19. Ito, K., et al. Deterioration of cerebral oxygenation by aortic arch calcification progression in patients undergoing hemodialysis: A cross-sectional study. BioMed Research International. , 2852514 (2017).
  20. Ito, K., et al. Blood transfusion during haemodialysis improves systemic tissue oxygenation: A case report. Nefrologia. 37 (4), 435-437 (2017).
  21. Ito, K., et al. Improvement of bilateral lower-limb muscle oxygenation by low-density lipoprotein apheresis in a patient with peripheral artery disease undergoing hemodialysis. Nefrologia. 39 (1), 90-92 (2019).
  22. Kitano, T., et al. Changes in tissue oxygenation in response to sudden intradialytic hypotension. Journal of Artificial Organs. 23 (2), 187-190 (2020).
  23. Lemmers, P. M. A., Toet, M. C., van Bel, F. Impact of patent ductus arteriosus and subsequent therapy with indomethacin on cerebral oxygenation in preterm infants. Pediatrics. 121, 142-147 (2008).
  24. Ito, K., et al. Sleep apnea syndrome caused lowering of cerebral oxygenation in a hemodialysis patient: a case report and literature review. Renal Replacement Therapy. 4, 54 (2018).
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Tags

Medicin utgåva 164 vävnadssyresättning hemodialys nära infraröd spektroskopi regional syremättnad intradialytisk hypotension hypoxi diabetes mellitus
Mätning av vävnadssyresättning med hjälp av nära infraröd spektroskopi hos patienter som genomgår hemodialys
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Cite this Article

Ito, K., Ookawara, S., Uchida, T.,More

Ito, K., Ookawara, S., Uchida, T., Hayasaka, H., Kofuji, M., Miyazawa, H., Aomatsu, A., Ueda, Y., Hirai, K., Morishita, Y. Measurement of Tissue Oxygenation Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis. J. Vis. Exp. (164), e61721, doi:10.3791/61721 (2020).

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    Skeletal Muscle Neurovascular Coupling, Oxidative Capacity, and Microvascular Function with 'One Stop Shop' Near-infrared Spectroscopy
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting Hair Samples for Hair Cortisol Analysis in African Americans
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vivo Morphometric Analysis of Human Cranial Nerves Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Menière's Disease Ears and Normal Hearing Ears
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (Cf-PWV) to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness
  • Research • Medicine
    Standardized Measurement of Nasal Membrane Transepithelial Potential Difference (NPD)
  • Research • Medicine
    Taste Exam: A Brief and Validated Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Absorption of Nasal and Bronchial Fluids: Precision Sampling of the Human Respiratory Mucosa and Laboratory Processing of Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Methodology for Sputum Induction and Laboratory Processing
  • Research • Medicine
    Electrophysiological Measurement of Noxious-evoked Brain Activity in Neonates Using a Flat-tip Probe Coupled to Electroencephalography
  • Research • Medicine
    A Detailed Protocol for Physiological Parameters Acquisition and Analysis in Neurosurgical Critical Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Oral Biofilm Sampling for Microbiome Analysis in Healthy Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia
  • Research • Medicine
    Application of an Amplitude-integrated EEG Monitor (Cerebral Function Monitor) to Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    3D Ultrasound Imaging: Fast and Cost-effective Morphometry of Musculoskeletal Tissue
  • Research • Medicine
    The 4-vessel Sampling Approach to Integrative Studies of Human Placental Physiology In Vivo
  • Research • Medicine
    A Component-resolved Diagnostic Approach for a Study on Grass Pollen Allergens in Chinese Southerners with Allergic Rhinitis and/or Asthma
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
  • Research • Medicine
    A Method for Quantifying Upper Limb Performance in Daily Life Using Accelerometers
  • Research • Medicine
    Non-invasive Assessments of Subjective and Objective Recovery Characteristics Following an Exhaustive Jump Protocol
  • Research • Medicine
    Experimental Protocol of a Three-minute, All-out Arm Crank Exercise Test in Spinal-cord Injured and Able-bodied Individuals
  • Research • Medicine
    Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Pulmonary Capillary Blood Volume, Membrane Diffusing Capacity, and Intrapulmonary Arteriovenous Anastomoses During Exercise
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Child Anthropometry in a Large Epidemiologic Study
  • Research • Medicine
    Video Movement Analysis Using Smartphones (ViMAS): A Pilot Study
  • Research • Medicine
    Network Analysis of Foramen Ovale Electrode Recordings in Drug-resistant Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Induction and Assessment of Exertional Skeletal Muscle Damage in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    A Detailed Protocol for Perspiration Monitoring Using a Novel, Small, Wireless Device
  • Research • Medicine
    Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
  • Research • Medicine
    Integrated Compensatory Responses in a Human Model of Hemorrhage
  • Research • Medicine
    Transthoracic Speckle Tracking Echocardiography for the Quantitative Assessment of Left Ventricular Myocardial Deformation
  • Research • Medicine
    Impression Cytology of the Lid Wiper Area
  • Research • Behavior
    A Protocol of Manual Tests to Measure Sensation and Pain in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    Unbiased Deep Sequencing of RNA Viruses from Clinical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    A Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cell-based Model of the Human Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier to Study Bacterial Infection from the Basolateral Side
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Profiling of MicroRNA-containing Exosomes from Human Bile
