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Medicine

麻醉下婴儿和儿童电雷电图记录,实现最佳黑暗适应和国际标准

Published: September 3, 2020 doi: 10.3791/61734

Summary

在遗传性视网膜疾病的诊断和管理中,遵守国际标准并保持视网膜暗适应对于获得有效的全场电雷电图反应至关重要。提供使用便携式暗室的实用方案 ,在手术室环境中为在静静或全身麻醉下的婴儿和儿童获得全场电雷电图。

Abstract

电雷电图(ERG)是评估视网膜功能的唯一临床客观测试。全场ERG(ffERG)测量视网膜杆和锥体光感受功能以及内视网膜功能,是诊断和管理遗传性视网膜疾病以及炎症、毒性和营养视网膜病变的重要措施。遵守国际标准并保持视网膜暗适应对于获得有效和可靠的暗适应(上位)和光适应(照片)ffERG反应至关重要。在婴儿和儿童中执行 ffERG 具有挑战性,通常需要在手术室进行全身麻醉。然而,由于麻醉系统和其他设备提供的众多光源,在手术室保持视网膜暗适应变得越来越困难。手术室中介绍了一种实用且广泛应用的 ffERG 测试方法,该方法可优化视网膜暗适应。该方法通过在建立普通麻醉学之前对患者进行暗对照,从而缩短手术室时间。手术室经过修改,便于黑暗适应,在进行 ffERG 桌面录音期间,使用经过改装的便携式可折叠暗室将患者头部和 ERG 检查员封闭,从而最大限度地减少了暗室中剩余的光源。简单方法符合 ffERG 国际标准,并提供有效的可靠斯科托和光图 ffERG 录音,对于评估这个年轻年龄组的客观视网膜功能至关重要,因为无法主观评估视觉功能,如视觉敏锐度和视觉场。此外,ffERG 是用于检测早期发病遗传性视网膜疾病(包括 Leber 先天性动脉疾病,其中已批准的基因治疗)的黄金标准临床试验。在静静条件下,由于球状肌肉活动干扰最小,可以检测到非常低的振幅 ffERG 信号,这对于患者在基因治疗后检测改善的振幅反应特别相关。

Introduction

电雷新像(ERG)是可用于评估视网膜功能的唯一临床客观测试,全场ERG(ffERG)是评估棒光受体生成的活动1,2的唯一客观测试。ffERG测量从全场闪光刺激引起的整个视网膜的电反应,是遗传性视网膜疾病2,3的诊断和管理的黄金标准测试。因此,ffERG是婴幼儿检测早期发病遗传性视网膜疾病的重要测试,如利伯先天性动脉瘤,其中批准的基因治疗和临床试验4,5。

遵守国际视觉临床电生理学学会(ISCEV)确立的ffERG标准对于获得有效和可靠的暗适应(面体)和光适应(照片)ffERG反应1,3至关重要。在上点 ffERG 录音过程中未能正确保持足够的视网膜暗适应会导致记录的反应受损错误和患者管理不善。由于合作有限,在婴儿和儿童中进行ffERG手术是具有挑战性的,并且通常需要在手术室6进行全身麻醉。ISCEV成员最近的一项调查显示,12-14%的ERG是在6的在剂剂或全身麻醉下进行的。由于麻醉系统和其他设备提供大量光源,在手术室保持视网膜暗适应是很困难的。虽然麻醉剂可能在减少ERG反应方面有效果,但在运动或全身麻醉下,ERG反应在提供准确的诊断6、8、9方面是可靠的

介绍了一种简单而广泛应用的方法,用于在手术室进行符合国际标准并优化视网膜暗适应的 ffERG 测试。这种实用方法的目标是提供有效的可靠的斯科托和光图ffERG记录,以评估婴儿和幼儿的客观视网膜功能,这是特别相关的这个年轻的年龄组,因为主观评估视觉功能,如视觉敏锐度和视觉场通常是不可能的。手术室经过改造,以促进视网膜黑暗适应,在进行适应或麻醉后,通过暗适应患者来缩短手术室时间。经过改装的便携式可折叠暗室在 ffERG 顶特异性录音期间将患者头部和 ERG 检查员包围在一起,以最大限度地减少任何剩余光源,包括来自 ERG 系统的光发射。便携式暗室允许麻醉师在必要的时候快速接触患者。完成ffERG后,诊断视网膜成像,包括光学相干断层扫描(OCT)和基金成像,以及基因检测的月经,可以很容易地执行,而患者仍然处于麻醉状态。

