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Medicine

使用氟磷钙标签和纳米粒子跟踪分析估计人类泌尿纳米晶体

Published: February 9, 2021 doi: 10.3791/62192

Summary

这项研究的目的是确定纳米粒子跟踪分析(NTA)能否检测和量化含有健康成年人纳米晶体的尿钙。目前的研究结果表明,NTA可能是估计肾结石疾病期间泌尿纳米晶体的潜在工具。

Abstract

肾结石在全世界成人和儿童中越来越普遍。最常见的肾结石类型由草酸钙(CaOx)晶体组成。当尿液中富含矿物质(如钙、草酸盐、磷酸盐)并形成肾结石之前时,就会发生结晶。评估石器晶体的标准方法包括显微镜、过滤和离心。然而,这些方法主要检测微晶体,而不是纳米晶体。纳米晶体被建议对肾脏上皮细胞的危害大于体外微晶体。在这里,我们描述了纳米粒子跟踪分析(NTA)检测人类泌尿纳米晶体的能力。健康成年人在饮用草酸盐负荷以刺激泌尿纳米晶体之前,先吃受控的草酸盐饮食。尿在草酸盐负荷前后收集了24小时。用乙醇加工和清洗样品以净化样品。泌尿纳米晶体沾染了钙结合氟磷,氟-4 AM。染色后,使用 NTA 确定纳米晶体的大小和计数。这项研究的结果表明,NTA可以有效地检测健康成年人的纳米晶体。这些发现表明,NTA可能是肾结石患者纳米晶体的有价值的早期检测方法。

Introduction

当尿液中富含矿物质时,尿晶体就会形成。这可能发生在健康的人,但更常见的个人肾结石1。泌尿晶体的存在和积累会增加患肾结石的风险。具体来说,当晶体与兰德尔的斑块结合,核化,积累,并随着时间的推移生长2,3,4就会发生这种情况。晶体在肾结石形成之前和晶体的评估可能具有预测价值的肾结石前3,5。具体来说,结晶体已被建议有用,以预测在含有结石6,7的草酸钙病史患者的结石复发的风险。

据报道,晶体对肾上皮和循环免疫细胞功能8、9、10、11、12、13产生负面影响。此前有报道称,与健康个体相比,从草酸钙(CaOx)肾结石前体中循环的单核细胞抑制了细胞生物能学。此外,CaOx晶体可减少细胞生物能学,并破坏单核细胞8中的红氧平衡。食用富含草酸盐的膳食可能导致结晶体,导致肾管损伤,并改变保护肾结石形成尿大分子的生产和功能。多项研究已证明,尿晶体的形状和大小可能因尿液17、18、19的pH值和温度而异。此外,尿蛋白已被证明可以调节晶体行为20。道登等人19日提出,结晶体分析可能有助于肾结石病患者的管理,并评估他们对治疗的反应。目前可用于评估晶体存在的一些常规方法包括极化显微镜21、22、电子显微镜23、粒子计数器3、尿液过滤24、蒸发3、5或离心21。这些研究为肾结石领域提供了宝贵的见解。然而,这些方法的局限性是无法可视化和量化大小小于 1μm 的晶体。这种大小的晶体可能通过附着在兰德尔的斑块上来影响CaOx石的生长。

与较大的微晶体25相比,纳米晶体已证明对肾脏细胞造成广泛损伤。纳米晶体的存在已经报告在尿液中使用纳米粒子分析仪26,27。最近的研究已经使用荧光标记的双磷酸盐探针(亚龙-氟辛/阿伦德龙酸盐-Cy5)来检查纳米晶体使用纳米级流细胞测量28。这种染料的限制是,它不是具体的,将结合几乎所有类型的石头,除了半胱氨酸。因此,准确评估个体中纳米晶体的存在可能是诊断结晶体和/或预测结石风险的有效工具。本研究的目的是利用纳米粒子跟踪分析(NTA)检测和量化含有纳米晶体的钙(大小为 <1微米)。为此,NTA 技术与含钙氟磷、氟-4 AM 相结合,用于检测和量化健康成年人尿液中含有纳米晶体的钙。

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Protocol

这项工作中概述的所有实验都得到了阿拉巴马大学伯明翰分校(UAB)机构审查委员会的批准。健康成人(33.6±3.3岁;n=10)如果有正常的血液综合代谢板,非烟草使用者,非怀孕,体重指数在20-30公斤/米2之间,并且没有慢性疾病或急性疾病,则报名参加研究。健康参与者在研究开始前签署了书面知情同意书。

