Summary

猪主动脉瓣狭窄的微创模型

Published: October 20, 2023
doi:

Summary

该协议描述了一种用于猪升主动脉束带的微创外科手术。

Abstract

心力衰竭的大型动物模型由于其大小和与人类的生理相似性,在开发新的治疗干预措施中起着至关重要的作用。人们一直致力于创建压力超负荷诱发的心力衰竭模型,以及升主动脉束带,同时仍然在冠状动脉上,而不是人类主动脉瓣狭窄的完美模拟,与人类状况非常相似。

本研究的目的是展示一种微创方法,通过放置主动脉束带来诱导左心室压力超负荷,主动脉束带使用经皮引入的高保真压力传感器进行精确校准。该方法代表了外科手术 (3Rs) 的改进,导致均匀的跨狭窄梯度并减少了组内变异性。此外,它还可以快速、顺利地恢复动物,从而将死亡率降至最低。在整个研究过程中,采用经胸超声心动图和压力-容积环分析,对动物进行长达 2 个月的随访。但是,如果需要,可以实现更长的随访期。这种大型动物模型被证明对测试新药很有价值,特别是那些针对肥大以及与左心室压力超负荷相关的结构和功能改变的新药。

Introduction

心力衰竭 (HF) 是一种危及生命的疾病,影响着全球数百万人,造成重大的社会和经济影响1.其重要病因之一是主动脉瓣疾病或主动脉瓣狭窄 (AS)。主动脉瓣狭窄在高龄患者中更为普遍,是美国第二常见的瓣膜病变。在欧洲,AS相关死亡率也有所增加,特别是在无法获得近期介入手术的国家2。鉴于心衰的复杂性和治疗创新的稀缺性,迫切需要可靠的动物模型来复制人类状况并促进新干预措施的测试3。虽然啮齿动物模型的数量多于大型动物模型,但后者由于其大小和生理相似性而具有多种优势,可以测试供人类使用的药物剂量和医疗设备。

该方法的目的是建立一个可重复的升主动脉束带 (AAB) 模型,适用于生物医学研究中使用的大多数大型动物物种。在这项研究中,该程序使用微创方法在猪身上进行演示,遵循 3R 原则(替换、还原和改进4)。这种方法确保了精确的压力梯度的产生,从而实现了高可重复性(可能减少了所需动物的数量)。此外,与胸骨切开术和更大的开胸手术等更具侵略性的方法相比,小手术切口(2-3 厘米)最大限度地减少了手术损伤,改善了动物的健康状况5 (细化)。此外,提供该方法的视频演示以及文献中的详细描述,可能会减少对仅用于训练目的(替换)的动物的需求,从而进一步减少动物的使用。该模型适用于具有不同生长速率的不同猪品系/品种,并诱导持续的压力超负荷,导致随访 1 或 2 个月后显着肥大。

目前的方法采用固定狭窄6,不考虑动物大小变化,或使用充满液体的压力读数7计算梯度,其可靠性不如高保真压力传感器,并且容易受到信号阻尼的影响8。另一种方法使用狭窄远端的单次压力测量 5。然而,使用经皮输送的高保真压力传感器通过同时发出近端和远端压力信号来校准狭窄代表了对方案的实质性优化,从而改善了组的同质性。通过直观地演示这种方法,其他研究人员应该能够在没有重大障碍的情况下复制它,从而提高该模型的可用性,同时促进 3R 原则的应用。

Protocol

动物实验在波尔图大学心血管研究与发展中心(UnIC,葡萄牙波尔图)的实验外科实验室进行。机构动物伦理委员会根据国家动物卫生局(Direcção-Geral de Alimentação e Veterinária, DGAV, Ref: 2021-07-30 011706 0421/000/000/2021)批准了这项研究。实验者要么获得许可(相当于FELASA的实验动物科学授权),要么是心胸外科医生或麻醉师。这项工作中使用的动物是来自长白 x Pietrain 背景的雄性,是从 DGAV 许可的…

Representative Results

在模型的初始开发过程中,死亡率约为 30%,动物在绑扎和手术并发症后死于急性心力衰竭。然而,在建立模型后,手术并发症变得不那么常见,死亡率下降到15%左右。发生的两例死亡是由于夹层过程中的主动脉破裂。 使用高保真压力传感器可以获得高质量的压力信号(图 2),从而可以实时准确地校准狭窄。这确保了所有手术的动物都经历相似程度的?…

Discussion

近年来,一些研究利用外科主动脉束带作为左心室压力超负荷和心力衰竭(降主动脉 9 到升主动脉10)的模型,使研究人员能够获得适合其特定需求的各种表型。尽管使用此类模型需要昂贵的设备和专业知识,但它们提供的信息是无价的。猪,由于其大小和与人类心脏的相似性,作为理想的模型11,作为异种移植的器官捐献者获得了伦理上的认…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