该方法适用于管理患有视网膜的儿科患者的从业者和做法。平均尺寸的眼科手术室提供充足的空间,而背景电噪较低的房间是可取的,以便进行高质量的 ffERG 录音。当 ERG 检查器在可折叠的暗室内进行顶点 ffERG 录制时,需要经过培训的技术人员在可折叠暗室之外操作 ERG 系统。与麻醉师团队合作对于修改手术室和促进患者在黑暗环境中的安全至关重要。

与替代技术相比,该方法的优点包括优化和维护视网膜暗适应,促进有效的可靠 ffERG 记录,提高患者安全性,以及促进其他诊断测试,如视网膜成像和基因测试的维诺普图。最佳黑暗适应也至关重要,因为应按照 ISCEV10的建议,对 ffERG 刺激器进行校准,以实现完全的黑暗条件。替代方法包括使用口服剂,如氯水合物,在婴儿和儿童中具有可变的镇静剂反应,这会影响ffERG记录的质量,并导致监测生命体征的困难。虽然有些儿童可以配合在诊所的ffERG录音,测试环节可能会延长,取决于合作,和ffERG记录的有效性可能会受到眼睛运动和眨眼伪影的影响,以及难以保持视网膜黑暗适应4。与前面描述的深适应 ffERG 方法 6 相比,当前方法提供了额外的暗适应和安全措施

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Protocol

该协议遵循迈阿密大学Bascom帕尔默眼科研究所的手术室指南,适用于婴儿、幼儿和不合作的成年人。由于安全问题不能进行全身麻醉的患者不应进行手术。

1. 手术室的选择和修改

  1. 选择低 60 Hz 背景电流噪声和正确电气接地的手术室,以避免 ERG 记录干扰。使用带隔离电路的房间,不与重型电器(如冰箱)连接或靠近。
    1. 在 ERG 录制将进行的位置的手术室中执行试用 ERG 录像。检查 ERG 记录基线以及试验记录波形,以确定不存在 60 Hz 背景电噪声。
  2. 检查手术室的天花板、门和车窗开口有无漏光。在完全黑暗适应(30至45分钟)后进行人体观测,因为正常人眼可以探测到约4个光子的暗光,比除用于天文学的液氮冷却探测器以外的任何人工光度计都好。
  3. 在轨道上安装不透明的非反射黑色窗帘,以完全覆盖手术室的车门和车窗开口,无漏光(图1)。选择可洗的窗帘材料,耐染色和细菌生长。遵守当地手术室的规定和程序,进行适当的间隔清洁。阻止天花板上的光线泄漏(如果存在)。

2. 可折叠便携式暗室选择和修改

  1. 选择一个易于安装和存储且足够大的便携式暗室,以包围患者头部、ERG 检查员和 ffERG 刺激。使用专为光学物理学家设计的折叠式便携式暗室(例如,www.scientex.co.jp/pdf/pdf-b-lp-eng.pdf、48"x 48"x81"交叉型),可进行商业售,并优化患者在视网膜 ffERG 录音期间视网膜暗适应的维护(图2)。
    注:所述便携式暗室的织物由眼科研究所的微生物科测试,便于消毒,光学传输在购买前由眼科研究所的生物医学部测试。如果使用不同的便携式暗室,建议这样做。
  2. 在便携式暗室后部添加一个带双活门的小开口,以便布线连接和电缆(图 3)。
    注:在顶点 ffERG 测试期间,ffERG 光刺激器位于折叠便携式暗室内,ERG 记录系统位于便携式暗室之外。ERG 电极导线连接和连接 ERG 光刺激的电缆连接到 ERG 记录系统,通过双闭合系统创建的开口,以确保完全黑暗。我们使用小型手持式 ffERG 光刺激,以方便折叠便携式暗室内的 ERG 录制,并一次记录一只眼睛。较大的 ffERG 光刺激可以同时记录两只眼睛,但需要由金属臂保持,需要在便携式暗室后部有较大的开口,并且可能需要更大的暗室。

