Development and Characterization of Decellularized Lung Extracellular Matrix Hydrogels

Summary

The protocol elucidates two distinct decellularization methodologies applied to native bovine pulmonary tissues, providing a comprehensive account of their respective characterizations.

Abstract

The use of extracellular matrix (ECM)-derived hydrogels in tissue engineering has become increasingly popular, as they can mimic cells' natural environment in vitro. However, maintaining the native biochemical content of the ECM, achieving mechanical stability, and comprehending the impact of the decellularization process on the mechanical properties of the ECM hydrogels are challenging. Here, a pipeline for decellularization of bovine lung tissue using two different protocols, downstream characterization of the effectiveness of decellularization, fabrication of reconstituted decellularized lung ECM hydrogels and assessment of their mechanical and cytocompatibility properties were described. Decellularization of the bovine lung was pursued using a physical (freeze-thaw cycles) or chemical (detergent-based) method. Hematoxylin and Eosin staining was performed to validate the decellularization and retention of major ECM components. For the evaluation of residual collagen and sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) content within the decellularized samples, Sirius red and Alcian blue staining techniques were employed, respectively. Mechanical properties of the decellularized lung ECM hydrogels were characterized by oscillatory rheology. The results suggest that decellularized bovine lung hydrogels can provide a reliable organotypic alternative to commercial ECM products by retaining most native ECM components. Furthermore, these findings reveal that the decellularization method of choice significantly affects gelation kinetics as well as the stiffness and viscoelastic properties of resulting hydrogels.

Introduction

Conventional monolayer culture conditions do not offer a faithful representation of native tissue microenvironments and lack the ability to provide a three-dimensional (3D) scaffold with instructive ligands that enable cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions¹. Extracellular matrix (ECM) composition and mechanical properties are highly tissue-specific, time-dependent, and undergo alterations in pathological conditions. Therefore, there is a need for biomimetic 3D tissue models that allow tunability of such characteristics, modulation of cellular behavior, and achieving desired tissue functionality. Native ECM-derived biomaterials draw much attention in tissue engineering with the ability to directly use tissue-specific ECM^1,2,3,4,5. ECM-based carriers have been used in many applications spanning tissue regeneration to disease model development. They are used as injectable or implantable biomaterial scaffolds^4,5, in drug screening applications^6,7, in the development of materials that induce cell growth^8,9,10, as bio-inks^11,12,13, in microfluidics¹⁴, and in cancer tissue models^{15,16,17,18,19}.

Decellularization of tissues and organs is a popular approach for generating scaffolds that mimic tissue-specific ECM. The reconstitution of decellularized tissues and organs into hydrogels allows embedding of cells into biomimetic 3D tissue models²⁰. Decellularization techniques mainly focus on eliminating cellular components while retaining the ECM composition. Physical methods such as freeze-thaw cycles or chemical processes such as Triton-X-100 treatment are commonly applied to decellularize tissues. Furthermore, DNase treatment is preferred for removing residual DNA to minimize the immunological responses upon cell embedding. It is critical to achieve maximal cell removal and minimal ECM impairment to optimize decellularization procedures²¹. Besides these aspects, the characterization of reconstituted scaffolds' biochemical and mechanical properties, including viscoelasticity and stiffness, is crucial for improving engineered 3D tissue models derived from native matrices²⁰.

Organ-specific ECM in lung tissue engineering allows mimicking the pulmonary microenvironment to model developmental, homeostatic, or pathological processes in vitro and testing therapeutics in a physio-mimetic setting^20,22,23. Previous studies have demonstrated decellularization of lung tissue from several species, such as rats, porcine, and humans, but these methods have yet to be adapted to less frequently used species such as bovine. A better understanding of the parameters of the decellularization process and how they affect the resulting reconstituted ECM scaffolds regarding biochemical composition and mechanical properties will allow for better tuning of such aspects and pave the way for more reliable tissue models in health and disease. In this study, bovine lung decellularization with two distinct methods, freeze-thaw cycles and Triton-X-100 treatment, is explicitly described and followed by biochemical and mechanical analyses of decellularized lung ECM (dECM) hydrogels. The findings reveal that both methods yield effective decellularization and retention of ECM ligands. Notably, the choice of method significantly alters the resulting stiffness and viscoelasticity of reconstituted hydrogels. Hydrogels derived from the bovine dECM demonstrate notable biochemical analogies with the extracellular matrix of the human lung, and they exhibit reliable thermal gelation characteristics²⁰. As previously described, both methods are suitable for the 3D culture of lung cancer cells, healthy bronchial epithelial cells, and patient-derived lung organoids²⁰.

Protocol

Fresh native lungs from young (1-2 years old) bovine donors were obtained from a local slaughterhouse and transported in a sealed plastic container on ice to the laboratory. Animal sacrifice is performed for general meat consumption (lungs discarded as waste) and is not related to or due to the study. We confirm that the slaughterhouse complies with the national laws and regulations of animal sacrifice. Furthermore, we confirm that we only used waste material and the research project did not have an effect on the number …

Representative Results

Decellularization Decellularization of bovine lung tissue to produce dECM hydrogels that would recapitulate the native lung microenvironment has been achieved by both physical (freeze-thaw) and chemical (Triton-X-100) methods. After dissection, tissue pieces were washed in dH2O-containing antibiotics to remove pathogens that can later affect the sterility of the dECM hydrogels. A total of five cycles alternating between liquid nitrogen to 37 °C water bath was applied for the freeze-…

Discussion

Organ-derived hydrogels have become promising models that recapitulate the native tissue ECM and mimic organotypic cellular function. Although decellularized lung ECM has often been used in tissue engineering, a thorough characterization of biomaterial composition and mechanical properties will benefit a better understanding of how cell-ECM interactions can be modulated for modeling biological processes during homeostasis or disease. Particularly, assessment and control of mechanical properties of reconstituted hydrogels…

Materials

Absolute ethanol	ISOLAB	64-17-5
Acetic acid	ISOLAB	64-19-7
Alcian blue solution	Sigma-Aldrich	B8438
Deoxyribonuclease I from bovine pancreas	Sigma-Aldrich	DN25
Discovery HR-2 rheometer	TA Instruments
Entellan mounting medium	Merck	107960
Eosin solution	Bright-slide	2.BS01-105-1000
Formaldehyde	Electron Microscopy Sciences	50-980-485
Hydrochloric acid	Merck	100317
Iodine	Sigma-Aldrich	3002
Magnesium chloride	Sigma-Aldrich	7786-30-3
Mayer's haematoxylin staining solution	Merck	2.BS01-103-1000
O.C.T compound	Tissue-Tek	4583
Penicillin/Streptomycin	Biowest	L0018-100
Pepsin from porcine gastric mucosa	Sigma-Aldrich	P6887
Picric acid	Polysciences	88-89-1
Sirius Red	Polysciences	09400-25
Sodium hydroxide	Sigma-Aldrich	S5881
Sucrose	Sigma-Aldrich	S0389
Triton-X-100	Merck	112298