这项工作得到了QREN项目2013/30196、“la Caixa”银行基金会、Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia(FCT)项目、LCF/PR/HP17/52190002的支持和资助。JS 和 EB 得到了欧盟地平线 2020 研究和创新计划的支持,该计划位于 Marie Sklodowska-Curie 赠款协议第 813716 号下。PdCM得到了Stichting Life Sciences Health(LSH)-TKI项目MEDIATOR(LSHM 21016)的支持。

Materials

3-0 PDS II suture Ethicon Z683G Aorta banding
5-0 prolene Ethicon 7472H Aorta banding
ACUSON NX2 Ultrasound System Siemens (240)11284381 Vascular Access and Echocardiography
Arterial Extension 200 cm PMH 303.0666 Anesthesia Maintenance
Atlan A300 Ventilator Draeger 8621300 Ventilation
Bone cutters Fehling AMP 367.00 Aorta banding
Cefazolin 1000 mg Labesfal 100063 Antibiotic
Chlorhexidine 4% Wash Solution AGA 19110008 Cleaning
Doyen Intestinal Forceps Aesculap EA121R Intubation
Echogenic Introducer Needle Teleflex AN-04318 Vascular Access
Endotracheal tube Intersurgical 8040070 Intubation
ePTFE vascular graft (5 mm x 40 cm) GORE-TEX S0504 Aorta banding
Extension line 100 cm PMH 303.0394 Anesthesia Induction
F.O. Laryngoscope Luxamed E1.317.012 Intubation
F.O. Miller Blade 4 204 x 17 mm Luxamed 3 Intubation
Fenestrated Sterile Drape Bastos Viegas 4882-256 Aseptic Technique
Fentanyl 0.5 mg/10 mL B.Braun 5758883 Anesthesia / Analgesia
Guidewire 260 cm J-tip B.Braun J3 FC-FS 260-035 Left Ventricle catheterization
Infusomat Space Infusion Pump B.Braun 24101800 Fluids / Drug administration
Intercostal retractor Fehling Surgical MRP-1 Thoracotomy
Introcan Certo IV Catheter 20G B.Braun 4251326 Fluids / Drug administration
Isotonic Saline Solution 0.9% B.Braun 5/44929/1/0918 Fluids / Drug administration
Ketamidor 100 mg/mL Richter pharma 1121908AB Anesthesia Induction
L10-5v Linear Transducer Siemens 11284481 Vascular Access
Midazolam 15 mg/3 mL Labesfal PLB762-POR/2 Anesthesia Induction
Mikro-cath Millar 63405(1) Pressure recording
MP1 guide catheter 6 Fr Cordis 67027000 Left Ventricle catheterization
Needle Holder Fehling Surgical ZYY-5 Aorta banding
Non-woven adhesive Bastos Viegas 442-002 Fluids / Drug administration
P4-2 Phased Array Transducer Siemens 11284467 Echocardiography
Perfusor Compact Syringe Perfusion Pump B.Braun 8717030 Fluids / Drug administration
Pressure Signal Conditioner ADinstruments PCU-2000 Pressure recording
Propofol Lipuro 2% B.Braun 357410  Anesthesia Maintenance
Radifocus Introducer II Standard Kit B – Introducer Sheath Terumo RS+B60K10MQ Vascular Access
Radiopaque marker Scanlan 1001-83 Aorta banding
Scissors Fehling Surgical Thoracotomy
Skinprep (Chlorhexidine 2% / 70% Isopropyl alcohol) Vygon SKPC015ES Disinfection
Stopcock manifold (3 ports) PMH 310.0489 Fluids / Drug administration
Straight forceps Fehling Surgical ZYY-1 Thoracotomy
Stresnil 40 mg/mL ecuphar 572184.2 Anesthesia Induction
Syringe Luer Lock 20 cc Omnifix B.Braun 4617207V Anesthesia Induction
Syringe Luer Lock 50 cc Omnifix B.Braun 4617509F Anesthesia Maintenance
Transdermal fentanyl Patch 50 mcg/h Mylan 5022153 Analgesia
Ultravist Bayer KT0B019 Angiography
Universal Hemostasis Valve Adapter Merit Medical UHVA08 Left Ventricle catheterization
Velcro Limb Immobilizer PMH SU-211 Animal stabilization
Venofix A, 21 G B.Braun 4056337 Anesthesia Induction
Vista 120S Patient Monitor Draeger MS32997 Monitoring
Weck titanium clip Teleflex 523760 Aorta banding
Weck titanium clip applier Teleflex 523166 Aorta banding
Zhiem Vision Iberdata N/A Fluoroscopy

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Cerqueira, R., Moreira-Costa, L., Beslika, E., Leite-Moreira, A., Silva, J., da Costa Martins, P. A., Leite-Moreira, A., Lourenço, A., Mendes-Ferreira, P. A Minimally Invasive Model of Aortic Stenosis in Swine. J. Vis. Exp. (200), e65780, doi:10.3791/65780 (2023).

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