3. 患者准备和视网膜暗适应

  1. 确认 ffERG 的医疗原因,并获得知情同意,在麻醉、ffERG 和其他患者管理相关程序下进行检查,如视网膜成像(如基础成像、光学相干断层扫描、荧光素血管造影)和用于基因检测的病毒。
    注:婴幼儿中最常见的原因包括视力下降、鼻骨、神经光敏、视觉光敏性、异常药质和有视网膜毒性风险的药物(例如维加巴斯特林)。识别可能影响 ERG 记录的因素非常重要,包括高近视和白化病。一般来说,6个月以下婴儿的ffERG反应很小,而且仍在发展,因此很难解释记录的反应。
  2. 放置眼麻醉滴(丙烷 0.5%)其次是瞳孔扩张组合下降 (环状甲基化 1% + 苯肾素 0.5%)每只眼睛。重复组合滴到每只眼睛 2 到 3 次,在滴之间 5 分钟。
    注:丙烷减少燃烧感,增加扩张滴的角膜吸收,但可能必须跳过在患者与非常差的合作。
  3. 修补两只眼睛的视网膜黑暗适应至少30分钟。眼睑轻轻地完全闭合,在每只眼睛上放置2个常规大小的自粘眼闭罩贴片,对眼睛没有太大的压力。
    1. 以常规方式放置第一个贴片,并暂时以较宽的面线水平放置。将第二个贴片水平放在第一个贴片上,以较宽的端子进行鼻端,通常以逆时针方向调整位置,以防止光线在鼻视中泄漏。
  4. 将眼罩放在每只眼睛上后,将不透明的黑色胶带水平放置,以覆盖两只眼睛,而不会对眼睛产生显著压力。在将黑胶带放在鼻桥对面的位置之前,在黑色胶带的劣边缘进行一个小的垂直切口,以避免对鼻子施加压力。
  5. 将黑色不透明放松睡眠面罩与头带放在修补的眼睛上(图4)。
    注:ISCEV 深色适应国际标准为 20 分钟。鉴于视网膜暗自适应曲线达到比20分钟更无症状点,至少30分钟的黑暗适应是首选,以方便最佳的顶面ffERG记录。根据我们的经验,绝大多数婴幼儿对双边修补持宽容态度,父母的支持和鼓励至关重要。解释黑暗适应的目的和减少全身麻醉时间的好处有助于父母理解。父母温柔的关爱,包括拥抱,音乐从手机,和奶嘴是非常有帮助的黑暗适应期。在120多名接受这种方法的婴儿和幼儿中,只有2名患者不能容忍双边修补的黑暗适应。两名患者在全身麻醉诱导后均进行暗适应,随后使用同一方法成功记录了ERG反应。

4. 手术室的暗适应全场电雷电图记录

  1. 通过在显示器上放置半透明的红色滤波薄膜,在 LED 和光源上放置不透明的黑色胶带(图5A-5B),准备手术室。设置折叠便携式暗室。关闭门和窗开口上的窗帘。
  2. 麻醉科小组对双边修补患者进行全身麻醉或麻醉,然后继续进行麻醉学监测。执行超时以验证要执行的过程。
  3. 放置 ERG 记录电极,ffERG 光刺激, 安装在前额带上非常暗淡的红灯,局部0.5%的眼科丙烷,2.5%的眼科羟基甲基纤维素(如果使用Burian-Allen电极),以及无菌纱布(用于擦拭多余的甲基纤维素)靠近ERG检查器位置,然后放置便携式暗室,将患者头部和ERG检查官封闭(图6A)。ERG 检查员将使用安装的红色前额带来执行顶向 fferg 录音。
    注:通过在 LED 上放置一层红灯滤光片来修改安装在前额带上的红灯。红灯应尽可能暗,以便 ERG 检查人员执行该程序,以便保持深色适应。在放置电极之前,审查员等待几分钟,进行自己的部分暗适应, 很有帮助。有经验的ERG检查员倾向于使用非常暗的红灯,或者如果使用Burian-Allen电极,可以感觉没有任何红灯。
  4. 将接地 ERG 电极夹与导电膏放在一个耳罩上。通过便携式暗室的修改活门开口将接地 ERG 电极连接和 ffERG 光刺激电缆蛇通,ERG 技术人员将它们连接到暗室外的 ERG 系统。
  5. 用大型活页夹关闭便携式暗室的前开口。关闭房间灯,用黑色胶带检查并盖住任何剩余的未遮盖光源。
  6. 取下两只眼睛上的黑色面罩。仅移除右眼的黑色胶带和斑块,将角膜 ERG 记录电极放在右眼上,根据 ISCEV 标准使用手持式全场光刺激来记录顶面 ffERG响应(图 6B)。
    1. 通过便携式暗室的修改活门开口,将 ERG 记录电极连接,让 ERG 技术人员将其连接到暗室外的 ERG 系统。注意尽可能使用最暗的红灯,建议根据 ISCEV 标准在插入镜头后恢复一小段时间(约 5 分钟)。
    2. 在检查电气基线稳定性和ERG电极阻抗后,继续记录棒响应(暗适应0.01 cd=s-2闪存ERG),然后是组合棒锥响应(暗适应3.0 cd=s-2闪存ERG和10cd=s-2闪存ERG)和暗适应3.0闪存振荡电位响应。注意光刺激之间的建议时间间隔,以保持黑暗自适应。
      注:当手持式ERG光刺激用于一次测试一只眼睛时,保持另一只眼睛的单眼斑块,以保持在第一只眼睛的上部记录过程中保持暗自适应。道森技巧Litzkow (DTL) 纤维电极或双极性伯里安-艾伦 ERG 角膜电极通常使用。与Burian-Allen ERG角膜电极相比,DTL电极的耐受性更好,振幅噪声比更低。鉴于患者耐受性在静静或全身麻醉期间不是问题,鉴于其优异的振幅噪声比,Burian-Allen 电极是静电 ERG 记录的首选。
  7. 取下左眼的黑色胶带和斑块,按照与步骤4.6相同的程序,按照与步骤4.6相同的程序,继续对左眼进行顶点ffERG记录,并配有手持全场光刺激。
    注:由于第二只眼睛的视网膜暗适应通常受ERG刺激的影响,在第一只眼睛的ERG记录期间,通过骨骼和组织扩散到眼睛,记录的上位ffERG振幅往往较低。