  • Research • Medicine
    Generation of Microtumors Using 3D Human Biogel Culture System and Patient-derived Glioblastoma Cells for Kinomic Profiling and Drug Response Testing
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Using a Laminating Technique to Perform Confocal Microscopy of the Human Sclera
  • Research • Medicine
    Intravenous Endotoxin Challenge in Healthy Humans: An Experimental Platform to Investigate and Modulate Systemic Inflammation
  • Research • Medicine
    Modeling and Simulations of Olfactory Drug Delivery with Passive and Active Controls of Nasally Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols
  • Research • Medicine
    Exosomal miRNA Analysis in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Patients' Plasma Through qPCR: A Feasible Liquid Biopsy Tool
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multimodal Imaging- and Stimulation-based Method of Evaluating Connectivity-related Brain Excitability in Patients with Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges
  • Research • Medicine
    Using Saccadometry with Deep Brain Stimulation to Study Normal and Pathological Brain Function
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Fundus Autofluorescence for the Evaluation of Retinal Diseases
  • Research • Medicine
    Diagnosis of Musculus Gastrocnemius Tightness - Key Factors for the Clinical Examination
  • Research • Medicine
    Stereo-Electro-Encephalo-Graphy (SEEG) With Robotic Assistance in the Presurgical Evaluation of Medical Refractory Epilepsy: A Technical Note
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Transcutaneous Microcirculatory Imaging in Preterm Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    Using an Ingestible Telemetric Temperature Pill to Assess Gastrointestinal Temperature During Exercise
  • Research • Medicine
    Design, Fabrication, and Administration of the Hand Active Sensation Test (HASTe)
  • Research • Medicine
    MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder
  • Research • Medicine
    Functional Human Liver Preservation and Recovery by Means of Subnormothermic Machine Perfusion
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multicenter MRI Protocol for the Evaluation and Quantification of Deep Vein Thrombosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Determining The Electromyographic Fatigue Threshold Following a Single Visit Exercise Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of Electromagnetic Navigational Transthoracic Needle Aspiration (E-TTNA) for Sampling of Lung Nodules
  • Research • Medicine
    Trabecular Meshwork Response to Pressure Elevation in the Living Human Eye
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vivo, Percutaneous, Needle Based, Optical Coherence Tomography of Renal Masses
  • Research • Medicine
    Establishment of Human Epithelial Enteroids and Colonoids from Whole Tissue and Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Human Brown Adipose Tissue Depots Automatically Segmented by Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography and Registered Magnetic Resonance Images
  • Research • Medicine
    Preparation and Respirometric Assessment of Mitochondria Isolated from Skeletal Muscle Tissue Obtained by Percutaneous Needle Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    A Methodological Approach to Non-invasive Assessments of Vascular Function and Morphology
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Immortalization of Patient-derived Cell Lines from Muscle Biopsy for Disease Modeling
  • Research • Medicine
    State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
  • Research • Medicine
    The Supraclavicular Fossa Ultrasound View for Central Venous Catheter Placement and Catheter Change Over Guidewire
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of the Brachial Artery in Clinical Research
  • Research • Medicine
    Tracking the Mammary Architectural Features and Detecting Breast Cancer with Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes
  • Research • Medicine
    DTI of the Visual Pathway - White Matter Tracts and Cerebral Lesions
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection, Isolation, and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Human Endocervical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multi-Modal Approach to Assessing Recovery in Youth Athletes Following Concussion
  • Research • Medicine
    Clinical Assessment of Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Patients and Older Adults
  • Research • Medicine
    Multi-electrode Array Recordings of Human Epileptic Postoperative Cortical Tissue
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection and Extraction of Saliva DNA for Next Generation Sequencing
  • Research • Medicine
    Fast and Accurate Exhaled Breath Ammonia Measurement
  • Research • Medicine
    Developing Neuroimaging Phenotypes of the Default Mode Network in PTSD: Integrating the Resting State, Working Memory, and Structural Connectivity
  • Research • Medicine
    Two Methods for Establishing Primary Human Endometrial Stromal Cells from Hysterectomy Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Coordinate Mapping of Hyolaryngeal Mechanics in Swallowing
  • Research • Medicine
    Network Analysis of the Default Mode Network Using Functional Connectivity MRI in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    EEG Mu Rhythm in Typical and Atypical Development
  • Research • Medicine
    The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT): An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Functional Characterization of Human Ventricular Cardiomyocytes from Fresh Surgical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Primary Culture of Human Vestibular Schwannomas
  • Research • Medicine
    Utility of Dissociated Intrinsic Hand Muscle Atrophy in the Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Lesion Explorer: A Video-guided, Standardized Protocol for Accurate and Reliable MRI-derived Volumetrics in Alzheimer's Disease and Normal Elderly