1. 临床协议和尿液收集

  1. 让参与者在收集尿液(24 小时样本)之前,先食用由 UAB 临床和转化科学中心准备的低草酸盐饮食 3 天,并快速过夜。
  2. 第二天,让参与者在食用草酸盐(含有水果和蔬菜的冰沙,约8毫米草酸盐)之前返回其24小时尿样(草本前)。参与者随后收集尿液24小时(牛酸后样本),第二天返回尿液。
  3. 在处理前在室温下保持所有尿液样本(RT),如下图 1所示。

2. 尿液处理

注:所有使用的材料和设备都列在 材料表中
注意:在处理临床样品和试剂时,时刻佩戴个人防护装备。具体来说,手套、脸部和眼罩、呼吸保护和防护服。

  1. 测量和记录尿液pH度和体积。在将 50 mL 尿液添加到标记的无菌 50 mL 圆锥管中之前,彻底混合。
  2. 使用台式离心机在 RT 中以 1200 x g 的离心机样品 10 分钟。
    注意:将样品保存在RT,以防止进一步的晶体形成,因为较冷的温度可以促进结晶。
  3. 丢弃超自然物,用5mL的100%乙醇再次清洗和补充颗粒。使用台式离心机在 RT 将样品以 1200 x g 分分钟,使用离心机进行 10 分钟。
  4. 丢弃超自然物,在1mL的100%乙醇中补充颗粒。将样品储存在 -20 °C,以供以后处理或弄脏样品,如下所述。
    注意:存储或新鲜染色样品的数据点(即颗粒大小/浓度)没有显著差异。

3. 纳米粒子跟踪分析

  1. 样品准备
    1. 金纳米粒子:使用金纳米粒子优化仪器上的设置。在超纯水中稀释 100 nm 大小的金纳米粒子 1:1000。
    2. 人类尿液:在水中稀释尿液样本20次,然后用5mM Fluo-4 AM(一种钙荧光染料)在黑暗中染色30分钟。使用 NTA 分析样本。
    3. 准备氧化钙(CaOx)晶体,如前所述29。在分析之前,将 10 mM 库存溶液(10 mL 水中的 14.6 毫克)稀释到 50 μM,并在黑暗中使用 5 mM Fluo-4 AM 对稀释样品进行污渍 30 分钟。
    4. 磷酸钙 (CaP) 晶体:在 NTA 分析之前,在水中稀释 10 mM 库存溶液(10mL 水中 50.4 毫克)至 50 μM,并在黑暗中使用 5 mM Fluo-4 AM 对稀释样品进行污渍 30 分钟。
  2. 仪器设置、摄像机设置和数据收集
    注:用于此方法的计算机和仪器设置显示在 图 2 中
    1. 打开电脑,然后打开仪器。打开软件并打开相机。
    2. 打开软件窗口后,单击窗口左上角的捕获图标以启动捕获模式。相机初始化需要几秒钟。
    3. 首先使用 1 mL 注射器将空气泵入平台,直到平台看起来清洁。使用另一个 1 mL 注射器将水轻轻加入仪器 2-3 次,以消除任何气泡。
      注意:在平台和管道中查找任何气泡。在运行样品之前和运行样品时,在整个仪器中不要有气泡是很重要的。如果存在气泡,用空气和水再次清洁平台。
    4. 平台清洁后,通过查看摄像机添加水以检查表面是否有污染。接下来,在样品装载泵喷油器中加入金纳米粒子作为控制,以设置仪器。
    5. 将屏幕上或旋钮上的摄像头级别调整到仪器的右侧,直到图像开始显示彩色像素,然后降低相机水平。
    6. 然后调整屏幕以优化图像。左键单击视频图像上的鼠标按钮。按住左鼠标按钮,上下拖动图像以获取整个视图。
      注:普通相机镜头和滤镜用于评估金纳米粒子和未染色样品。
    7. 设置输液速度并对焦相机,使金纳米粒子在相机屏幕上可见。将输液速度设置为高(即 500 μL/min),以便初始设置,以确保检测到金纳米粒子。检测到后,将速度降低到 50μL/min。
    8. 调整相机水平以可视化粒子。对于未染色的样品,调整 5 级的屏幕增益以实现相机对焦,并将相机级别设置为 8。设定对焦后,记录示例(即仅 1 次测量,仅 60 秒)。
      注:对焦和连续流速对于获取清晰清晰的粒子图像以进行计数非常重要。
    9. 优化后,在评估样品之前,再次用水清洁设备。查看摄像机,确保管子清洁且颗粒不存在。
      注意:在每个样品之间清洗腔室,直到摄像机检测到颗粒。
    10. 要分析染色样品,将相机调整到包含合适荧光滤光片的滤镜位置。将稀释和染色的样品加载到样品装载泵喷油器上,并将速度降低到 20 μL/min,以便分析样品。
    11. 接下来调整屏幕增益和相机级别,因为这些是重要的参数。对于染色(荧光)样品,将屏幕增益设置为 5,相机级别设置为 13 级。
      注意:这些参数将根据样本类型而变化,每个示例都需要优化以获得焦点。
    12. 使用标准测量来测量每个样本的 5 次捕获,其中一个捕获持续时间为 60 秒。
    13. 每次测量后保存和存储数据。该软件将为每个测量保存图像和视频文件。该软件提供输出数据(例如,晶体大小:10 nM - 1000 nM 和浓度)在卓越和 pdf 格式。
    14. 计算每个样本所有 5 个读数的平均纳米粒子数。使用平均值的标准偏差或标准误差分析数据,并使用 t 测试进行配对分析。