5. 手术室的光适应全场电雷电图记录

  1. 完成顶点 ffERG 录制后,打开所有头顶房间灯。断开ERG电极连接和 FFERG 光刺激电缆与 ERG 记录系统的连接,并通过修改后的活门开口将其蛇穿回便携式暗室内部。拆下便携式暗室。
  2. 灯光根据 ISCEV 标准使用高架室灯光(背景亮度 30 cdμ m-2),使两只眼睛适应 10 分钟。保持双极性伯里安-艾伦ERG电极为两只眼睛,因为电极的内置眼睑规格将保持眼睛睁开。如果使用 DTL 镜片,请使用眼睑规格使两只眼睛保持睁开,并注入定期润滑眼药水,以避免角膜干燥。
  3. 将 ERG 电极连接和 ffERG 光刺激电缆连接到 ERG 系统,然后按照 ISCEV 标准记录锥形闪光响应(光适应 3.0 cdμs+2 闪存 ERG),然后是锥形闪烁响应(光适应 3.0 闪烁 ERG)。
    注:这将完成 ffERG 录制。其他诊断视网膜成像,包括 OCT,基金照片以及用于基因检测的病毒,在患者保持静静时很容易遵循。

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Representative Results

使用所述方法,在儿童和幼儿的手术室里,在使用心剂或全身麻醉时,可以明显获得有效、可靠、可解释的正常和异常的ffERG反应。特别是,避免虚假的低顶面性ffERG反应,并很容易确定这一年龄组视力下降和鼻塔格穆斯的常见视网膜原因。例如,保留脊柱反应对于区分 Leber 先天性气腺病和色罗氏菌病非常重要,在这两种情况下锥形 ffERG 反应均减少,但顶顶 ffERG 反应保留在色光基,但在 Leber 先天性雄耳病中则不保留(图 7)。获得高质量的斯科托特 ffERG 响应对于诊断存在不同斯科托奇 ffERG 波形条件的条件也很重要。例如,在斯科托米组合杆锥 ffERG 响应中存在负 b 波是先天性固定夜盲症的关键特征 (图 7) 。虽然麻醉剂可能会减少ERG反应,但麻醉下的ERG反应在提供准确诊断方面是可靠的。6 ERG 响应的正常范围的下限与年龄相关,并且随着年龄的增长而增加。例如,对于使用Burian-Allen电极的顶极杆响应,12个个月到24个月的正常下限为75 μV。根据 ISCEV 的建议,鼓励各个 ERG 实验室收集自己的正常值。

该方法可靠地用于确定疾病在一段时间中的进展。例如,Alström综合征的系统性特征在非常年轻的患者中是微妙的,最初的 ffERG 反应可能类似于与相对保存的顶面 ffERG 反应和锥形反应减少的色光色(图 8)。随着时间的推移,斯科托菲格反应恶化,显示锥杆功能障碍模式,这是符合条件,包括锥杆营养不良和二次综合征锥杆退化,如阿尔斯特伦综合征(图8)。

Figure 1
图1:手术室开口的暗校对。不透明的非反射黑色窗帘覆盖手术室的门和窗开口。 请单击此处查看此图的较大版本。

Figure 2A
图2A:请点击这里查看这个数字的较大版本。

Figure 2B
图2B:折叠便携式暗室。市售可折叠的便携式暗室 (A) 隔离患者头部和 ERG 检查员 (B), 以优化视网膜暗适应的维护, 在上座 ffERG 录音期间 (照片拍摄与灯之前启动的情况下, 以说明目的). 请单击此处查看此图的较大版本。

Figure 3A
图 3A:请单击此处查看此图的较大版本。

Figure 3B
图3B:请点击这里查看这个数字的较大版本。

Figure 3C
图3C:暗室后部的修改。在暗室后部(A)上创建的小开口,由双活门(B)覆盖,允许将连接和电缆连接到暗室(C)外的ERG记录系统。 请单击此处查看此图的较大版本。