  • Research • Medicine
    Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Culture, and Imaging of Human Fetal Pancreatic Cell Clusters
  • Research • Medicine
    3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Computerized Dynamic Posturography for Postural Control Assessment in Patients with Intermittent Claudication
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting Saliva and Measuring Salivary Cortisol and Alpha-amylase in Frail Community Residing Older Adults via Family Caregivers
  • Research • Medicine
    Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Analysis of Neurodegenerative Diseases
  • Research • Medicine
    Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Retinal Surgical Specimens Using jouRNAl
  • Research • Medicine
    Improved Protocol For Laser Microdissection Of Human Pancreatic Islets From Surgical Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Respiratory Muscle Activation Using Respiratory Motor Control Assessment (RMCA) in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury
  • Research • Medicine
    Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting And Measuring Wound Exudate Biochemical Mediators In Surgical Wounds
  • Research • Medicine
    A Research Method For Detecting Transient Myocardial Ischemia In Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome Using Continuous ST-segment Analysis
  • Research • Medicine
    Using a Chemical Biopsy for Graft Quality Assessment
  • Research • Medicine
    Characterizing Exon Skipping Efficiency in DMD Patient Samples in Clinical Trials of Antisense Oligonucleotides
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vitro Assessment of Cardiac Function Using Skinned Cardiomyocytes
  • Research • Medicine
    Normothermic Ex Situ Heart Perfusion in Working Mode: Assessment of Cardiac Function and Metabolism
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Vascular Control Mechanisms Utilizing Video Microscopy of Isolated Resistance Arteries of Rats
  • Research • Medicine
    Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) for Research; Obtaining Adequate Sample Yield
  • Research • Medicine
    Non-invasive Optical Measurement of Cerebral Metabolism and Hemodynamics in Infants
  • Research • Medicine
    Tilt Testing with Combined Lower Body Negative Pressure: a "Gold Standard" for Measuring Orthostatic Tolerance
  • Research • Medicine
    Driving Simulation in the Clinic: Testing Visual Exploratory Behavior in Daily Life Activities in Patients with Visual Field Defects
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Characterization and Comparative Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Derived from Permanent Teeth by Using Two Different Methods
  • Research • Medicine
    Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking (IPL): Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Intraoperative Detection of Subtle Endometriosis: A Novel Paradigm for Detection and Treatment of Pelvic Pain Associated with the Loss of Peritoneal Integrity
  • Research • Medicine
    The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection Protocol for Human Pancreas
  • Research • Medicine
    The α-test: Rapid Cell-free CD4 Enumeration Using Whole Saliva
  • Research • Medicine
    The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Donor Tissue Preparation for Endothelial Keratoplasty
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantification of Atherosclerotic Plaque Activity and Vascular Inflammation using [18-F] Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (FDG-PET/CT)
  • Research • Medicine
    Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography of Retinal Circulation
  • Research • Medicine
    Utilizing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Study the Human Neuromuscular System
  • Research • Medicine
    Detection and Genogrouping of Noroviruses from Children's Stools By Taqman One-step RT-PCR
  • Research • Medicine
    Method to Measure Tone of Axial and Proximal Muscle
  • Research • Medicine
    The Trier Social Stress Test Protocol for Inducing Psychological Stress
  • Research • Medicine
    Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Multifocal Electroretinograms
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation of Human Islets from Partially Pancreatectomized Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quantification of Pulmonary Perfusion using Calibrated Arterial Spin Labeling
  • Research • Medicine
    Manual Muscle Testing: A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department
  • Research • Medicine
    A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
  • Research • Medicine
    An Investigation of the Effects of Sports-related Concussion in Youth Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Head Impact Telemetry System
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Confocal Microscopy: A Novel Non-invasive Technique to Quantify Small Fibre Pathology in Peripheral Neuropathies
  • Research • Medicine
    Methods to Quantify Pharmacologically Induced Alterations in Motor Function in Human Incomplete SCI
  • Research • Medicine
    Multispectral Real-time Fluorescence Imaging for Intraoperative Detection of the Sentinel Lymph Node in Gynecologic Oncology
  • Research • Medicine
    Technique to Collect Fungiform (Taste) Papillae from Human Tongue
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessing Endothelial Vasodilator Function with the Endo-PAT 2000
  • Research • Medicine
    Making Sense of Listening: The IMAP Test Battery
  • Research • Medicine
    An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)
  • Research • Biology
    Bioelectric Analyses of an Osseointegrated Intelligent Implant Design System for Amputees
  • Research • Biology
    Demonstration of Cutaneous Allodynia in Association with Chronic Pelvic Pain
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