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Representative Results

这项研究的结果表明,NTA可以有效地检测人类尿液中含有尿纳米晶体的钙的平均大小和浓度。这是通过使用氟磷、氟-4 AM 和纳米粒子跟踪分析实现的。Fluo-4 AM 能够与 CaOx 和 CaP 晶体结合。如图3A所示,CaOx晶体的大小确定在50-270纳米之间,平均浓度为1.26 x 109颗粒/mL。CaP晶体的大小在30-225纳米之间,平均浓度为2.22×109粒子/mL(图3B)。为了确定NTA能否评估人类尿液中的纳米晶体,健康成年人被要求食用受控的草酸盐饮食,然后摄入高草酸盐。收集负荷前后的24小时尿液样本,以评估尿纳米晶体大小和浓度。草前尿液样本中含有一些尿纳米晶体(1.65 x 108 ± 3.29 x 107颗粒/mL)在 110-300 nm 之间(图 4)。相比之下,氧化后样品(7.05 x 108< ±1.08 x 10 8 粒子/mL;100-320 nm) 尿纳米晶体显著增加(p.010001)。为了确认该方法的可重复性,对样品进行了三次测量,技术复制品(图5)没有显著变化。

Figure 1
图1:隔离和染色人类泌尿纳米晶体的协议。请点击这里查看此图的更大版本。

Figure 2
2:纳米粒子跟踪分析(NTA)的描述。 B) 样品在填充光学表面之前,使用注射器泵以连续速度注入进水管。然后,通过目标镜头观察样品,当样品流过平台时,相机会捕获样品,然后通过出口管退出以丢弃样品。请单击此处查看此图的较大版本。

Figure 3
图3: NTA 检测 Fluo-4 AM 标记的草酸钙 (CaOx) 和磷酸钙 (CaP) 晶体。(A) CaOx 和 (B)CaP 晶体的代表图显示大小分布和浓度。请单击此处查看此图的较大版本。

Figure 4
4:NTA检测Flo-4 AM标记为24小时人类泌尿纳米晶体。 Fluo-4 AM 代表图在 24 小时牛皮前和牛后样本中标记了尿纳米晶体,这些样本来自健康成年人,使用受控的草酸盐饮食。 请单击此处查看此图的较大版本。

Figure 5
图5:使用NTA在24小时尿液收集中复制人类纳米晶体的技术。 在24小时(A)牛酸前和(B)牛酸盐后从健康成年人的受控草酸盐饮食中,对Fluo-4 AM标记的泌尿纳米晶体进行技术复制。 请单击此处查看此图的较大版本。

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Discussion

NTA在本研究中使用钙结合探针Flo-4 AM来评估人类尿液中的纳米晶体。没有标准方法可以检测尿液中的纳米晶体。一些研究小组已经检测出尿液中的纳米晶体,并依靠使用广泛的协议或方法,这些协议或方法限制了他们量化样本的能力这项研究展示了一种特定而敏感的方法,用于检测参与饮食喂养研究的人类尿液中含有纳米晶体的钙,该研究包括摄入高草酸盐负荷。草酸盐的消耗量相当于实际世界中草酸盐的消耗量(例如,1/2菠菜沙拉)。