Figure 4
图4:与双边修补的黑暗适应。在将一层黑色胶带放在封闭的眼睑上,将一层黑色胶带放在2个眼睑上,将深色放松面罩放在患者上。 请单击此处查看此图的较大版本。

Figure 5A
图 5A:请单击此处查看此图的较大版本。

Figure 5B
图5B:手术室的暗防。
半透明红色滤光片 (A) 贴在监视器上, 不透明的黑色胶带 (B) 覆盖 LED 和光源. 请单击此处查看此图的较大版本。

Figure 6A
图 6A:请单击此处查看此图的较大版本。

Figure 6B
图 6B:在暗室中重新编码二重应的 ffERG 响应。
有暗室的患者 (A).Scotopic ffERG 响应记录在暗室(B) 内非常黑暗的环境中,在用于放置角膜 ERG 记录电极的额头带上安装非常暗暗的红灯(照片在启动案例前打开灯以进行说明)。 请单击此处查看此图的较大版本。

Figure 7
图 7:正常和异常 ffERG 示例。在婴幼儿中,通过方法获得的标准 ffERG 响应显示正常反应和有效的可靠中头和光图反应,很容易区分 Leber 先天性动物病 (LCA)、色素虫和先天性固定夜盲 (CSNB)。LCA 示例是 6 岁,具有 RDH12 基因型;色光是一个3岁与PDE6C基因型;CSNB 示例是一个 3 岁与 TRPM1 基因型。 请单击此处查看此图的较大版本。

Figure 8
图 8: ffERG 示例,显示疾病进展。2年后,在2岁患者中获得与随和的方法获得的标准ffERG反应。斯科托特 ffERG 反应的进展是显而易见的, 发现患者有阿尔斯特伦综合征. 请单击此处查看此图的较大版本。

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Discussion

该方法和规程描述了如何在手术室中对婴儿和儿童进行有效可靠的 ffERG。该技术的主要概念和目的,是在顶面ffERG录音过程中提供并维持最佳的视网膜暗适应。这对于准确客观地评估杆光感受器功能至关重要,因为视网膜暗自适应会因暴露而迅速减少,即使暴露在昏暗的光线下,也会导致错误记录的反应。该方法的关键步骤是:(i) 选择一个低 60 Hz 背景电流噪声的手术室,适当的电气接地,并仔细修改和准备房间,以阻断光源 (ii) 完全在药理上扩张瞳孔,并放置多层眼罩,完全阻断光线,诱导视网膜暗适应 (iii) 使用经过改装的便携式可折叠暗室,封闭患者头部和 ERG 检查官, 和 (iv) 在搜索 fferg 录制期间, 在暗室内使用最少数量的暗红色光。

该方法明显优于现有的替代方法。虽然使用奶瓶可以对1岁以下的婴儿进行不带水能的ffERG,有些儿童可以配合ffERG记录,但大多数婴幼儿的合作很差。在传统的ERG记录暗室中用口服水来表演ffERG缺乏安全监测患者心肺功能的能力,对口服水剂的反应范围广泛且不可预知。在没有便携式暗室的昏暗手术室中执行 ffERG 通常不够暗,无法充分实现和保持深色适应,因为新的麻醉和手术室设备越来越多。

鉴于便携式暗室内空间有限,该方法与小型手持式 ffERG 光刺激效果良好,并且 ffERG 记录一次只进行一只眼睛。更大的全尺寸全场ERG刺激圆顶将允许同时对双眼进行ERG记录并缩短检查时间。全尺寸ERG刺激圆顶需要金属臂将金属臂牢牢地固定在患者上,而更大的便携式暗室需要更大的皮瓣开口才能容纳金属臂。这种修改是可能的,小心创建一个大的活门开口,不易漏光。

该方法的局限性很少,包括镇静剂和一般麻醉剂在减少ERG反应方面的作用,这不足以影响准确的临床诊断和后续测试,以评估进展。该方法需要儿科麻醉科小组的合作,在昏暗的手术室中监测患者15分钟的斯科托菲格记录。如果出现麻醉紧急情况,程序可以立即中止,便携式暗室可以快速移动,以允许完全患者进入。

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Disclosures

作者没有什么可透露的。

Acknowledgments

本文部分得到美国佛罗里达州迈阿密大学巴斯科姆帕默眼科研究所遗传性视网膜疾病研究方案詹姆斯·巴贝克的支持;NIH 中心核心赠款 P30EY014801;预防失明无限制奖和职业发展奖研究;佛罗里达狮子眼银行和视觉之美基金会,迈阿密,佛罗里达州,美国;亨利和弗洛尔·莱西厄基金会

Materials

Name Company Catalog Number Comments
Black tape 3M Industrial Adhesives and Tapes Division, St Paul, MN 55144-1000 USA 3M ID 70016070396
Conduction skin paste Redux Electrolyte Paste, Hewlett Packard company, USA 67-05
Darkroom - Portable foldable Scientex Inc., Japan B-LP1/B-LP1-X Requires modification as described in Protocol
Dark adaptation mask (relaxation sleeping mask) Mindfold Inc, Durango, CO, USA 6576493 Flexible black plastic face plate backed with a high-density soft foam padding that allows total darkness.
Ear clip for electric grounding Natus - Nicolet Neurodiagnostic, UK F-E34DG-72 Grass 10mm Gold Cup EEG Ear Clip with touchproof connector 72" wire - Set of 2
Electrodes ERG recording (Burian-Allen, DTL) Burian-Allen, Hansen Ophthalmic Develoment Lab, Iowa, USA; DTL, Diagnosys, Lowell, MA 01854, USA. 303-20LA, 303-20A, 303-20P, 303-20I, 303-20SI Available in different sizes
ERG systems including handheld full-field stimulus Any system meeting the standards established by the International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision (ISCEV). Authors use Diagnosys and Roland systems; other ISCEV standard systems available.
Eye drops and Gel, proparacaine, phenylephrine, cyclopentolate, methylcellulose Ophthalmic drops, Proparacaine 0.5%, phenylephrine 2.5%, cyclopentolate 1%, Akorn, Inc. Forest, IL 60045 USA; ophthalmic gel, methylcellulose 2.5%, Alcon Laboratory, Inc. Fort Worth, TX 76134 USA
Eye patch BSN Medical Inc, Rutherford College, NC, USA 46430-00 Coverlet eye occlusor for treatment of lazy eye
Head band with light REMIX PRO. Princeton Tec,
Trenton, NJ 08650 USA
RMX300PRO-RD-BK Requires placing layers of red filters over LED as described in protocol

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References

  1. McCulloch, D. L., et al. ISCEV Standard for full-field clinical electroretinography (2015 update). Documenta Ophthalmologica. 130 (1), 1-12 (2015).
  2. Robson, A. G., et al. ISCEV guide to visual electrodiagnostic procedures. Documenta Ophthalmologica. 136 (1), 1-26 (2018).
  3. Holder, G. E., et al. International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology: recommendations for visual system testing. Clinical Neurophysiology. 121 (9), 1393-1409 (2010).
  4. Fulton, A. B., Hartmann, E. E., Hansen, R. M. Electrophysiologic testing techniques for children. Documenta Ophthalmologica. 71 (4), 341-354 (1989).
  5. van Genderen, M., et al. The key role of electrophysiology in the diagnosis of visually impaired children. Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. 84 (6), 799-806 (2006).
  6. Lalwani, K., et al. The 'dark' side of sedation: 12 years of office-based pediatric deep sedation for electroretinography in the dark. Pediatric Anesthesia. 21 (1), 65-71 (2011).
  7. Guidelines, ICfPCE, et al. Pediatric clinical visual electrophysiology: a survey of actual practice. Documenta Ophthalmologica. 113 (3), 193-204 (2006).
  8. Wongpichedchai, S., Hansen, R. M., Koka, B., Gudas, V. M., Fulton, A. B. Effects of halothane on children's electroretinograms. Ophthalmology. 99 (8), 1309-1312 (1992).
  9. Andreasson, S., Tornqvist, K., Ehinger, B. Full-field electroretinograms during general anesthesia in normal children compared to examination with topical anesthesia. Acta Ophthalmologica (Copenhagen). 71 (4), 491-495 (1993).
  10. Brigell, M., et al. Guidelines for calibration of stimulus and recording parameters used in clinical electrophysiology of vision. Documenta Ophthalmologica. 107 (2), 185-193 (2003).

Tags

医学, 问题 163, 电雷电图, 黑暗适应, 婴儿, 儿童, 水静, 手术室, 遗传性视网膜疾病, 利伯先天性动脉疾病
麻醉下婴儿和儿童电雷电图记录,实现最佳黑暗适应和国际标准
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Cite this Article

Lam, B. L., Mendoza-Santiestaban,More

Lam, B. L., Mendoza-Santiestaban, C., Gonzalez, A., Rowaan, C., Liu, M., Martin, J., Gayer, S., Figueredo, O. G., Parel, J. M. Electroretinogram Recording for Infants and Children under Anesthesia to Achieve Optimal Dark Adaptation and International Standards. J. Vis. Exp. (163), e61734, doi:10.3791/61734 (2020).