NTA是一种具有良好特征的高分辨率工具,它使用布朗运动测量解决方案30中的粒子。它已用于评估生物纳米粒子的各种生物样本31,32,33。此外,NTA 可以准确预测任何类型的生物样本中颗粒的大小和浓度。此方法不需要任何标签:但是,标签可用于检测特定颗粒。在这项研究中,利用Flo-4 AM高效和专门地检测尿液样本中含有纳米晶体的钙。钙荧光探针最初用于测量自由细胞酸钙34。Fluo-4是荧光-3的类似物,其荧光在与35自由钙结合后增加>100倍。此外,Fluo-4已被证明使用流细胞学36来评估关节炎患者的同体液中的钙颗粒。因此,我们使用 Fluo-4 AM 进行这些研究。

所有样品均不断注入平台进行精确检测。确定浓度和颗粒大小取决于流速,因为高流速率(即 50 μL/min)会影响对浓度的准确评估,以及粒子大小与静态设置和较低流速(即 20 μL/min)37 相比。因此,稳定的慢速流速可准确测量样品中存在的颗粒数量。其他可能影响粒子计数和大小的重要参数包括相机水平、检测阈值和对焦 38、39、40。样品中一致的粒子测量(CV 约 20%)在目前的研究中观察到,这与另一项研究39的发现是一致的。最后,使用电子显微镜29证实人类尿液中存在纳米晶体。这项研究证明NTA可以成功地测量来自人类的尿纳米晶体。

此协议的一个优点是使用 Fluo-4 AM 来评估溶液中含有颗粒的钙。另一个优点是在检测样品中的纳米晶体时观察到的最小变异性。NTA在此设置中的一个限制是无法区分纳米晶体的形态。然而,这种方法可能有利于检测结晶体,以预测有含肾结石钙病史的个人的结石风险。此协议无法取代当前的方法,但可能会提供有关泌尿纳米晶体的新见解。使用NTA来评估含晶体的尿钙是一种新方法,它应该强调纳米晶体的重要性,超越标准显微镜和上述方法。有必要进行更多的调查,以探索这种方法在肾结石人群中的可靠性。

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Disclosures

作者声明没有利益冲突。

Acknowledgments

作者感谢所有研究参与者和 UAB CCTS 生物营养核心和 UAB 高分辨率成像服务中心的贡献。这项工作得到了国家卫生研究院DK106284和DK123542(TM)和UL1TR003096(国家推进转化科学中心)的支持。

Materials

Name Company Catalog Number Comments
Benchtop Centrifuge Jouan Centrifuge CR3-12
Calcium Oxalate monohydrate Synthesized in the lab as previously described29. Store at RT; Stock 10 mM
Calcium Phosphate crystals (hydroxyapatite nanopowder) Sigma 677418 Store at RT; Stock 10 mM
Ethanol Fischer Scientific AC615095000 Store at RT; Stock 100%
Fluo-4 AM* AAT Bioquest, Inc. 20550 Store at Freezer (-20°C); Stock 5 mM
Gold Nanoparticles Sigma 742031 Store at 2-8°C
NanoSight Instrument Malvern Instruments, UK NS300
Syringe pump Harvard Apparatus 98-4730
Virkon Disinfectant LanXESS Energizing Company, Germany LSP
*Fluorescence dyes are light sensitive; stock and aliquots should be stored in the dark at -20°C.

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Kumar, P., Bell, A., Mitchell, T.More

Kumar, P., Bell, A., Mitchell, T. Estimation of Urinary Nanocrystals in Humans using Calcium Fluorophore Labeling and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis. J. Vis. Exp. (168), e62192, doi:10.3791/62192 (2021).

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    Manual Muscle Testing: A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients
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    Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department
  • Research • Medicine
    A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
  • Research • Medicine
    An Investigation of the Effects of Sports-related Concussion in Youth Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Head Impact Telemetry System
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Confocal Microscopy: A Novel Non-invasive Technique to Quantify Small Fibre Pathology in Peripheral Neuropathies
  • Research • Medicine
    Methods to Quantify Pharmacologically Induced Alterations in Motor Function in Human Incomplete SCI
  • Research • Medicine
    Multispectral Real-time Fluorescence Imaging for Intraoperative Detection of the Sentinel Lymph Node in Gynecologic Oncology
  • Research • Medicine
    Technique to Collect Fungiform (Taste) Papillae from Human Tongue
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessing Endothelial Vasodilator Function with the Endo-PAT 2000
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    Making Sense of Listening: The IMAP Test Battery
  • Research • Medicine
    An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)
  • Research • Biology
    Bioelectric Analyses of an Osseointegrated Intelligent Implant Design System for Amputees
  • Research • Biology
    Demonstration of Cutaneous Allodynia in Association with Chronic Pelvic Pain
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