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    Generation of Microtumors Using 3D Human Biogel Culture System and Patient-derived Glioblastoma Cells for Kinomic Profiling and Drug Response Testing
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Using a Laminating Technique to Perform Confocal Microscopy of the Human Sclera
  • Research • Medicine
    Intravenous Endotoxin Challenge in Healthy Humans: An Experimental Platform to Investigate and Modulate Systemic Inflammation
  • Research • Medicine
    Modeling and Simulations of Olfactory Drug Delivery with Passive and Active Controls of Nasally Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols
  • Research • Medicine
    Exosomal miRNA Analysis in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Patients' Plasma Through qPCR: A Feasible Liquid Biopsy Tool
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multimodal Imaging- and Stimulation-based Method of Evaluating Connectivity-related Brain Excitability in Patients with Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges
  • Research • Medicine
    Using Saccadometry with Deep Brain Stimulation to Study Normal and Pathological Brain Function
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Fundus Autofluorescence for the Evaluation of Retinal Diseases
  • Research • Medicine
    Diagnosis of Musculus Gastrocnemius Tightness - Key Factors for the Clinical Examination
  • Research • Medicine
    Stereo-Electro-Encephalo-Graphy (SEEG) With Robotic Assistance in the Presurgical Evaluation of Medical Refractory Epilepsy: A Technical Note
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Transcutaneous Microcirculatory Imaging in Preterm Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    Using an Ingestible Telemetric Temperature Pill to Assess Gastrointestinal Temperature During Exercise
  • Research • Medicine
    Design, Fabrication, and Administration of the Hand Active Sensation Test (HASTe)
  • Research • Medicine
    MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder
  • Research • Medicine
    Functional Human Liver Preservation and Recovery by Means of Subnormothermic Machine Perfusion
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multicenter MRI Protocol for the Evaluation and Quantification of Deep Vein Thrombosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Determining The Electromyographic Fatigue Threshold Following a Single Visit Exercise Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of Electromagnetic Navigational Transthoracic Needle Aspiration (E-TTNA) for Sampling of Lung Nodules
  • Research • Medicine
    Trabecular Meshwork Response to Pressure Elevation in the Living Human Eye
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vivo, Percutaneous, Needle Based, Optical Coherence Tomography of Renal Masses
  • Research • Medicine
    Establishment of Human Epithelial Enteroids and Colonoids from Whole Tissue and Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Human Brown Adipose Tissue Depots Automatically Segmented by Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography and Registered Magnetic Resonance Images
  • Research • Medicine
    Preparation and Respirometric Assessment of Mitochondria Isolated from Skeletal Muscle Tissue Obtained by Percutaneous Needle Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    A Methodological Approach to Non-invasive Assessments of Vascular Function and Morphology
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Immortalization of Patient-derived Cell Lines from Muscle Biopsy for Disease Modeling
  • Research • Medicine
    State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
  • Research • Medicine
    The Supraclavicular Fossa Ultrasound View for Central Venous Catheter Placement and Catheter Change Over Guidewire
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of the Brachial Artery in Clinical Research
  • Research • Medicine
    Tracking the Mammary Architectural Features and Detecting Breast Cancer with Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes
  • Research • Medicine
    DTI of the Visual Pathway - White Matter Tracts and Cerebral Lesions
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection, Isolation, and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Human Endocervical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multi-Modal Approach to Assessing Recovery in Youth Athletes Following Concussion
  • Research • Medicine
    Clinical Assessment of Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Patients and Older Adults
  • Research • Medicine
    Multi-electrode Array Recordings of Human Epileptic Postoperative Cortical Tissue
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection and Extraction of Saliva DNA for Next Generation Sequencing
  • Research • Medicine
    Fast and Accurate Exhaled Breath Ammonia Measurement
  • Research • Medicine
    Developing Neuroimaging Phenotypes of the Default Mode Network in PTSD: Integrating the Resting State, Working Memory, and Structural Connectivity
  • Research • Medicine
    Two Methods for Establishing Primary Human Endometrial Stromal Cells from Hysterectomy Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Coordinate Mapping of Hyolaryngeal Mechanics in Swallowing
  • Research • Medicine
    Network Analysis of the Default Mode Network Using Functional Connectivity MRI in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    EEG Mu Rhythm in Typical and Atypical Development
  • Research • Medicine
    The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT): An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Functional Characterization of Human Ventricular Cardiomyocytes from Fresh Surgical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Primary Culture of Human Vestibular Schwannomas
  • Research • Medicine
    Utility of Dissociated Intrinsic Hand Muscle Atrophy in the Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Lesion Explorer: A Video-guided, Standardized Protocol for Accurate and Reliable MRI-derived Volumetrics in Alzheimer's Disease and Normal Elderly
  • Research • Medicine
    Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Culture, and Imaging of Human Fetal Pancreatic Cell Clusters
  • Research • Medicine
    3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Computerized Dynamic Posturography for Postural Control Assessment in Patients with Intermittent Claudication
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting Saliva and Measuring Salivary Cortisol and Alpha-amylase in Frail Community Residing Older Adults via Family Caregivers
  • Research • Medicine
    Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Analysis of Neurodegenerative Diseases
  • Research • Medicine
    Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Retinal Surgical Specimens Using jouRNAl
  • Research • Medicine
    Improved Protocol For Laser Microdissection Of Human Pancreatic Islets From Surgical Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Respiratory Muscle Activation Using Respiratory Motor Control Assessment (RMCA) in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury
  • Research • Medicine
    Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting And Measuring Wound Exudate Biochemical Mediators In Surgical Wounds
  • Research • Medicine
    A Research Method For Detecting Transient Myocardial Ischemia In Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome Using Continuous ST-segment Analysis
  • Research • Medicine
    Using a Chemical Biopsy for Graft Quality Assessment
  • Research • Medicine
    Characterizing Exon Skipping Efficiency in DMD Patient Samples in Clinical Trials of Antisense Oligonucleotides
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vitro Assessment of Cardiac Function Using Skinned Cardiomyocytes
  • Research • Medicine
    Normothermic Ex Situ Heart Perfusion in Working Mode: Assessment of Cardiac Function and Metabolism
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Vascular Control Mechanisms Utilizing Video Microscopy of Isolated Resistance Arteries of Rats
  • Research • Medicine
    Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) for Research; Obtaining Adequate Sample Yield
  • Research • Medicine
    Non-invasive Optical Measurement of Cerebral Metabolism and Hemodynamics in Infants
  • Research • Medicine
    Tilt Testing with Combined Lower Body Negative Pressure: a "Gold Standard" for Measuring Orthostatic Tolerance
  • Research • Medicine
    Driving Simulation in the Clinic: Testing Visual Exploratory Behavior in Daily Life Activities in Patients with Visual Field Defects
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Characterization and Comparative Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Derived from Permanent Teeth by Using Two Different Methods
  • Research • Medicine
    Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking (IPL): Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Intraoperative Detection of Subtle Endometriosis: A Novel Paradigm for Detection and Treatment of Pelvic Pain Associated with the Loss of Peritoneal Integrity
  • Research • Medicine
    The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection Protocol for Human Pancreas
  • Research • Medicine
    The α-test: Rapid Cell-free CD4 Enumeration Using Whole Saliva
  • Research • Medicine
    The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Donor Tissue Preparation for Endothelial Keratoplasty
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantification of Atherosclerotic Plaque Activity and Vascular Inflammation using [18-F] Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (FDG-PET/CT)
  • Research • Medicine
    Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography of Retinal Circulation
  • Research • Medicine
    Utilizing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Study the Human Neuromuscular System
  • Research • Medicine
    Detection and Genogrouping of Noroviruses from Children's Stools By Taqman One-step RT-PCR
  • Research • Medicine
    Method to Measure Tone of Axial and Proximal Muscle
  • Research • Medicine
    The Trier Social Stress Test Protocol for Inducing Psychological Stress
  • Research • Medicine
    Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Multifocal Electroretinograms
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation of Human Islets from Partially Pancreatectomized Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quantification of Pulmonary Perfusion using Calibrated Arterial Spin Labeling
  • Research • Medicine
    Manual Muscle Testing: A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department
  • Research • Medicine
    A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
  • Research • Medicine
    An Investigation of the Effects of Sports-related Concussion in Youth Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Head Impact Telemetry System
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Confocal Microscopy: A Novel Non-invasive Technique to Quantify Small Fibre Pathology in Peripheral Neuropathies
  • Research • Medicine
    Methods to Quantify Pharmacologically Induced Alterations in Motor Function in Human Incomplete SCI
  • Research • Medicine
    Multispectral Real-time Fluorescence Imaging for Intraoperative Detection of the Sentinel Lymph Node in Gynecologic Oncology
  • Research • Medicine
    Technique to Collect Fungiform (Taste) Papillae from Human Tongue
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessing Endothelial Vasodilator Function with the Endo-PAT 2000
  • Research • Medicine
    Making Sense of Listening: The IMAP Test Battery
  • Research • Medicine
    An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)
  • Research • Biology
    Bioelectric Analyses of an Osseointegrated Intelligent Implant Design System for Amputees
  • Research • Biology
    Demonstration of Cutaneous Allodynia in Association with Chronic Pelvic Pain
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